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Man now endangered Species:We are in urge of Extinction
(A global Warming threat)
Topic outline:
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I. Introduction.defintion of global warming,and thesis statement.
II. The Challenge of Global Warming
A. Issues ,impacts,responses.
B. greenhouse Effect
C. The changing atmosphere
III. Development
IV. Global warming :Biotic system
A. Biotic causes and effect of the disruption of the Global Carbon Cycle
B.Effects of global Warming on biological Diversity
V. Physical Impacts
A. Greenhouse effects:Acid rain, ozone depletion,methanes,CFCs
B. changes in Soil Moisture
C. Effects of Climatic Changes
D. Causes and effects of sea level rise.
VI. Responses
A. Dangers
B. National Energy Policy
C. Montreal Protocol
D. Near Term Congressional options for responding to Global Climate
change
E. Geo-Engineering
VII. What can We Do to Heal-p
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Global warming refers to a long-term increase in the earths average surface
temperature. Global warming is an increase in the average temperature
of Earth's surface. Since the late 1800's, the global average
temperature has increased about 0.4 to 0.8 degrees C. Many experts
estimate that the average temperature will rise an additional 2.5 to
10.4 degrees by 2100. That rate of increase would be much larger than
most past rates of increase. This temperature rise is expected to melt
polar ice caps and glaciers as well as warm the oceans, all of which will
expand the volume of the ocean and raise sea levels by an estimated 9
to 100 cm causing flooding in some coastal regions and even lead to
the submerging of entire islands. Some regions with warmer climates
will receive more rainfall than before, but the soil will dry out faster
between storms; this may damage food crops, disrupting food supplies
in some parts of the world. Plant and animal species will shift their
ranges toward the poles or to higher elevations seeking cooler
temperatures and species that cannot do so may become extinct. The
potential consequences of global warming are so great that many of
the world's leading scientists have called for international cooperation
and immediate action to counteract the problem. Warming and sea
level rise are expected to continue for more than a millennium even if
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greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. This reflects the large heat
capacity of the oceans.
Human activities since the Industrial Revolutionprimarily fossil fuel
use, deforestation, and agriculturehave nearly doubled the amount of
greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. Global scientific consensus confirms
that the effects of
these heat-trapping gases have already caused global temperatures to rise
by 0.5 C, and if current development trends continue, temperatures will
increase by 1.45.8 C by 2100. Historically, countries belonging to the
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)have been
responsible for the majority of global emissions; however, developing
countries are the fastest-growing source of new emissions, and they will
soon be the largest absolute source.India, Indonesia, and the Peoples
Republic of China (PRC) rank in the top 10 emitting countries globally due to
the combined effects of their fossil fuel consumption and deforestation
(International Energy Agency 2007).
The combined effects of global warming may have particularly harsh
effects on people and countries without the resources to mitigate those
effects. This may slow economic development and poverty reduction, and
make it harder to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. In October
2004 the Working Group on Climate Change and Development, a coalition of
development and environment NGOs, issued a report Up in Smoke on the
effects of climate change on development. This report, and the July 2005
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report Africa - Up in Smoke.Predicted increased hunger and disease due to
decreased rainfall and severe weather events, particularly in Africa. These
are likely to have severe impacts on development for those affected.
Rapid economic growth, increases in personal vehicle ownership, and
the changing face of the regions populationfrom rural to urbanare
primarily responsible for the dramatic upward trends in regional emissions.
Energy demand growth in Asia and the Pacific rose 9.7% from 2000 to 2005,
and corresponding greenhouse gas emissions rose by nearly 8%
(International Energy Agency 2002, 2007) over the same period. By 2030,
Asia will demand more than half of the worlds primary energy resources
(International Energy Agency 2007), will be home to more than half of the
worlds urban populationaround 2.7 billion people (UN Habitat 2006)and
will be responsible for more than 50% of global emissions.
In addition to causing climate-altering emissions, increasing use of
fossil fuelsand especially oil for transportwill decrease global energy
security and raise energy prices for countries inAsia and the Pacific. Island
states of the Pacific,Southeast Asia, and the Indian Ocean are some of the
most vulnerable to energy price hikes. When compounded with their
vulnerability to the impacts
of climate change, these nations stand to lose the most if energy and
emissions trends do not change.
There have been predictions, and some evidence, that global warming
might cause loss of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems, leading to an
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increase of atmospheric CO2 levels. Several climate models indicate that
global warming through the 21st century could be accelerated by the
response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to such warming . All 11models in
the C4MIP study found that a larger fraction of anthropogenic CO2 will stay
airborne if climate change is accounted for. By the end of the twenty-first
century, this additional CO2 varied between 20 and 200 ppm for the two
extreme models, the majority of the models lying between 50 and 100 ppm.
The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between
0.1 and 1.5 C. However, there was still a large uncertainty on the
magnitude of these sensitivities. Eight models attributed most of the
changes to the land, while three attributed it to the ocean . The strongest
feedbacks in these cases are due to increased respiration of carbon from
soils throughout the high latitude boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere.
One model in particular (HadCM3) indicates a secondary carbon cycle
feedback due to the loss of much of the Amazon rainforest in response to
significantly reduced precipitation over tropical South America. While models
disagree on the strength of any terrestrial carbon cycle feedback, they each
suggest any such feedback would accelerate global warming. Observations
show that soils in England have been losing carbon at the rate of four million
tonnes a year for the past 25 years. according to a paper in Nature by
Bellamy et al. in September 2005, who note that these results are unlikely to
be explained by land use changes. Results such as this rely on a dense
sampling network and thus are not available on a global scale. Extrapolating
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to all of the United Kingdom, they estimate annual losses of 13 million tons
per year. This is as much as the annual reductions in carbon dioxide
emissions achieved by the UK under the Kyoto Treaty (12.7 million tons of
carbon per year). It has also been suggested (by Chris Freeman) that the
release of dissolved organiccarbon (DOC) from peat bogs into water courses
(from which it would in turn enter the atmosphere) constitutes a positive
feedback for global warming. The carbon currentlystored in peatlands (390-
455 gigatonnes, one-third of the total land-based carbon store) is over half
the amount of carbon already in the atmosphere.DOC levels in water courses
are observably rising; Freeman's hypothesis is that, not elevated
temperatures, but elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 are responsible,
through stimulation of primary productivity.Global temperature will increase
from 1.1 to 6.4 degrees in next 100 years:Rise by 0.8 degrees- ocean
warming, arctic ice cap melting, species extinction , extreme weather
events;1 degree rise- coral reefs destroyed, island nations under water;2
degree rise- Greenland melts, polar bears extinct, water supply affected;3
degree rise- environmental refugees, food shortage, amazon collapses;4
degree rise- millions of refugees, 1/3 rd of bangladesh under water,
permafrost melts releasing gases;5 degree rise- most of the world
uninhabitable, earth hotter than in 55 million years;6 degree rise- mass.
Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the
power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.Kerry Emanuel writes that
hurricane power dissipation is highly correlated with temperature, reflecting
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global warming.However, a further study by Emanuel using current model
output concluded that the increase in power dissipation in recent decades
cannot be completely attributed to global warming. Hurricane modeling has
produced similar results, finding that hurricanes, simulated under warmer,
high-CO2 conditions, are more intense, however, hurricane frequency will be
reduced.Worldwide, the proportion of hurricanes reaching categories 4 or 5
with wind speeds above 56 metres per second has risen from 20% in the
1970s to 35% in the 1990s.Precipitation hitting the US from hurricanes has
increased by 7% over the twentieth century. The extent to which this is due
to global warming as opposed to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is
unclear. Some studies have found that the increase in sea surface
temperature may be offset by an increase in wind shear, leading to little or
no change in hurricane activity.
Increases in catastrophes resulting from extreme weather are mainly
caused by increasing population densities, and anticipated future increases
are similarly dominated by societal change rather than climate change. The
World Meteorological Organization explains that though there is evidence
both for and against the existence of a detectable anthropogenic signal in
the tropical cyclone climate record to date, no firm conclusion can be made
on this point.They also clarified that no individual tropical cyclone can be
directly attributed to climate change. However, Hoyos et al. (2006) have
linked the increasing trend in number of category 4 and 5 hurricanes for the
period 1970-2004 directly to the trend in sea surface temperatures.Thomas
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Knutson and Robert E. Tuleya of NOAA stated in 2004 that warming induced
by greenhouse gas may lead to increasing occurrence of highly destructive
category-5 storms.Vecchi and Soden find that wind shear, the increase of
which acts to inhibit tropical cyclones, also changes in model-projections of
global warming. There are projected increases of wind shear in the tropical
Atlantic and East Pacific associated with the deceleration of the Walker
circulation, as well as decreases of wind shear in the western and central
Pacific.The study does not make claims about the net effect on Atlantic and
East Pacific hurricanes of the warming and moistening atmospheres, and the
model-projected increases in Atlantic wind shear. A substantially higher risk
of extreme weather does not necessarily mean a noticeably greater risk of
slightly-above-average weather.However, the evidence is clear that severe
weather and moderate rainfall are also increasing. Increases in temperature
are expected to produce more intense convection over land and a higher
frequency of themost severe storms.
Stephen Mwakifwamba, national co-ordinator of the Centre for Energy,
Environment,Science and Technology which prepared the Tanzanian
government's climate change report to the UN says that change is
happening in Tanzania right now. "In the past, we had a drought about every
10 years", he says. "Now we just don't know when they will come. They are
more frequent, but then so are floods. The climate is far less predictable. We
might have floods in May or droughts every three years. Upland areas, which
were
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never affected by mosquitoes, now are. Water levels are decreasing every
day. The rains come at the wrong time for farmers and it is leading to many
problems"
Greg Holland, director of the Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division
at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, said
on April 24, 2006, "The hurricanes we are seeing are indeed a direct result of
climate change," and that the wind and warmer water conditions that fuel
storms when they form in the Caribbean are, "increasingly due to
greenhouse gases. There seems to be no other conclusion you can logically
draw." Holland said, "The large bulk of the scientific community say what we
are seeing now is linked directly to greenhouse gases."
Over the course of the 20th century, evaporation rates have reduced
worldwide ; this is thought by many to be explained by global dimming. As
the climate grows warmer andthe causes of global dimming are reduced,
evaporation will increase due to warmer oceans. Because the world is a
closed system this will cause heavier rainfall, with more erosion. This
erosion, in turn, can in vulnerable tropical areas (especially in Africa) lead to
desertification. On the other hand, in other areas, increased rainfall lead to
growth of forests in dry desert areas. Scientists have found evidence that
increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global
warming progresses. The IPCC Third Annual Report says: "...global average
water vapor concentration and precipitation are projected to increase during
the 21st century. By the second half of the 21st century, it is likely that
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precipitation will have increased over northern mid- to high latitudes and
Antarctica in winter. At low latitudes there are both regional increases and
decreases over land areas. Larger year to year variations in precipitation are
very likely over most areas where an increase in mean precipitation is
projected."
In the northern hemisphere, the southern part of the Arctic region
(home to 4,000,000 people) has experienced a temperature rise of 1 C to 3
C (1.8 F to 5.4 F) over the last 50 years. Canada, Alaska and Russia are
experiencing initial melting of permafrost. This may disrupt ecosystems and
by increasing bacterial activity in the soil lead to these areas becoming
carbon sources instead of carbon sinks . A study (published in Science) of
changes to eastern Siberia's permafrost suggests that it is gradually
disappearing in the southern regions, leading to the loss of nearly 11% of
Siberia's nearly 11,000 lakes since 1971 . At the same time, western Siberia
is at the initial stage where melting permafrost is creating new lakes, which
will eventually start disappearing as in the east. Furthermore, permafrost
melting will eventually cause methane release from melting permafrost peat
bogs. Hurricanes were thought to be an entirely North Atlantic phenomenon.
In late March 2004, the first Atlantic cyclone to form south of the equator hit
Brazil with 40 m/s (144 km/h) winds, although some Brazilian meteorologists
deny that it was a hurricane. Monitoring systems may have to be extended
1,600 km (1,000 miles) further south. There is no agreement as to whether
this hurricane is linked to climate change,but one climate model exhibits
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increased tropical cyclone genesis in the South Atlantic under global
warming by the end of the 21st century.
The loss of glaciers not only directly causes landslides, flash floods and
glacial lake overflow,but also increases annual variation in water flows in
rivers. Glacier runoff declines in the summer as glaciers decrease in size, this
decline is already observable in several regions. Glaciers retain water on
mountains in high precipitation years, since the snow cover accumulating on
glaciers protects the ice from melting. In warmer and drier years, glaciers
offset the lower precipitation amounts with a higher meltwater input. Of
particular importance are the Hindu Kush and Himalayan glacial melts that
comprise the principal dry-season water source of many of the major rivers
of the Central, South, East and Southeast Asian mainland. Increased melting
would cause greater flow for several decades, after which "some areas of the
most populated regions on Earth are likely to 'run out of water'" as source
glaciers are depleted.
According to a UN climate report, the Himalayan glaciers that are the
sources of Asia's biggest riversGanges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze,
Mekong, Salween and Yellow could disappear by 2035 as temperatures
rise. Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the drainage basin of the
Himalayan rivers.India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar
could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades. In India
alone, the Ganges provides water for drinking and farming for more than 500
million people.It has to be acknowledged, however, that increased seasonal
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runoff of Himalayan glaciers led to increased agricultural production in
northern India throughout the 20th century.
The recession of mountain glaciers, notably in Western North America,
Franz-Josef Land, Asia, the Alps, the Pyrenees, Indonesia and Africa, and
tropical and sub-tropical regions of South America, has been used to provide
qualitative support to the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th
century. Many glaciers are being lost to melting further raising concerns
about future local water resources in these glacierized areas. The Lewis
Glacier, North Cascades pictured at right after melting away in 1990 is one of
the 47 North Cascade glaciers observed and all are retreating.
The role of the oceans in global warming is a complex one. The oceans
serve as a sink for carbon dioxide, taking up much that would otherwise
remain in the atmosphere, but increased levels of CO2 have led to ocean
acidification. Furthermore, as the temperature of the oceans increases, they
become less able to absorb excess CO2. Global warming is projected to have
a number of effects on the oceans. Ongoing effects include rising sea levels
due to thermal expansion and melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and
warming of the ocean surface, leading to increased temperature
stratification. Other possible effects include large-scale changes in ocean
circulation.
From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10C
from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year
and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations
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showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003
to 2007.The temperature of the Antarctic Southern Ocean rose by 0.17 C
(0.31 F) between the 1950s and the 1980s, nearly twice the rate for the
world's oceans as a whole . As well as having effects on ecosystems (e.g. by
melting). sea ice, affecting algae that grow on its underside), warming
reduces the ocean's ability to absorb CO2.
The worlds oceans soak up much of the carbon dioxide produced by
living organisms, either as dissolved gas, or in the skeletons of tiny marine
creatures that fall to the bottom to become chalk or limestone. Oceans
currently absorb about one tonne of CO2 per person per year. It is estimated
that the oceans have absorbed around half of all CO2 generated by human
activities since 1800 (118 19 petagrams of carbon from 1800 to 1994).
But in water, carbon dioxide becomes a weak carbonic acid, and the
increase in the greenhouse gas since the industrial revolution has already
lowered the average pH (the laboratory measure of acidity) of seawater by
0.1 units, to 8.2. Predicted emissions could lower it by a further 0.5 by 2100,
to a level probably not seen for hundreds of millennia and, critically, at a rate
of change probably 100 times greater than at any time over this period.
Widespread shifts might occur in the natural habitats of animals
and plants. Many species would have difficulty surviving in the regions
they now inhabit. For example, many flowering plants will not bloom
without a sufficient period of winter cold. And human occupation has
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altered the landscape in ways that would make new habitats hard to
reach or unavailable altogether.
Continued global warming might, over centuries, melt large
amounts of ice from a vast sheet that covers most of West Antarctica.
As a result, the sea level would rise throughout the world. Many coastal
areas would experience flooding, erosion, a loss of wetlands, and an
entry of seawater into freshwater areas. High sea levels would
submerge some coastal cities, small island nations, and other
inhabited regions. Sparse records indicate that glaciers have been
retreating since the early 1800s. In the 1950s measurements began that
allow the monitoring ofglacial mass balance, reported to the WGMS and the
NSIDC.
Tropical diseases, such as malaria and dengue, might spread to
larger regions. Longer-lasting and more intense heat waves could
cause more deaths and illnesses. Floods and droughts could increase
hunger and malnutrition.
Canada and parts of Russia might benefit from an increase in
crop yields. But any increases in yields could be more than offset by
decreases caused by drought and higher temperatures -- particularly if
the amount of warming were more than a few degrees Celsius. Yields
in the tropics might fall disastrously because temperatures there are
already almost as high as many crop plants
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can tolerate.
Green plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere as they grow.
They combine carbon from CO2 with hydrogen to make simple sugars,
which they store in their tissues. After plants die, their bodies decay
and release CO2. Ecosystems with abundant plant life, such as forests
and even cropland, could tie up much carbon. However, future
generations of people would have to keep the
ecosystems intact. Otherwise, the sequestered carbon would reenter
the atmosphere as CO2.
There is some speculation that global warming could, via a shutdown
or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation, trigger localized cooling in the
North Atlantic and lead to cooling or lesser warming, in that region. This
would affect in particular areas like Scandinavia and Britain that are warmed
by the North Atlantic drift. More significantly, it could lead to an oceanic
anoxic event.
The chances of this near-term collapse of the circulation are unclear;
there is some evidence for the short-term stability of the Gulf Stream and
possible weakening of the North Atlantic drift. However, the degree of
weakening, and whether it will be sufficient to shut down the circulation, is
under debate. As yet, no cooling has been found in northern Europe or
nearby seas.
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By far the largest amount of political time and effort has gone
into reducing in greenhouse gas emissions, principally through the
Kyoto protocol. These efforts have been largely unsuccessful. Other
approaches include carbon sequestration and certain geoengineering
techniques. The world's primary international agreement on combating
global warming is the Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the UNFCCC
negotiated in 1997. The Protocol now covers more than 160 countries
globally and over 55 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. Only
the United States and Kazakhstan have not ratified the treaty, with the
United States historically being the world's largest emitter of
greenhouse gases. This treaty expires in 2012, and international talks
began in May 2007 on a future treaty to succeed the current one. Many
environmental groups encourage individual action against global
warming, often by the consumer, but also by community and regional
organizations. Others have suggested a quota on worldwide fossil fuel
production, citing a direct link between fossil fuel production and CO2
emissions. There has also been business action on climate change,
including efforts at increased energy efficiency and limited moves
towards use of alternative fuels. In January 2005 the European Union
introduced its European Union Emission Trading Scheme, a greenhouse
gas emissions trading scheme through which companies, in
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conjunction with government, agree to cap their emissions or to
purchase credits from those below their allowances. Australia
announced its Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme in 2008. United
States President Barack Obama has announced he will introduce an
economy wide cap and trade scheme. The IPCC's Working Group III is
responsible for crafting reports that deal with the mitigation of global
warming and analyzing the costs and benefits of different approaches.
In the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, they conclude that no one
technology or sector can be completely responsible for mitigating
future warming. They find there are key practices and technologies in
various sectors, such as energy supply, transportation, industry, and
agriculture, which should be implemented to reduced global emissions.
They estimate that stabilization of carbon dioxide equivalent between
445 and 710 ppm
by 2030 will result in between a 0.6 percent increase and three
percent decrease in global gross domestic product.
Geo-engineering would involve the deliberate modification of
Earth's environment on a large scale "to suit human needs and
promote habitability". It can be divided two major approaches. The first
is remediation, in which greenhouse gases would be removed from the
atmosphere, principally by carbon sequestration methods such as air
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capture. The second is solar radiation management, in which incoming
solar radiation would be reduced, such as by the insertion of
stratospheric sulfur aerosols. The slow pace of action to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions have led some scientists to suggest that
these techniques may be necessary. Whilst some cool roof and tree
planting projects are underway, no planetary-scale geo-engineering
has yet been attempted.
The effects of global warming are wide in their scope, and a
similarly wide variety of measures have been suggested for adaptation
to global warming. These range from the trivial, such as the installation
of air-conditioning equipment, up to major infrastructure projects, such
as abandonment of settlements threatened by rising sea levels.
Measures including water conservation, changes to agricultural
practices, construction of flood defenses, changes to medical care, and
interventions to protect threatened species have all been suggested. A
wide ranging study of the possible opportunities for adaptation of
infrastructure has been published by the Institute of Mechanical
Engineers
Solar Towers can be constructed to power an entire city. The tower has
photo-sensitive cells on all sides .The tower is surrounded by mirrors ;The
cost of such towers is too steep, hence it has become a challenge for
engineers;The only technology comparable inefficiency of conversion of
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sunlight is the solar engine running on high-temperature heat, produced by a
solar concentrator (a focusing trough or dish). This technology was
commercialized for a brief time not very long ago with the help of subsidies
and will probably return. Portable Solar Chargers :These small size chargers
are handy and portable ;They can fit into your pocket and charge everything
from mobile phones to ipods ;Wind Energy: Wind powergrowing globally for
the past decade at about 30 percent per yearis playing a substantial role in
several countries, notably Germany and Denmark;The spaces between
turbines on land can be used in many ways, including for agriculture and
grazing;To be practical for large-scale use in electrical grids, intermittent
renewable energy sources are best combined with energy storage
technologies as well as energy supply technologies that can fluctuate in
output yet can also operate a large fraction of the time;Vertical Farms: With
increase in urbanization arable land is decreasing quickly;A Feasible solution
for the future is construction of vertical farms which will solve the problem of
food scarcity for under developed nations and provide clean air at the same
time; The construction of such farms will be a civil engineering challenge but
its results will be phenomenal;Cloud seeding;A fleet of unmanned , self
propelled vessels crossing the worlds oceans and seeding clouds by misting
sea water high into the air has been proposed to reduce sunlight and hence
global warming;Just a thousand ships like these (called the albedo yachts by
the designers) will check temperature rise due to global CO2 doubling
.Scientists still have to determine the side effects on the rain cycle due to
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excess clouds; Blackle is a custom whose screen is predominantly
black;Saves fair bit of energy due to its popularity, 750 Megawatt to be
precise;According to the website the site has saved around 413,523.067 watt
hours till date;CO2 gobbling Plankton: By adding nutrients like iron or urea
,or by pumping deep-sea water to the ocean surface ,ocean fertilizers could
stimulate CO 2 gobbling plankton blooms ,like the natural red tides in New
Zealand;Bio-fuels: The extra plankton produced by artificial means can be
put to good use due to a new development in the technology used for
producing bio-fuels from algae;Carbon capture and storage; Carbon capture
and storage (CCS) is a plan to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon
dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and
subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the
atmosphere. Technology for capturing of CO2 is already commercially
available for large CO2 emitters, such as power plants. Storage of CO2, on
the other hand is a relatively untried concept and as yet (2007) no
powerplant operates with a full carbon capture and storage system;Carbon
storage;Acid gas injections in Alberta, Canada, As a sulfur disposal strategy
co-store hydrogen sulphide & carbondioxide;Studying cement seals in old
wells ;clarifies risks of CO2 leakage underground.Advantages of carbon
storage: CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce
CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80-90% compared to a
plant without CCS. Storage of the CO2 is envisaged either in deep geological
formations, deep oceans, or in the form of mineral carbonates. Geological
http://../wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://../wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://../wiki/Geological_formationhttp://../wiki/Geological_formationhttp://../wiki/Oceanhttp://../wiki/Carbonate_mineralhttp://../wiki/Geological_formationhttp://../wiki/Geological_formationhttp://../wiki/Oceanhttp://../wiki/Carbonate_mineralhttp://../wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://../wiki/Carbon_dioxide8/14/2019 man now endagered species:Global Warming
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formations are currently considered the most promising, and these are
estimated to have a storage capacity of at least 2000 Gt CO2. IPCC (Inter
governmental Panel on Climate Change) estimates that the economic
potential of CCS could be between 10% and 55% of the total carbon
mitigation effort until year 2100;Enhanced natural Sinks:Enhancing natural
sinks entails fostering the biological absorption of carbon and increasing its
storage above and below the ground by, for example, reducing
deforestation, creating new forest plantations on non-forested land, or
expanding conservation tillage;Conversion of natural vegetation annually
tilled cropland has resulted in the loss of more than 50 billion tons of carbon
from the worlds soils over historical time;Modifying agricultural
practices;The world could take some pressure off the energy system by
modifying the agricultural practices on nearly one-fifth of all cropland to
bring about conservation tillage;It could create 60 million hectares of
sustainable plantations on nonforested land and set a new course to
eliminate tropical deforestation within 50 years.
What can We do as ordinary individuals help in this global chaos? Our
simple things mean a lot. What difference can we make? When faced
with this question, individuals should recognize that, collectively, they
can make a difference. Think back to the days before recycling became
popular when everyone threw everything out in the trash. In less
than 20 years, most households have gone from recycling little to
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nothing to recycling newspapers, plastics, glass and metal. Many
businesses recycle paper and buy recycled products and many
industries practice source reduction in their packaging efforts. An
entire mindset has changed in one generation! Taking action on global
warming or climate change is similar. In some cases, it only takes a
little change in lifestyle and behavior to make some big changes in
greenhouse gas reductions. For other types of actions, the changes are
more significant. When that action is multiplied by the 6 billion people
worldwide, the savings are significant. First reduce what you can and
join one or more environmental organizations that fight for you and
your environment. Volunteer your time and talk to people about the
importance of climate change and the effects that it would have on our
environment. You dont have to wait until you are grown to do
something about global warming. Scientists agree that the burning of
fossil fuels is causing global warming. Since these fuels are burned for
energy, and everyone uses energy, everyone can help stop global
warming just by using less energy. Think about the things you do each
day that use energy. The lights in your house use electricity. The TV
and computer use electricity. The washing machine, dishwasher and
dryer all use gas or electricity. Every time you ride in your car, it uses
gasoline. There are some very simple things that everyone can do to
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help stop global warming: Turn off the lights when you leave a room,
use fluorescent bulbs; Plant trees and avoid cutting tress; Turn off your
computer or the TV when youre not using it, theTV even in standby
mode uses considerable amount of power; Wait until you have a lot of
clothes to wash before using the washing machine; Dont use the
machine for one item just because its your favorite shirt. Take shorter
showers. Heating water uses energy; Close the blinds on a hot day if
the sun is shining in; Dress lightly instead of turning up the air
conditioning. Or use a fan; Walk short distances instead of asking for a
ride in a car; Try using public transport instead of using private
vehicles; Dress warmly when its cold, instead of turning up the heat.
Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on your AC and furnace
clean; Bury leaves and other biodegradable substances instead of
burning them Recycle: this would not only help to reduce pollution but
also to save money ;Use environment-friendly items. Sometimes they
may be a little bit more expensive, but they do not contribute to
pollution and Share this list!
We can take an Action now before its to late.We can Heal and help
(Heal-p )this ailing environment .The decision is all yours..