Management of Office Emergencies Fernando Vega, M.D. 1 Fernando Vega, M.D. Classic Presentation Initially: prutitus, urticaria Angioedema, swelling f/b: respiratory Sx – stridor, dyspnea, wheeze Other Presentations Nausea, cramps, diarrhea, vomiting
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Other PresentationsNausea, cramps, diarrhea, vomiting
Management of Office Emergencies
Fernando Vega, M.D. 2
Presence of an allergic sign (urticaria….)Involvement of at least two organ systemsExposure to agent or activity known toExposure to agent or activity known to…Absence of condition that can mimic anaphylaxis
0.3 – 0.5 cc epinephrine 1:1000 intramuscularlyMay repeat every 15 minutes if necessaryDi h h d i f iDiphenhydramine after epiGlucocorticosteroids after that:Predinsone 40-60mg/day……
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o Persistent bronchospasmo Hypotensiono Hypoxiaypo Patient is on beta-blockerso 20% of reactions are “biphasic” with
Fin fish and shellfish more common in adultsChildren outgrow sensitivities to milk, eggs, soy but not usually to peanuts, nuts or fishFatalities most common in teens following ingestion of peanuts or tree nuts
Anaphylaxis is not automatic on recurrent exposure:
40-60% on insect stings20 40% on contrast media20-40% on contrast media10-20% on penicillin
Concurrent use of beta-blockers is a risk for severe prolonged anaphylaxis
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Immediate Posibilities:AsthmaPulmonary EmbolusHyperventilationAnaphylaxisForeign Body ObstructionCardiac asthma
When to use steroidsLess than 10% improvement in PEFR after first dose of inhaled beta agonistLess than 70% improvement of PEFR after first hour Less than 70% improvement of PEFR after first hour of treatmentAn asthma attack that developed in spite of steroidsProtracted course
How to use steroidsAs a rule 40 – 80 mg Prednisone qd Equivalent to 200 400 mg HydrocortisoneEquivalent to 200 – 400 mg HydrocortisoneMay taper, may notIV steroids for severe cases
How to use steroidsThe effect of a single dose of oral prednisone begins within 3 hours and reaches a maximum within 8-12 hoursIn a study of 15, 40 and 125 mg of y , gmethylprednisolone q6h of patients in status asthmaticus
125mg group got better end of first day40mg group got better by middle of second day
Inhaled steroids are for chronic use only
Management of Office Emergencies
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Pulmonary EmbolusPulmonary Embolus Sudden onset, Pleuritic pain and dyspneaSudden onset, Pleuritic pain and dyspnea
Aortic dissectionAortic dissection Tearing pain with radiation to backTearing pain with radiation to back
FibromyalgiaFibromyalgia Esoph reflux or spasmEsoph reflux or spasm
Gall bladder PainGall bladder Pain
Acute MIAcute MI
Worst CaseFor patient (when you know the diagnosis)F D ( h d ’ k h D )For Doctor (when you don’t know the Dx)
Acute Coronary Syndromes:Acute Coronary Syndromes:Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
Acute Coronary Syndromes:Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
Ischemic/anginal pain is similar to AMI painIschemic/anginal pain is similar to AMI painAMI pain resolves with aggressive interventionAMI pain resolves with aggressive interventionIschemic/anginal pain resolves with rest or Ischemic/anginal pain resolves with rest or NTGNTG
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Acute Coronary Syndromes:Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
Severe, deep painSevere, deep pain
Pain radiates to jaw or armPain radiates to jaw or armPain radiates to jaw or armPain radiates to jaw or arm
Gesture of resignationGesture of resignation
Acute Coronary Syndromes:Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
“Like an elephant stepping on my chest”“Like an elephant stepping on my chest”
Gesture of resignationGesture of resignation
Acute Coronary Syndromes:Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
Can be silent painCan be silent painEspecially in diabeticsEspecially in diabeticsEld lEld lElderlyElderlyWomenWomen
Acute Coronary Syndromes:Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
15 15 –– 20 % AMI have some CHF20 % AMI have some CHFPapillary muscle rupture in 1Papillary muscle rupture in 1--3 days 3 days Pericarditis in 20% in 2Pericarditis in 20% in 2--4 days 4 days
Dysrhythmias occur in 72 Dysrhythmias occur in 72 –– 100% of AMI100% of AMI
Acute Coronary Syndromes:Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
Dysrhythmias occur in 72 Dysrhythmias occur in 72 –– 100% of AMI100% of AMI
Acute Coronary Syndromes:Management
Direct admission to CCUDirect admission to CCU
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Acute Coronary Syndromes:Management
Direct admission to CCU (not the ER)Direct admission to CCU (not the ER)
Antiplatelet drugs:Antiplatelet drugs:ASA 160 ASA 160 –– 325mg PO (325mg PO (↓ mortality by 23%)↓ mortality by 23%)Clopidrogel 300mg loading f/b 75mg qd (more benefit)Clopidrogel 300mg loading f/b 75mg qd (more benefit)
Other antiOther anti--ischemic therapies:ischemic therapies:NitroglycerinNitroglycerinMorphineMorphineMetoprololMetoprololAtenololAtenolol
In the absence of structural heart disease, palpitations are overwhelmingly benign when the ECG is normal.
Not Atrial FibrilationNot Atrial FibrilationNot Atrial FibrilationNot Atrial Fibrilation
Not prolonged QT intervalNot prolonged QT interval
Not Torsade de PointesNot Torsade de Pointes
In the absence of structural heart disease, palpitations are overwhelmingly benign
If they need to be treated they willIf they need to be treated they willIf they need to be treated, they will If they need to be treated, they will complaincomplain
If they complain, they need to be treatedIf they complain, they need to be treated
In the absence of ACS, palpitations are overwhelmingly benign
Even NSVT = 4% of populationEven NSVT = 4% of population
In 60 In 60 –– 85 year olds with no structural heart 85 year olds with no structural heart disease followed for 10 years disease followed for 10 years NSVT did not predict a coronary eventNSVT did not predict a coronary event
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What do non-benign arrhythmias look like?
Not normal ECGNot normal ECGAtrial fibrilation flutterAtrial fibrilation flutterAtrial fibrilation, flutterAtrial fibrilation, flutterProlonged qt has to be measuredProlonged qt has to be measured
Most common complaint in ER
Location, quality, severity, onset, duration, Location, quality, severity, onset, duration, aggravating and alleviating factorsaggravating and alleviating factors
b bb bAbsent bowel tones are not clinically useful Absent bowel tones are not clinically useful findingsfindingsHyperactive or obstructive sounds are more Hyperactive or obstructive sounds are more helpfulhelpfulRebound tenderness or “cough pain” is very Rebound tenderness or “cough pain” is very usefuluseful
ManagementOral GlucoseOral GlucoseIV D50 1 /k f/b ti dripIV D50 1 /k f/b ti dripIV D50 1gm/kg f/b continuous dripIV D50 1gm/kg f/b continuous dripGlucagon 1mg IM if IV access unavailableGlucagon 1mg IM if IV access unavailableHydrocortisone 100mg IV or glucagon 1mg IV Hydrocortisone 100mg IV or glucagon 1mg IV if hypoglycemia is refractory to glucose if hypoglycemia is refractory to glucose administrationadministrationOctreotide for refractory cases due to Octreotide for refractory cases due to sulfonylureassulfonylureas
ManagementReview coReview co--morbid conditionsmorbid conditionsReview social situationReview social situationReview social situationReview social situationMost diabetics with insulin reactions respond Most diabetics with insulin reactions respond rapidly to treatmentrapidly to treatmentPatients with prolonged or recurrent Patients with prolonged or recurrent hypoglycemia from sulfonylureas need to be hypoglycemia from sulfonylureas need to be admittedadmitted
Ketosis on UA or not?Ketosis on UA or not?
How high is too high?How high is too high?
Ketosis changes the whole clinical picture.Ketosis changes the whole clinical picture.Metabolic derangements are far more reachingMetabolic derangements are far more reachingMetabolic derangements are far more reaching Metabolic derangements are far more reaching
and precipitous with ketosis.and precipitous with ketosis.
Occurs predominantly in insulin dependentOccurs predominantly in insulin dependent
N t di b t t DKA i 25%N t di b t t DKA i 25%
Mortality is 5% and is higher in elderlyMortality is 5% and is higher in elderly
New onset diabetes presents as DKA in 25% New onset diabetes presents as DKA in 25% of casesof cases
Precipitated by nonPrecipitated by non--compliance with insulin compliance with insulin therapy or any type or physiologic stress such therapy or any type or physiologic stress such as:as:
Clinical Picture directly related to metabolic Clinical Picture directly related to metabolic dd
Clinical Picture
derangementsderangementsHyperglycemia causes osmotic diuresis Hyperglycemia causes osmotic diuresis →dehydration, hypotension, tachycardia→dehydration, hypotension, tachycardiaKetonemia causes acidosis with myocardial Ketonemia causes acidosis with myocardial depression, vasodilation and Kussmauldepression, vasodilation and Kussmaul’’ss
Admit to hospitalAdmit to hospital
Management
Correct HypovolemiaCorrect HypovolemiaCorrect Electrolyte abnormalitiesCorrect Electrolyte abnormalitiesCorrect Acidosis and ketonemiaCorrect Acidosis and ketonemiaTreat underlying causeTreat underlying cause
Is a common presentation of newIs a common presentation of new--onset onset di b llidi b lli
Pathophysiology
diabetes mellitusdiabetes mellitusOccurs in poorly controlled type II DMOccurs in poorly controlled type II DMContraction alkalosis f/b metabolic acidosisContraction alkalosis f/b metabolic acidosis
Typical patient is elderly with complaints of Typical patient is elderly with complaints of k l hk l h
Clinical Features
weakness or mental status changesweakness or mental status changesPhysical exam: dehydration and altered Physical exam: dehydration and altered mental statusmental statusCan have focal deficits or seizuresCan have focal deficits or seizures
Glucose > 600mg/dLGlucose > 600mg/dL
Clinical Features
HCO3 > 15 mg/dLHCO3 > 15 mg/dLpH > 7.3pH > 7.3Ketosis absent or mildKetosis absent or mild
AdmitAdmit
Management
Correct hypovolemiaCorrect hypovolemiaCorrect free water deficitCorrect free water deficitHCO3 > 15 mg/dLHCO3 > 15 mg/dLpH > 7.3pH > 7.3Ketosis absent or mildKetosis absent or mild
Priority is to identify the child Priority is to identify the child with a serious bacterial illnesswith a serious bacterial illness
The higher the fever, the higher incidence of The higher the fever, the higher incidence of b ib i
Infants 0- 3 months
bacteremiabacteremiaAge 0Age 0--8 weeks at high risk of SBI8 weeks at high risk of SBIHighest risk for sepsis first few days of lifeHighest risk for sepsis first few days of life
The higher the fever, the higher incidence of The higher the fever, the higher incidence of bacteremiabacteremiaAge 0Age 0--8 weeks at high risk of SBI8 weeks at high risk of SBIHighest risk for sepsis first few days of lifeHighest risk for sepsis first few days of lifeAge 0Age 0 8 week infant may have Bacterial8 week infant may have Bacterial
Infants 0- 3 months
Age 0Age 0--8 week infant may have Bacterial 8 week infant may have Bacterial Sepsis w/o clinical findingsSepsis w/o clinical findingsFebrile infants < 4 weeks 13% incidenceFebrile infants < 4 weeks 13% incidenceFebrile infants < 8 weeks 10% incidenceFebrile infants < 8 weeks 10% incidence
Clinical impression is more reliable in this groupClinical impression is more reliable in this group
Infants 3-24 months
Viral illnesses including pneumonia account for Viral illnesses including pneumonia account for the most common etiologythe most common etiologyStrep pneumoniae is the most common bacterial Strep pneumoniae is the most common bacterial etiologyetiology.019% of bacteremia develop meningitis.019% of bacteremia develop meningitis
Indications for Admission to HospitalIndications for Admission to Hospital
°° °°All infants <4 weeks with T> 38.1All infants <4 weeks with T> 38.1°°C (100.6C (100.6°°F)F)
Most infants <3 moths with focal infection Most infants <3 moths with focal infection other than otitis mediaother than otitis media
Toxic appearance regardless of age or degree Toxic appearance regardless of age or degree of feverof fever
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Occurs typically Oct Occurs typically Oct –– MayMayI f l h 2 k 2I f l h 2 k 2
Epidemiology
Infants less than 2 years, peak at 2 moInfants less than 2 years, peak at 2 moIncreased risk of complicationsIncreased risk of complications
Begins with nasal discharge, pharyngitis, Begins with nasal discharge, pharyngitis, cough and fevercough and fever
Clinical Features
ggWheezing and respiratory distress follow Wheezing and respiratory distress follow later.later.Tachypnea, nasal flaring and gruntingTachypnea, nasal flaring and gruntingOminous signs of RF: Decrease or absence Ominous signs of RF: Decrease or absence of breath sounds signifies severe of breath sounds signifies severe bronchocnstrictionbronchocnstriction
Symptoms peak in 3Symptoms peak in 3--5 days5 daysUsually resolve in 2 weeksUsually resolve in 2 weeks
Clinical Features
Usually resolve in 2 weeksUsually resolve in 2 weeksImmunity is variableImmunity is variableReinfection may occurReinfection may occur
May respond to albuterol but probably not.May respond to albuterol but probably not.
Management
Nebulized epinephrine may be helpfulNebulized epinephrine may be helpfulHeliox may be helpfulHeliox may be helpfulHydrationHydrationSteroidsSteroids
Indications for hospitalizationIndications for hospitalization
Management
ApneaApneaRespiratory distress unresponsive to TxRespiratory distress unresponsive to TxHypoxiaHypoxiaVomiting or dehydrationVomiting or dehydrationTachypnea > 60Tachypnea > 60
Clinical Features
Life threateningLife threateningCan occur at any ageCan occur at any ageCan occur at any ageCan occur at any ageAbrupt onset of High fever, sore throat, Abrupt onset of High fever, sore throat, stridor, dysphagia and drooling over 2 d.stridor, dysphagia and drooling over 2 d.Severe sore throat with normal appearing Severe sore throat with normal appearing oropharynx.oropharynx.XX--rays are unnecessaryrays are unnecessary
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Lifetime likelihood of one Sz is 9%Lifetime likelihood of one Sz is 9%Age 0Age 0--9 years prevalence is 4.4/10009 years prevalence is 4.4/1000Age 0Age 0 9 years prevalence is 4.4/10009 years prevalence is 4.4/1000Age 10Age 10--19 yrs prevalence is 6.6/100019 yrs prevalence is 6.6/1000Simple febrile Sz are a different category with Simple febrile Sz are a different category with incidence of 3incidence of 3--4% 4%
Clinical Features
Symptoms can be any of the following:Symptoms can be any of the following:Alteration of consciousnessAlteration of consciousnessAuditory, sensory or olfactory hallucinationsAuditory, sensory or olfactory hallucinationsInvoluntary motor activityInvoluntary motor activityChoreoathetoid movementsChoreoathetoid movements
Clinical Features
Neonatal seizures may be subtle and Neonatal seizures may be subtle and sometimes w/ only autonomic changes:sometimes w/ only autonomic changes:y gy g
“Golden Rule” of 8 hours“Golden Rule” of 8 hoursNeurovascular examNeurovascular exam
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Mechanism of injury will help identify risk of Mechanism of injury will help identify risk of foreign body, contamination and wound foreign body, contamination and wound complicationcomplicationcomplicationcomplicationCrush injuries more likely to cause wound Crush injuries more likely to cause wound infectioninfectionHematomas often require drainageHematomas often require drainage
Threatened abortionThreatened abortion2020--40% of pregnancies abort spontaneously40% of pregnancies abort spontaneously
Ectopic PregnancyEctopic Pregnancy
MenorrhagiaMenorrhagia
2020 40% of pregnancies abort spontaneously40% of pregnancies abort spontaneouslyChromosomal abnormalities account for mostChromosomal abnormalities account for most