Managing 400 Hectare Private Forest for old-growth ...

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Managing 400 Hectare Private Forest for old-growth

characteristics

Mohammed Master

December, 2018

MFC Capstone Project Report.

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Abstract: The Great Lakes Forest region covers 20 Million Hectares or 20% of Ontario and has 62% forest

cover (MNRF, 2018). The property selected for this study is in the northwestern section of

Lanark County, where the forest cover is 75% with many stands 80 to 100 years old (Sentesy,

2008). The logging of this resource played a pivotal role in the early economic development of

the province. Trees were not only cut for timber, but large tracts of stands were burnt to clear

land for farming (Ken A. Elliott, 1998). Later the advent of industrial age increased demand for

charcoal and severe cutting of the forest occurred in 1940’s (Ken A. Elliott, 1998). To achieve

the objective of restoring the old growth characteristics, it was decided that accurate data of the

present tree species composition and age class distribution would be helpful. To accomplish this

objective a sub set of the Vegetation Sampling Protocol (VSP) (Danijela Puric-Mladenovic,

2018), was used to collect data in the summer of 2018. Comparing this data with old land

surveys, Historical Records (Sankey, 2010) and the Forest Resource Inventory (FRI) provided by

Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) reveals that Acer saccharinum Linnaeus

(silver maple), Pinus resinosa Aiton (red pine), Quercus alba (white oak), Larix laricina (Du

Roi) K. Koch (tamarack), Picea rubens Sargent (red spruce), were once present on site but not

found now. Very few Tsuga (Endler) Carrière (hemlock) (0.4%), Prunus serotina Ehrhart

var. serotina (black cherry) (0.25%), Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce) (0.3%) were

observed now. Compared with historical records (Keddy K. , 1993) showing hemlock at 27.62%.

MNR FRI estimates black cherry and white spruce at 2.2% each (MNRF, 2009). Some

recommendations coming out of this work include reintroducing species that were originally

present but are missing now, as well as recommendations on how to prepare the forest for

climate change and defend against external threats faced by pests and diseases that may have

detrimental effect on existing tree species. Some examples of such threats include the Emerald

Ash Borer (EAB), Asian Long Horned Beetle (ALNB), Beach Bark Disease (BBD) and Oak

Wilt (OW). Climate change may challenge certain species that may need replacement with trees

currently growing in slightly warmer regions of southern Ontario.

Introduction and objectives: This study focuses on two adjacent forested properties over 900 Hectares located in the

northwest section of the Township of Lanark Highlands, where the forest cover is 75% with

many stands 80 to 100 years old (Sentesy, 2008). The area was previously known as Lavant

Township, before being amalgamated into the present larger unit. Both properties have

previously been logged, certain sections very poorly and as recently as twenty years ago. The

author has interviewed long time residents of the area and has a good idea of which sections

were logged when. This summer on-ground inventory of some sections of the forest was

undertaken. Using the data collected from sections with known logging dates, it was possible to

infer the approximate time frame of logging activities in the sections with no knowledge of

logging dates. Mainly state of decay of logged stumps was used as an indicator.

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Because of the current state of this forest, the term preservation is not appropriate to use. This

term would be more suitable in the context of preserving the old growth forests in British

Columbia, or sections of Ontario’s northern Boreal forests that have never been logged. Instead

the focus will be on restoring for old growth characteristics. It is estimated that 70–89% of pre-

settlement forests in this region were old-growth (uneven-aged, >150 years old), and only 1–3%

were young forests less than 20 years of age. Today forests with these characteristics occupy less

than 0.5% of the region (Keeton, 2006). Two possible options for achieving this goal will be

considered. The first is active restoration in form of adding missing species of trees that existed,

but have not reappeared after harvesting, would have advantages over passive (or non-

manipulative) restoration as means for recovering old-growth forest conditions. The second is

leaving the forest to nature for natural regeneration, with no form of human intervention.

Study conducted by D’Amto, Catanzaro, and Fletcher (Anthony W. D’Amato, 2015) describe an

experiment to restore old growth characteristics on a private forest in western Massachusetts.

The study area has very similar species composition, terrain, elevation, climate, age distribution

and stem density as the area of this study. Their results would provide a starting point for future

work on site. The climate change may challenge certain species that may need replacement.

There is a considerable threat to many existing trees from invasive pests such as EAB, ALNB,

BBD, OW, etc. Without any preventive measures more than half the trees in the forest may be

lost.

Location of the Property:

Figure 1: Courtesy of CPAWS Ottawa Valley

The property is marked by a purple dot on the Map in Figure 1. The forest is situated in the

center of the Algonquin to Adirondacks biological corridor, the only one east of the Rockies that

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connects the northern Boreal Forests to the Carolinian Forests of southern United States and

provides a route for the migration of plant and animal species ( Algonquin to Adirondacks

Collaborative , 2016). In the summer of 1998 a moose (Alice) was tagged by biologists from

NYS Department of Environmental Conservation and fitted with a radio transmitter in

Adirondack near Adjidaumo Flow. (A Moose Tale: The Saga of Alice, 2001). The journey was

tracked by biologists on both sides of the border and her sightings were recorded. She crossed

the property being studied between the summer of 2000 and Winter 2000-2001. Her remains

were found in Algonquin Park in August 2001. Alice’s journey underscores the importance of

the corridor between the Adirondacks and Algonquin Park.

Description of the property:

Figure 2: Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) Make a Topographic Map (MNRF, 2018)

The terrain contains a lake (Mann Lake), steep slopes, hill tops, moist lowlands and seasonally

flooded wetlands. Elevation varies from over 300 meters to 220 meters above sea level. This

provides for rich variety of plant species to thrive. Twelve thousand years ago when the melting

glaciers temporarily created Champlain Sea that submerged most of eastern Ontario under water,

this area was not flooded (Keddy D. P., 2008). Signs of this sea’s shoreline is visible as one

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drives towards the property from French Line Road. The exposed bed-rock on the property

shows signs of the direction of glacier movement as eroded lines on its surface. All parts of the

forest are accessible by logging and skidder trails left by previous owners.

Geology of the Region: The property is located at the southern tip of the Canadian shield (Fig. 3). The underline bedrock

consists of biotite and hornblende schist (Peach, 1956). These are rich in minerals, have medium

to large, flat, sheet like grains that are roughly parallel. These bed-rocks break with a straight

edge (Fig. 4). An active magnetite (iron) mine (Rodenhurst and Csldwell Mine) operated on the

property from 1890’s to 1950’s (Peach, 1956) (Pauk, 1989). The ore was shipped to Kingston

using the Kingston and Pembroke (K&P) Railroad. The line never reached Pembroke and was

abondeoned in 1961. Now the path is maintained as K&P trail, popular with ATV and

Snomobile users. The harsh terrain that made the railroad construction difficult, is the reason for

very few roads in the region. The terrain is unsuitable for farming and has remained isolated with

very few tourists or residents in the area.

Figure 3: Underlying rock formation (Keddy K. 1993)

Surface stones present come from two sources. Most

common are broken pieces of schist from the exposed

bedrock. These can be easily identified by straight faces

and sharp edges if newly broken off (Figure 5). Second

types are stones carried down by moving glaciers and

deposited on the property as the glaciers receded (Figure

6). These are smooth, spherical in shape and of different

compositions (Keddy D. P., 2008) Figure 4: Straight break in Schist. M. Master

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Figure 5: Surface stone broken from bedrock M. Master Figure 6: Surface stone by glaciers. M. Master

Plant life over last 10,000 years 12,000 years ago, the last glaciers in the region receded leaving behind bare bedrock, sand and

stones. Pollen in core samples taken from the bottom of Round Flower Lake, located a kilometer

from the property, indicates that thousand years later, herb-shrub tundra appeared followed by a

dwarf-shrub tundra with spruce. First coniferous forest dominated by pine took hold 1500 years

later. It took another 2000 years for hemlock dominated forests with hardwoods (Acer

saccharum Marshall (sugar maple), Quercus rubra Linnaeus (red oak), Fagus

grandifolia Ehrhart (American beech), Betulaceae Gray (birch), Ulmus

americana Linnaeus (American elm)) to take hold. About 4,800 years ago hemlock trees started

dying throughout eastern North America. This was probably caused by a rapidly spreading

disease. With the decline in hemlock, hardwoods increased in abundance. About 3,500 years ago,

hemlock recovered, and oak began to decline. (Keddy K. , 1993)

Forest before European Settlements There are two sources available to historians for recording the original forests present in the

region before they were cut down for wood and farming. A quote from one such source states:

"In Upper Canada the endless hills of pine give way at last, or at most stand thinly intermingled

with gigantic beeches, tall hemlocks and ash, with maples, birch and wild sycamore, the

underwood of these great leafy hills. Mile after mile, and hour after hour of such a route was

passed-- a dark black solitude, with here and there a vista opening up, showing the massive

trunks, grey as cathedral ruins, which bore the rich canopy of leaves aloft." (Keddy K. , 1993)

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Surveyors notebooks was another source used to document tree species present. They did not do

forest inventory, but recorded tree species observed during the surveying process. K. Keddy has

counted the number of times each species was mentioned and tabulated the results. This provides

some insight about the abundance of each species. This should not be taken as a rigorous on

ground tree inventory. The chart in Figure 7 shows references to hemlock occurred most often

followed by sugar maple and white pine in equal proportion. It should be noted that in winter

identification would be difficult (absence of leaves) and surveyors from Europe may not be

familiar with all tree species found in this region. Another source records the presence of “vast

expanses of timber including white and red pine, maple, ash, elm, beech, basswood, red oak,

ironwood, hemlock, cedar and birch” (Streit, 2011). Export to England consisted of white pine

for ship’s masts and white oak, ash and elm for lumber. Beech and maple were considered

worthless and burned, the ashes gathered and sold for making potash which had a good export

market. By 1861 Lavant Township had less than 10% forest cover left (Streit, 2011).

Tree Species record from MNRF FRI (2009) Figure 9 shows a portion of the forest being investigated with details of one polygon from

MNRF’s 2009 FRI. Black dots represent VSP grid and green dots are randomly selected circular

sampling areas of 400 m2each. Total area of the polygon is 272303 m2. All the codes in the

above table are explained in FRI Technical Specifications 2009 (MNRF, 2009). For example:

OYRORG 1944 (overstory year of Origin), OSPCOMP Pt 60 Mr 20 Be 10 Bf 10 (overstory

species composition 60% poplar, 20% red maple, 10% beech and 10% Abies

balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller (balsam fir)), OAGE 65 (Overstory Age), OHT 24 (Overstory

Height), OCCLO 95 (Overstory canopy closure 95%), OSC 2 (Overstory Site Class).

Tree species abundance

Balsam Fir Sug.Maple Beech

Ash w Pine Wh Cedar

Basswood Hemlock Elm

Figure 7: Number of occurrences in surveyors’ records (K. Keddy) Figure 8: Regional distribution of tree species (K. Keddy)

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Figure 9: MNRF 2009 FRI sample polygon and data (MNRF, 2009)

This inventory only records four or five most abundant species in a compartment. On site

inventory captures all species within the sampling area but can still miss species occurring

outside the sampling area. Since the sampling area is about 0.2% of the area of the polygon, there

is a good chance that these two methods will give different results.

Vegetation Sampling Protocol: On ground 2018 inventory: The inventory was conducted using a fixed area sampling plot protocol, first developed by D.

Puric-Mladenovic as part of the PhD thesis at the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto in

1998 (Puric-Mladenovic, 2016). Originally developed for forest sampling it was later modified to

include wetlands, rocky outcrops, meadows, and other types of natural and anthropogenic

landscapes. The protocol being modular in its design allows the researchers to use any one or set

of modules as required for the purpose and objectives of the study. This proposal focuses on

restoration and rehabilitation of forests degraded by successive logging. For this study VSP

provided the tools needed to collect information on tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH)

for all trees greater than 5cms DBH and tree heights for few canopy and sub canopy trees within

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a 400 m2 standardized circular plot. This would be used to determine the basal area as well as

stocking density of different tree sizes. The species abundance module of VSP was used for

determining regeneration of various tree species on the property. For future study in biomass,

carbon content and carbon sequestration, the Coarse Wood Debris (CWD) module was used to

collect data for dead wood on the ground and standing dead trees (snags). Finally, site conditions

such as topography, physiography, surface stone, leaf litter, exposed soil, water pooling,

browsing was recorded.

The area to be studied is shown in Appendix A. It consists of two neighboring properties totaling

900 Hectares. During the summer of 2018 data was collected from 28 of about 270 plots that

were marked for sampling. This was due to lack of both time and resources available for this

project. The project depended on availability of volunteer help to go to this remote site on

weekends and holidays.

Data Analysis This is a young forest with half the trees under 10 cms DBH followed by 40% between 10 to 25

cms in diameter, 8% between 25 and 35 cms DBH and only 2% of the trees above 35 cms.

Seventy percent of the plots measured had the basal area between 17 and 35 m2/ha (Figure 10).

Mature hardwood stands have stocking levels averaging about 35 m2/ha of total basal area (Al

Corlett (Writing Team Coordinator), 1998). There are however some scattered large trees over

95 cms DBH. During inventory four such trees were identified, and their locations marked, As

the inventory progresses over next few years more of these trees may be found on the property.

There is also lack of diversity of species as the result of indiscriminate logging over past century.

The pre-European settlement forests consisted of 28% hemlock, 24% of white pine 24% of sugar

maple and remaining portion had about 17 other species. The MNR FRI records indicate 31%

poplar, 16% red oak, 13% red maple and 11% sugar maple. The ground inventory indicates that

sugar maple is a predominant species comprising over 30% followed by 10% each of balsam fir,

beech and poplar. Ironwood and white birch account for another 7% each. Figure 11 shows DBH

distribution for sugar maple and American beech, the two most abundant hardwood species

present. Appendix 3a and 3b provides details of the experimental observation and Appendix 4a

and 4b provides details of the tree composition extracted from MNR FRI for polygons in which

the measured plots were located.

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Figure 10: Tree size distribution.

Figure 11: Size distribution of two most dominant species on the property\

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0

NU

MB

ER O

F TR

ESS

IN E

AC

H S

IZE

CLA

SS

BASAL AREA M2/HECTARE

C O M P A R I N G B A S A L A R E A W I T H N U M B E R O F T R E E S I N E A C H S I Z E C L A S S

5 to 10 DBH 10 to 25 DBH 25 to 35 DBH > 35 DBH

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Figure 12: Difference in species distribution

Figure 12 shows difference in species composition for one plot (6229) between what was

observed within a sampling circle and the results of the MNRF’s FRI for the corresponding

polygon (27). Sugar maple was the dominant species found during on-ground sampling although

Poplar dominated the FRI.

When species in all measured plots are compared with the species present in their respective

MNR FRI polygons there appears to be considerable amount of discrepancy in relative species

composition. There are two possible reasons for this discrepancy. First a 400 m2 sample plot

chosen at random in a larger polygon of approximately 30 Hectares may not be representative of

the species composition of the overall larger polygon. Second and more likely reason is the

method that is used to create the FRI using aerial photographs is not capturing accurate species

composition. On crown lands MNR supplements this data with on-ground inventory done at

regular intervals. However, such data is not available for private forests (Ministry of Natural

Resources, Ontario, 2009). As most of the surrounding forested land is privately owned, the data

for this part of the province may not have been verified by ground inventory.

Plo

t ID

Po

lygo

n ID

Logg

ed (

Yrs)

MN

R Y

r O

rig

MN

R A

ge

Ht

Mea

sure

d

Ht

MN

R F

RI

MN

R C

an C

l %

B A

20

18 m

2/H

a

Max

DB

H(m

s)

5 t

o 1

0 D

BH

10

to

25

DB

H

25

to

35

D

BH

> 3

5 D

BH

Tree

s/H

ecta

re

6447 31 60 1959 59 30 21 85 49.50 33.19 325 375 125 100 925

8351 97 20 1924 94 17 19 60 10.01 26.00 500 475 25 0 1000

41%

22%

35%

2%

Species distribution within sampling circle

Sug.Maple Beech Poplar Elm

10

20

10

60

Species distribution FRI

Balsam Fir Red Maple Beech Poplar

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Figure 13: Left Plot 6447 logged 60 years ago and right Plot 8351 logged 20 years ago.

Georeferenced aerial images were extracted, from March 2016 aerial survey by MNR, for the

entire property. Each image captures 1km2 ground area on a north to south flight path. Figure 11

is an image of plot 6447 on the left and plot 8351 on the right. The age of the trees present inside

the left 400 m2 circle corresponds to what was observed on ground and is also reflected in the

image. However, the right plot was clear cut 20 years ago and has small trees that have

regenerated from seed or larger diameter ones that have sprouted from the base of the cut stump.

These grow in clusters of eight to ten same size stems around each stump and adds to the count

now, but all may not survive in such dense cluster. This is where the MNR FRI is completely

different from on ground observation as it shows the age of this stand to be 94 years old.

The present tree composition suggests that future management options may include some

seedling planting or seed dispersal of species that were present on the site but are now either

completely missing or are present in such small quantities that natural regeneration may not be

enough to correct the imbalance.

Potential threats to forest trees: Ash, beech and red oak compromise over 20% of the trees encountered in the current inventory.

Threat posed by EAB, BBD and OW is real as trees within 200km of the forest have died or are

suffering due to these infestations. There are two methods to deal with this problem. First is to

take preventive actions such as biological control currently being tested for EAB. Second is to

introduce replacement species that are currently not under any threat of infection. Beech

particularly is a mast tree providing food for wildlife and its loss can have a significant effect on

the biodiversity. Some other nut tree species can be planted at appropriate location to ensure that

in case of loss of all beech trees an alternative is available. Red oak is also a significant

component of the forest and to mitigate the affects of its loss Quercus alba Linnaeus (white oak)

and Quercus macrocarpa Michaux (burr oak) could be introduced. Section 9.5 in the Silviculture

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Guide for Tolerant Hardwood Forest provide details of both seed dispersal and seedling planting

method of regeneration (Al Corlett (Writing Team Coordinator), 1998).

Another potential threat to the forest is climate change which would result not only in higher

average temperatures but may also result in changes in precipitation levels and extreme weather

events. Temperatures in the region has increased by 1.5C in last 40 years and are expected to

increase at even higher rate in the next 40 years. MNR’s guide “Managing your woodlot in

changing climate” suggests planting diverse native species considering projected climate

changes. “Plant drought resistant species such as oaks, hickories and pines. Species currently

found at the southern edge of their range may persists better in cooler and moister habitats such

as north facing slopes and near lakes and wetlands” (Gleeson J., 2015).

Conclusion: The main objective of the owners is to leave a healthy forest for future generations. This requires

ensuring that the forest is not overly dependent on a single or few species and is able to

withstand the challenges faced by climate change and potential disease infestation. This requires

a good inventory of the current state of the forest health, species composition and age class

distribution. Work done during summer of 2018 was the first attempt to gain some knowledge of

the existing structure of the forest. During this year only 10% of the actual sampling points, that

were randomly selected, were completed.

Silver maple, red pine, white oak, tamarack, red spruce, hemlock, black cherry and white spruce

that were once present in the region but are not found in the forest now should be reintroduced.

Care should be taken to introduce these species on sites with suitable soil and micro climate such

as north, east, west or south facing slopes, hilltops, moist low lands or near streams and water

bodies. Butternut was once present but was lost to butternut canker. It may be possible to plant

some specimens that were found to be resistant to the canker. Due to climate change, range of

many tree species are expected to move northward. To prepare the forest for possible loss of

some existing species, trees for which this location is the northern limit of their range would be

planted (Catherine Ste-Marie, 2011,).

During the inventory process, besides measuring trees, data on CWD was also collected. This

report does not deal with this data. Future study to determine carbon stored in this forest and the

rate of carbon sequestration would be a useful addition to present work.

This study may also provide a model to develop systems, based on VSP, to assist small woodlot

owners, with little or no knowledge of forestry practices. The advent of smart personal

communications devices, and availability of GPS devices, makes it possible to provide interested

woodlot owners with tools to conduct their own forest inventory. Such province wide inventory

of small forests would prove valuable to organizations such as MNRF to improve their own FRI.

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Discussion:

Preserving and enhancing Intact Forest Landscape (IFL) should be recognized as one of the most

important goal in ecological conservation debate. Such areas are rare in Southern Ontario

landscape. Only patches of scattered forested areas remain. However, over 1000 km2 of mostly

contiguous area of hardwood

forests are present in eastern

Ontario. These are privately

held woodlots, most under 80

Hectares. The forest in this

region is relatively young and

lacks the biodiversity of the

original forests of the area.

Market based conservation

approach provided by

certification schemes is not

very effective in preserving

these areas. Incentive based

approach such as Ontario’s

Managed Forest Tax

Incentive Program (MFTIP)

is popular with small

landowners. This program

promotes sustainable forest

management and harvesting

of forest products by offering

reduced property tax to

owners. There is a need for incentive-based programs for owners who are more interested in

preserving, protecting and restoring the forests to their original old growth characteristics. This

study has demonstrated that forests regenerating naturally are missing the original level of

biodiversity (Vasseur, 2012). Restoration would improve the ecosystem functions and services,

facilitating the reintroduction of species originally present in these forests, increasing

biodiversity (Mansourian et al. 1986). The cost of these should be shared by local, national and

even international governments and organizations as these activities’ benefit society in general

and not only the land owner. One good example is Forestry Grant Scheme (FGS) by the Scottish

government in UK which provides capital grants for a range of activities in existing woodlands

that will, encourage natural regeneration and benefit priority habitats and species, improve the

biodiversity, resilience, and structural diversity of even aged woodlands (Scottish Government,

2017).

Acknowledgments: This work would not have been possible without the advice, guidance and encouragement from

D. Puric-Mladenovic my research supervisor. Training and equipment provided by her was

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greatly appreciated. K. Baird in setting up the sampling grid and ArcGIS software. The data

gathering would not have been possible without the volunteer help from my fellow students,

Vishakha, Rashid, Joanna and Jenna. H. Clifford, owner of the adjacent property, for his

knowledge of logging activities and plant identification, was most appreciated. He accompanied

us on most of our expeditions. INaturalist software, with help from Wasyl Bakowsky and David

Bradley, was invaluable in identifying trees and plants in the field. Thanks to the Natural

Heritage Information Centre for providing this support.

References Algonquin to Adirondacks Collaborative . (2016). Algonquin to Adirondacks Collaborative .

Retrieved from Algonquin to Adirondacks Collaborative :

http://www.a2acollaborative.org/landscape1.html

A Moose Tale: The Saga of Alice. (2001, Feb). Retrieved from The Spruce Moose2:

http://www.esf.edu/communications/spruce/2001-2.pdf

Al Corlett (Writing Team Coordinator). (1998). A Silvicultural Guide for the Tolerant Hardwood

Forests in Ontario. Toronto: Ont. Min. Nat. Resour.

Anthony W. D’Amato, P. F. (2015). Early Regeneration and Structural Responses to Patch

Selection and Structural Retention in Second-Growth Northern Hardwoods. For. Sci. ,

183–189.

Association of Nature and Forest Therapy Guides and Programs. (n.d.). Shinrin-Yoku means

"Forest Bathing.". Retrieved from Shinrin-Yoku: http://www.shinrin-yoku.org/shinrin-

yoku.html

Canadian Forest Service. (2017). Release of parasitic wasps for biological control of the EAB in

Canada. Natural Resourses Canada.

Catherine Ste-Marie, E. A.-E. (2011,). Assisted migration: Introduction to a multifaceted

concept. Th e For esTr y ch r on icl e, 724 - 730.

Danijela Puric-Mladenovic, A. N. (2018). Forest inventory and monitoring information to

support diverse management needs in the Lake Simcoe watershed. Forestry Chronicle,

140 - 146.

Gleeson J., N. G. (2015). Managing your woodlot in a changing climate. Toronto: MNRF.

Keddy, D. P. (2008). Earth, Water, Fire. An Ecological profile of Lanark County. Carleton

Place: Motion Creative Printing.

Keddy, K. (1993). A Forest History of Eastern Ontario. Kemptville: Eastern Ontario Model

Forest.

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Keeton, W. S. (2006). Managing for late-successional/old-growth characteristics in northern

hardwood-conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management 235 , 129–142.

Ken A. Elliott. (1998). The forests of southern Ontario. THE FORESTRY CHRONICLE, 850 -

854.

Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. (2018). Sustainable forest management. Retrieved

from Sustainable forest management: https://www.ontario.ca/page/sustainable-forest-

management

Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario. (2009). Forest Information Manual, Forest Resources

Inventory Technical Specifications. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario.

MNRF. (2009). The Forest Information Manual Forest Resources Inventory Technical

Specifications. MNRF.

MNRF. (2018). Make A Topographic Map. Retrieved from Ministry of Natural Resources and

Forestry:

https://www.gisapplication.lrc.gov.on.ca/matm/Index.html?site=Make_A_Topographic_

Map&viewer=MATM&locale=en-US

Natural Resources Canada. (2018, Sept 14). How much forest does Canada have? Retrieved

from How much forest does Canada have?:

https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/report/area/17601

Pauk, L. i. (1989). Geology of the Lavant Area: Frontenac and Lanark Counties. Toronto:

Ministry of Nortern Develoment and Mines.

Peach, P. A. (1956). The Geology of Darling Township and Part of Lavant Township.

Department of Mines.

(1890). REPORT OF THE Royal Commission on the Mineral Resources of Ontario. Toronto:

WARWICK 4 SONS,.

Sample, V. A. (2004). Sustainability in Forestry: Origins, Evolution and Prospects. Washington

D.C.: Pinchot Institute for Conservation.

Sankey, J. (2010). The Lavant Shagbarks. Retrieved from http://johnsankey.ca/crf/lavant.html

Sentesy, S. (2008). A Place in Time: The Natural Resources of Lanark County. Lanark:

Community Stewardship Council of Lanark County .

Streit, M. (2011). Lanark County Community Forest Management Plan 2011-2030. Lanark.

Westover, R. H. (2016, 03 22). Conservation versus Preservation? Retrieved from U. S. Forest

Service: https://www.fs.fed.us/blogs/conservation-versus-preservation

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Appendix 1

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Appendix 2 P

lot

ID

Po

lyg

on

ID

Lo

gg

ed (

Yrs

)

MN

R Y

r O

rig

Ht

Mea

sure

d

Ht

MN

R F

RI

MN

R C

an C

l %

B A

20

18

m2/H

a

Max

DB

H(c

ms)

No

5&

10 c

ms

No

10

&20

cm

s

No

>2

0 c

ms

To

tal/

Hec

tare

2581 88 40 1929 21 15 80 18.00 11.92 1250 475 0 1725

5926 2 50 1944 31 23 70 47.20 31.72 475 200 350 1025

5989 3 40 1929 28 18 35 35.60 18.46 700 200 250 1150

6148 15 80 1934 26 27 90 34.40 21.23 875 225 225 1325

6189 19 40 1934 23 19 60 35.00 24.06 275 375 300 950

6192 21 50 1924 24 19 60 40.50 20.79 425 325 175 925

6229 27 60 1944 24 24 95 36.30 38.46 325 475 450 1250

6236 28 80 1944 28 24 95 34.40 19.63 600 200 200 1000

6417 28 80 1944 24 24 95 29.44 37.60 525 150 325 1000

6447 31 60 1959 30 21 85 49.50 33.19 325 275 325 925

6665 36 60 1914 23 21 95 23.92 33.50 550 525 275 1350

6832 37 60 1914 24 21 95 33.00 14.46 225 100 200 525

6845 40 60 1914 22 21 95 36.30 19.61 275 425 200 900

6846 41 40 1914 26 21 95 26.50 15.22 525 400 175 1100

6970 110 80 1949 31 14 45 56.10 17.9 400 25 125 550

7444 53 40 1979 23 15 95 35.50 23.18 1325 775 75 2175

7486 61 40 1959 24 19 90 32.50 25.36 675 675 225 1575

7508 64 40 1959 24 19 90 22.70 17.45 1250 800 50 2100

7510 65 60 1959 23 19 90 26.50 22.52 550 500 225 1275

7523 975 60 1979 32 16 95 20.91 39.70 525 575 125 1225

8351 97 20 1924 17 19 60 10.01 26.00 500 475 25 1000

8450 99 80 1940 29 25 80 23.03 44.00 150 225 225 600

8714 107 80 1929 29 18 75 17.49 31.20 200 325 200 725

Average 57 1940 25 20 81 31.5 25.53 562 379 205 1147

19

Appendix 3a Number of each species observed during 2018 inventory on randomly selected plots.

Bal

sam

Fir

Stri

ped

Map

le

Red

Map

le

Sug.

Map

le

Ald

er

Yel B

irch

Wh

Bir

ch

Bee

ch

Ash

Tam

arac

k

Iro

nw

oo

d

w. S

pru

ce

Red

Sp

ruce

w P

ine

Po

pla

r

Ch

erry

Red

Oak

Wh

Ced

ar

Bas

swo

od

Hem

lock

Elm

Po

lygo

n ID

Plo

t ID

AB

IEB

AL

AC

ERP

EN

AC

ERR

UB

AC

ERSA

S

ALN

U-S

P

BET

UA

LL

BET

UP

AP

FAG

UG

RA

FRA

XA

ME

LAR

ILA

R

OST

ERV

IR

PIC

EGLA

PIC

ERU

B

PIN

UST

R

PO

PU

-SP

PR

UN

-SP

QU

ERR

UB

THU

JOC

C

TILI

AM

E

TSU

GC

AN

ULM

U-S

P

Tota

l

Keddy (1) 3 50 2 8 5 0 0 50 12 15 58 7 210

88 2581 13 77 19 25 31 13 50 17 245

2 5926 79 88 6 23 13 28 3 240

3 5989 20 37 56 10 14 33 4 13 3 3 193

15 6148 25 79 16 2 21 57 2.5 5 208

19 6189 49 73 2 9 3 2 18 12 168

21 6192 5 1 7 2 13 5 3 1 1 8 2 5 5 58

27 6229 74 40 63 3 180

28 6236 2 8 88 50 15 13 50 4 230

28 6417 7 7 1 27 4 13 23 30 2 27 141

31 6447 29 2 85 8 4 53 23 2.5 5 212

36 6665 43 43 13 1 1 9 7 117

37 6832 2 60 11 33 20 126

40 6845 1 65 3 24 1 1 95

41 6846 1 1 51 23 1 14 1 3 95

110 6970 5 1 4 49 6 1 2 11 1 80

53 7444 23 35 99 3 5 20 185

61 7486 5 38 74 8 11 18 3 3 160

64 7508 1 6 62 15 9 16 21 25 1 156

65 7510 19 2 25 21 3 3 42 5 3 2 125

975 7523 11 64 5 15 1 96

97 8351 1 1 22 18 28 45 4 119

99 8450 2 15 5 72 17 1 2 4 11 129

107 8714 3 65 64 33 48 11 36 2 3 11 25 301

Total 333 191 85 1148 49 44 260 385 160 0 266 11 0 96 326 9 135 35 88 5 32 3658

Percentage 9.10 5.22 2.32 31.38 1.34 1.20 7.11 10.52 4.37 0.00 7.27 0.30 0.00 2.62 8.91 0.25 3.69 0.96 2.41 0.14 0.87

Keddy (1)% 1.43 0.00 0.00 23.81 0.00 0.95 0.00 3.81 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.71 7.14 27.62 3.33

Kathy Keddy (1) Frequency of tree species on upland sites in the major physiographic types, based on data from surveyors' notebooks. Numbers are per cent of lots on which each species occurred.

20

Appendix 3b Graphical representation of the species recorded in Appendix 3a.

Balsam Fir

Striped Maple

Red Maple

Sug.Maple

AlderYel BirchWh Birch

Beech

Ash

Tamarack

Ironwood

w. Spruce

Red Spruce

w Pine

Poplar

Cherry

Red Oak

Wh Cedar

Basswood

Hemlock Elm

Tree species recorded 2018

21

Appendix 4a Number of each species as recorded in MNR FRI for the polygons containing sampling points in

Appendix 3.

Bal

sam

Fir

Stri

ped

Map

le

Red

Map

le

Sug.

Map

le

Ald

er

Yel B

irch

Wh

Bir

ch

Bee

ch

Ash

Tam

arac

k

Iro

nw

oo

d

w. S

pru

ce

Red

Sp

ruce

w P

ine

Po

pla

r

Ch

erry

Red

Oak

Wh

Ced

ar

Bas

swo

od

Hem

lock

Elm

Plo

t ID

Po

lygo

n ID

AB

IEB

AL

AC

ERP

EN

AC

ERR

UB

AC

ERSA

S

ALN

U-S

P

BET

UA

LL

BET

UP

AP

FAG

UG

RA

FRA

XA

ME

LAR

ILA

R

OST

ERV

IR

PIC

EGLA

PIC

ERU

B

PIN

UST

R

PO

PU

-SP

PR

UN

-SP

QU

ERR

UB

THU

JOC

C

TILI

AM

E

TSU

GC

AN

ULM

U-S

P

2581 88 10 10 10 70 5926 2 10 20 10 20 40 5989 3 10 30 10 10 20 20 6148 15 10 20 20 30 10 10 6189 19 10 30 10 10 20 20 6192 21 10 30 10 10 20 20 6229 27 10 20 10 60 6236 28 10 20 10 60 6417 28 10 20 10 60 10 6447 31 20 20 10 10 10 20 10 6665 36 20 30 10 10 10 20 6832 37 20 30 10 10 10 20 6845 40 20 30 10 10 10 20 6846 41 20 30 10 10 10 20 6970 110 40 20 10 10 20 7444 53 10 10 10 70 7486 61 10 20 60 10 7508 64 10 20 60 10 7510 65 10 20 10 60 10 7523 975 20 10 50 10 8351 97 10 10 10 70 8450 99 30 40 20 10 8714 107 30 10 20 30 10 Total 110 0 310 250 0 0 100 90 40 20 10 50 40 20 720 50 370 110 20 0 0

Percentage 4.8 0.0 13.4 10.8 0.0 0.0 4.3 3.9 1.7 0.9 0.4 2.2 1.7 0.9 31.2 2.2 16.0 4.8 0.9 0.0 0.0

Keddy (1) 3 50 2 8 5 0 0 50 12 15 58 7

Kathy Keddy (1) Frequency of tree species on upland sites in the major physiographic types, based

on data from surveyors' notebooks. Numbers are per cent of lots on which each species occurred.

22

Balsam Fir

Striped Maple

Red Maple

Sug.Maple

Alder

Yel BirchWh Birch

Beech

Ash

Tamarack

Ironwood

w. Spruce

Red Spruce

w Pine

Poplar

Cherry

Red Oak

Wh Cedar

Basswood

Hemlock

Elm

MNR FRI

Appendix 4b Graphical representation of the species recorded in Appendix 4a.