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Management of potassium in California rice systems Bruce Linquist Winter grower meetings Jan 28 and Feb 5, 2013
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Management of potassium in California rice systems

Feb 10, 2022

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Page 1: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Management of potassium in California rice systems

Bruce LinquistWinter grower meetingsJan 28 and Feb 5, 2013

Page 2: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Outline

• Cost of K fertilizer• Why plant needs K• Deficiency symptoms• Plant demand for K• K inputs and losses• Results of 2012 study: K status of CA rice soils

Page 3: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Changes in fertilizer prices

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Dollars per to

n of fe

rtilizer

Fertilizer prices 1960‐2012 (USDA)

Nitrogen solutions (30%)

Urea 44‐46% nitrogen

Super‐phosphate 44‐46% phosphate

    Potassium chloride 60% potassium

Price increase since 2000 (%)N solutions 185 Urea 177 Phosphate (P) 185 Potassium (K) 292 

Page 4: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Why does rice need K?• Plant regulation

– Osmoregulation– Enzyme activation– Regulation of cell pH– Cellular cation‐anion balance– Regulation of transpiration– Regulation of assimilate transport

• Whole plant level– K increases leaf area and chlorophyll content– Delays senescence– Increases #spikelet/panicle, % filled grains, and grain weight

• Does not affect tillering

Page 5: Management of potassium in California rice systems

K deficiency

• Inadequate K results in:– An accumulation of sugars and amino acids that are suitable food sources for leaf diseases

• Adequate K improves a plants ability to tolerate adverse climatic conditions, lodging, insects, and diseases.

• Deficiency symptoms first occur in older leaves because K is a mobile nutrient.

Page 6: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Potassium deficiency symptoms

• Older leaf tips are yellowish brown

• Younger leaves can be short and droopy

• Rusty brown spots appear on tips of older leaves and then spreads to entire leaf.

• Symptoms tend to appear during later growth stages. 

Page 7: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Aggregate Sheath Spot (AgSS) and plant K status

y = -0.65x + 3.39R2 = 0.58

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

2.80

3.00

1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00

Midseason leaf K concentration (% )

AgS

S ra

ting

Incorporated

Removed

Linquist et al., (2008)

Page 8: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Aggregate Sheath Spot (AgSS) and K management

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

0 30 60 90 120K fertilizer rate (kg ha-1)

AgS

S ra

ting

Yr 1 ns

Yr 2 ns

Yr 3 **

B

Linquist et al., (2008)

Page 9: Management of potassium in California rice systems

How much K does a plant take up?

• K concentration at harvest– Grain: 0.27%– Straw: 1.39%

• Plant uptake (assume a yield of 85 sacks)– Grain:  23 lb K/ac  (28 lb K2O/ac)– Straw:  118  (142)– Total:  141  (169)

Page 10: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Inputs and Losses of K in rice systems

• Inputs– Fertilizer– Irrigation water

• Losses– Grain harvest– Straw removal (28/33 lb K/K2O per ton of straw)– Surface water runoff

Page 11: Management of potassium in California rice systems

2012 Field study

• Objective: Determine status of K in CA rice soils• Study

– 31 rice fields– Analyzed 3 checks in each (top, middle, bottom)

• Soil K analysis• Leaf tissue K at heading

– Inlet water analysis (two times)– Grower field history

• Yields, K inputs, winter straw mgmt.• Develop a soil K budget

Page 12: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Summary information• 14/31 fields had applied K fertilizer

– Those that applied ‐ 30 kg K2O/ha (27 lb/ac)• No fields had straw removed regularly• Variability between checks ‐ not consistent• Soil K

– <100 ppm K: 8 fields all on east side of valley• No relationship between soil K and K fertilizer input/output• 4 groups of fields (adequate=100 ppm)

1. (14) Adequate soil K – No K addition2. (9)    Adequate soil K – K addition3. (1)    Inadequate soil K – No K addition4. (6)    Inadequate soil K – K addition

Page 13: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Soil and flag‐leaf K values

  0

 60

120

180

240

300

360

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91

Soil K (ppm

)

+K ‐K

+K+K

 0.00

 0.60

 1.20

 1.80

 2.40

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91

Flag leaf K (%

)

Page 14: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Flag leaf K vs. soil K

 1.00

 1.20

 1.40

 1.60

 1.80

 2.00

 2.20

  0  30  60  90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Flag leaf K (%

)

Soil K (ppm)

Flag leaf vs soil K in sites NOT receiving K

Page 15: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Flag leaf K vs. soil K

 1.00

 1.20

 1.40

 1.60

 1.80

 2.00

 2.20

  0  30  60  90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Flag leaf K (%

)

Soil K (ppm)

Flag leaf vs soil K in sites NOT receiving K

Page 16: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Soil K by location

>100 ppm60‐100 ppm<60ppm

Page 17: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Water K inputs

• Water sources vary in K input

• Assuming only ET water (40”)– Sac R = 13 lb K2O/ac– Feather R and Sierra rivers = 8 lb K2O/ac

 0.00

 0.20

 0.40

 0.60

 0.80

 1.00

 1.20

 1.40

Sacramento R Feather R Sierra riversWater K (p

pm)

Page 18: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Soil K vs. irrigation water

y = 155.23x + 3.2486R² = 0.3207

  0

 50

100

150

200

250

300

 0.60  0.70  0.80  0.90  1.00  1.10  1.20  1.30

Soil K concen

tration (ppm

)

Irrigation water K concentration (ppm)

Page 19: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Soil K vs. water and K balance

• No relationship between K balance and soil K.

• Suggests that K is not built up in the system

  0

 50

100

150

200

250

300

‐60.0 ‐40.0 ‐20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

Soil K (ppm

)

Soil K balance (kg K/ha ‐ inputs ‐outputs)

Page 20: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Growing vs. winter season:K retention in rice fields

y = 0.0004x ‐ 4.9088R² = 0.0459

y = 0.0066x ‐ 4.9312R² = 0.6725

‐20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 4000 8000 12000

Loss from

 rice fields (k

g/ha

)

Amount of water leaving field (m3/ha)

K

Growing seasonWinter season

Page 21: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Summary

• East side of valley has greater the potential for K deficiency– Related to soil type and irrigation source.

• No observed effect of previous fertilizer history on soil K– Possibly due to effects of winter flood mgmt.– Should not attempt to “build‐up” soil K

• Applications should be made based on soil test• Straw removal has a large effect on K fertility management decisions

Page 22: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Deciding on need for K fertilizer

• Considerations– Soil K

• Critical value is 60 ppm• Most CA soils above this value• Consider applying at least maintenance levels if soil K is below 100 ppm

– K maintenance • Only remove grain

– Apply 25‐30 lb K2O/ac• Remove both grain and ½ straw

– Apply 100 lb K2O/ac

Page 23: Management of potassium in California rice systems

What is this material? 0.7  0.3  1.7

Page 24: Management of potassium in California rice systems
Page 25: Management of potassium in California rice systems

Nutrients (lb) in 1 ton (2000 lb) of rice straw

• N     14 lb• P 6 lb• K 28 lb

• Value (2012 fertilizer prices)

• $31.34

Page 26: Management of potassium in California rice systems

2013 study• Continue 2012 study• Focus on fields:

– East side of Valley– Fields around Gridley– Fields without history 

of K fertilizer applications

– Fields where straw is routinely removed

– Fields with groundwater pumps

• Sign up in back if interested

>100 ppm60‐100 ppm<60ppm

Page 27: Management of potassium in California rice systems

2013 study• Continue 2012 study• Focus on fields:

– East side of Valley– Fields around Gridley– Fields without history 

of K fertilizer applications

– Fields where straw is routinely removed

– Fields with groundwater pumps

• Sign up in back if interested

>100 ppm60‐100 ppm<60ppm

THANK YOU