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GOODAFTERNOON
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SEMINAR ON
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS
WASTE
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TOPICS COVERED
Introduction
Generators of hazardous wastes
Harmful effects of toxic chemical/wasteson human health
Treatment and disposal methods
Case study: Delhi
Conclusion
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Definition
Hazardous waste mean wastes (solids,
sludges, liquids and contained gases)other than radioactive (and infectious)
wastes which, by reason of their chemicalactivity or toxic, explosive corrosive, orother characteristics, cause danger or
likely will cause danger to health or theenvironment , whether alone or whencoming into contact with other wastes.
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Evolution of hazardous waste
management Its evolution can be divided into four stages
The first stage was the realization ofenvironmental problems,
The next stage was the birth of numerousregulations designed to limit discharges to theenvironment, impose chemical controls andinitiate investigations of past problems.
The third phase emphasizes the development
of waste minimization
Fourth phase is environmental standardization.
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Hazardous waste identification
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Is the waste excluded
from Hazardous
wastes Management &
Handling rules,1989.
Is the wasteliquid?
Is the waste falling
under waste categoryspecified in schedule
under Column-2?
Is the wastegaseous?
The waste is subjected
to control under waterPrevention & control of
Pollution Act, 1974
The waste
is a Non-
Hazardous
Waste?The waste is hazardous
waste & should subject
to the requirements of
hazardous wastesManagement &
handling rules, 1989
Is the waste exceeding
quantities specified in
schedule under
column-3?
No
No
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Generators of Hazardous
Wastes 1. Heavy industries :Chemical manufactures, Printing industry,
Leather products manufacturing, Paper industry
2. Biological waste: infectious, injurious, noninfectious andhazardous.etc
3. Households:Household cleaners, Paint products-solvents, woodpreservatives, turpentine, Pesticides and herbicides-fungicides, mothballs,insect sprays
4. Transporters:
5. Farmers: pesticides, fertilizers, rodenticides 6. Military: asbestos, cleaners, explosives
7. Processes: Natural gas production , Hardening of steeletc
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Harmful effects of toxic chemicals /
wastes on human health
Entry to the human body
a) Inhalation the most common route
b) Ingestion- unusual c) Skin contact more common that is
realized if the material is fat soluble.
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Nature of action
Once in contact with the body the toxic materialsmay have varying effects
Local - irritant to the skin, eye, orrespiratory tract or allergic to the skin or
Respiratory tract. Systematic inherent toxicity, metabolic toxicity
or both
Or Acute short term immediate effect Chronic long term delayed effect
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Effect of certain chemicals on
human health Mercury Irreversible neurological damage
Cadmium- Renal dysfunction when renal cortex cd isaround 200mg/kg; acute respiratory effects at higherdoses
Lead - Neurological effects; gastrointestinal effectsand renal disease
Arsenic Lung and other cancers; skin and mucousmembrane disorders; neurological effects; visualimpairment, etc
Formaldehyde Carcinogenic potential; skin and eyeirritant; respiratory tract irritation.
Dioxins- Potent animal carcinogen
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Treatment and disposal methods
1.Chemical treatment
2. Physical treatment
3. Biological treatment and Thermal
process
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Chemical treatment
a) Solubility
b) Neutralization
c) Precipitation d) Coagulation and flocculation
e) Oxidation and reduction
f) Disinfection g) Ion exchange
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Physical treatment
Screening
Sedimentation
Clarification Centrifugation
Filtration
Evaporation Stripping
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Biological treatment
1. Aerobic: Oxygen molecules are required todecompose organic matter for the energybacteria need to grow and multiply.
2. Anaerobic: In this processes the oxygenthat is combined chemically with other elements,
such as nitrates, carbonates or sulphates.
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Thermal processes
If the waste molecule can be destroyed orreduced to carbon dioxide, water andassociated inorganic substance, the
organics should be rendered harmless
Incineration is the controlled hightemperature oxidation of primarily organic
compounds to produce carbon dioxide andwater.
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Disposal methods
1.Landfill operations: Refuse, trash and garbage arebiodegradable in a sanitary landfill. For this reason, municipallandfills that have accepted only sanitary wastes should not presentsevere long term threats to the human health and the environment.
2. Injection well disposal : Generally, this disposaltechnique has placed the materials in well-confined geologicalformations that are deep below the surface of the earth.
With proper planning, injection well disposal does not present anunreasonable risk to the human health and the environment.
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Case study: Delhi
Fundamental problem of wastegeneration and disposal in Delhi
It has been conclusively found out thatsmall industries have been regularlydumping extremely hazardous waste inand around Delhi
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A comprehensive note on
hazardous waste in Delhi Many agencies have performed the hazardous waste
inventory for the state of Delhi
and their estimates are given below.
59,423 tonnes per year (data obtained from the moef
[Ministry of Environment and Forests] 2000) 60,000 tonnes per year (NPC 1997)
5543 tonnes per year (TRMS [Tata risk managementservices] as quoted in NPC 1997)
24,000 tonnes of CETP (common effluent treatment
plant) waste per year as per
NEERI (national environmental engineering researchinstitute) (NPC 1997)
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Suggested measures
Inventory of present status of hazardous wastegeneration from units located in
conforming areas.
Relocation of polluting industries Since ETP sludge and acid/alkaline slurry form a
major part of the total hazardous waste generated,efforts should be made to minimize waste generation inthese categories
A site for developing a CHWTDF (common hazardouswaste treatment and disposal facility) should,therefore, be identified and developed .
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Conclusions
The rapid industrialization and indiscriminate disposal ofhazardous waste has caused serious damages to publichealth and environment. So hazardous wastes should bemanaged very carefully.
The government agencies should be stringent inimplementing the provisions of acts.
Hazardous waste be treated before final disposal so thatthey are converted to less harmful product.
Recycling, reclamation and waste reduction techniquefor management of hazardous waste be adopted.
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