Managerial communication Inter-personal considerations in Communication
Managerial communication
Inter-personal considerations in Communication
A Perceptual Model of CommunicationA Perceptual Model of Communication
NoiseSender
Receiverdecodes
Receivercreates
meaning
Transmittedon medium
MessageEncoding
EncodingMessageTransmittedon medium
Sourcedecodes
Inter-personal considerations or how to overcome barriersThe way one composes the message itself : Raw data – how do we present data and the logic Facts/Ideas:
Acceptable facts, Non acceptable facts Internal attribution, external attribution
Opinions: Categories of social belongingness: Interpretative frame (symbolique and cultural)
Beliefs Persistence
Emotions
The way people act or how they respond to a message
Personality types Coaching types
Personality types
Taking the example of the Myers and Briggs 4 dichtomies
Introversion/Extraversion Sensing/Intuition Thinking and feeling Judgement/perception
Dichotomies
Extrovert and Introvert (Attitude) Extrovert: Individuals with a preference for
extroversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then reflect, then act further. If they are inactive, their level of energy and motivation tends to decline. An extrovert's flow is directed outward towards people and objects.
Introvert: These individuals become less energized as they act: they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. People with introversion preferences need time out to reflect in order to rebuild energy. An introvert's flow is directed inward toward concepts and ideas.
Sensing Sensing and Intuition (Perceiving/Information Gathering functions)
They describe how new information is understood and interpreted
Sensing: Individuals who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible, and concrete, which is information understood by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches that seem to come out of nowhere. They prefer to look for details and facts. For them, the meaning is in the data.
Intuition: Individuals who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is more abstract or theoretical, which can be associated with other information (either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern). They may be more interested in future possibilities. They tend to trust those flashes of insight that seem to bubble up from the unconscious mind. For them, the meaning is in how the data relates to the pattern or theory.
Thinking and Feeling (Judging/Decision Making functions)
Functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from the information gathering functions (Sensing or Intuition).
Thinking: Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent, and matching a given set of rules.
Feeling: Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it 'from the inside' and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, and considering the needs of the people involved.
Judgment and Perception (Lifestyle) According to Myers, individuals who prefer
judging prefer to "have matters settled" and individuals who prefer perceiving prefer to "keep decisions open."
Coaching styles
High Will Guide Delegate
Low Will Direct Excite
Low skill High Skill
Applying the matrix
Direct (skill and will are both low) First build the will / motivation - Provide clear and concise
briefings - Identify motivators and de-motivators - Develop a vision of future performance
Ensure understanding of requirements
• Then build the skill - Structure tasks for ‘quick wins’
Identify training requirements. - coach and train
• Then sustain the will - Provide frequent feedback against progress - Praise and nurture
• Ensure close supervision with clear rules and deadlines.
Guide (low skill, high will)
• Invest time early on to ensure inclusion and understand training requirements - Coach and Train - Answer questions/explain
• Create a risk-free environment to allow early ‘mistakes/learning’
• Monitor progress regularly and ensure feedback and praise
• Relax control as progress is shown
Excite (high skill, low will)
• Identify reasons for low will – e.g., task/management style/personal factors
• Motivate appropriately
• Monitor, feed back
• Ensure scope for regular progress checks.
Delegate (skill and will are both high)
• Provide freedom to do the job - Set objectives, not method - Praise, don’t ignore
• Encourage coachee to take responsibility - Involve in decision-making - Use ‘You tell me what you think’
• Take appropriate risks - Give more challenging tasks ensuring support in place. - Don’t over-manage
Other usual barriers or noise
External noise: Physical Technological
Internal noise Psychological Physiological Neurological
Other barriers (2)
Excessive conformity as a barrier of communication Concept of group think
“Tendency for members of a cohesive group to reach decisions without weighing all the facts, especially those contradicting the majority opinion.”
Moral silence
Timothy Leary (1957): Interpersonal Circumplex Definitions of relationship pull behaviors from
each person. Behaviors on the Love-Hate axis tend to pull
the same behavior. Behaviors on the Dominance-Submission
axis tend to pull opposite behaviors.
If conflict occurs, it could be because:
1. They agree and mutually understand each other on the content issue, but they still have a relationship conflict.
2. They agree on the content issue, but one or both misunderstand the other’s position.
3. They disagree on the content issue and understand that they do.4. They disagree on the content issue and, on top of that, one or both
misunderstands the other’s position.5. They agree and understand each other on relationship definition, but
have a content conflict.6. They are in relational agreement but misunderstand that they are.7. They disagree relationally (e.g., both wish to control the relationship)
and understand that they do.8. They disagree relationally and, in addition, misperceive the other’s
relational stance.
The Johari Model Window