Man lg eng hndout

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MAN AND LANGUAGE

Associate Professor Kitima Indrambarya, Ph.D.OUTLINESOUTLINES Human Language vs. animal language Language Function Social Role of Language Human Language Evolution Concept of Human language origin Language and writing system Language Families

2มนุษยกับภาษา รศ.ดร.กิติมา อินทรัมพรรย

Human Language vs. Animal LanguageHuman Language vs. Animal LanguageHuman Language Animal Language Speech organs Ability to separate sounds and

phonemes Ability to understand and create new

words and sentences Ability to acquire new language Ability to refer to past and future

event Different lexicon for each language

No speech organs No such ability

Imitation only. No such ability Close language system. No ability

to learn new language Ability to communicate about

present situation Communication by instinct only

3มนุษย์กับภาษา รศ.ดร.กิติมา อินทรัมพรรย์

Language Function Communication Tool Innovation Tool Reflection of world-view Thought Reflection of one’s own culture Reflection of one’s own identify


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Language as Communication Tool

Spoken language – different in various situation Written language Gesture Eye contact gesture Distance between speakers


Non-Verbal Communication: Gesture

มนุษย์กับภาษา รศ.ดร.กิติมา อินทรัมพรรย์ 6

Language as Innovation Tools

Language in internet, chat, emails has aunique characteristics.


Language as Reflections of Thoughts

Reflection of Word-view Thought Honorific terms in Japanese, Thai, Khmer reflect

different social classes Reflection of social relations Relationship terms Social Inequality Social Class Gender – master vs. mistress -- นาง นางสาว vs. นาย


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Language as Reflection of Culture

Snow in English : “blizzard", “flurry", "pack", "slush", "drift","sleet", and "powder” Rain in Thai Characteristics: สายฝน ละอองฝน ฝนขาดเม็ด ฝนสัง่ฟา พายุฝน

ฝนแลง ฝนหลงฤดู Verbs for Rain: ฝนกระหน่ํา ฝนชุก ฝนปรอย ฝนพรํา

ติดฝน ตากฝน

Concept of เกรงใจ is not found in other culture


What color is it?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_term

Paul Kay, “Synchronic Variability and Diachronic Change inBasic Colour Terms,” in Language, Culture and Cognition(1975) : 257-272.


The simpler the culture, The fewer color they have

GRUE

Language As Reflection of Culture

Color Terms and Culture Sutkhothai : 5 color terms: White Black Red Yellow Green Green covers Green Dark Blue and Purple

-- เขยีวดังดอกผักตบ-- เขยีวดังดอกอินทนิล-- เขยีวดังดอกอัญชัน

Present-day Thai has 12 color terms


Thai Color Terms Experience -- Animal or Objects:-- สแีดงเลอืดหมู

สอีฐิ


ม

http://thorfun.com/oazth/story/51a8a870aeeb59372800c47e

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Language as Reflection of Social andCultural Contact Cause of Borrowing Geographic contact and social contact – Lao,

Myanmar, Malay Migration – Khmer, Lawa, Mon, Chinese Trade and Commerce – English, French, Chinese,

Portuguese Literature and Religion – Indian literature – Sanskrit - Brahmanism - Sanskrit - Buddhism - Pali


Language Borrowings Chinese- กวยเตี๋ยว บะหม่ี เฉาก๊วย จบัฉ่าย หุน้ หา้ง กง๋ ตุน๋ Khmer – ขนบ ตํารวจ กะทิ บําบัด เจริญ ฉงน สงบ Pali – กิริยา วิญญาณ อัคคี สัจจะ มัจฉา สูญ Sanskrit – อาจารย จุฑา กษัตรยิ บุรุษ สตร ีศูนย Malay – บูดู สเตะ ซาหริ่ม ปาเตะ ทุเรียน สลัด Mon - ประเคน English - เลน แท็กซ่ี Portuguese – สบู ปนโต Tamil- กุลี


Language as Social Identity

Identity for one’s geographic origin andnationality Consonants Northern Dialiect-- /h/ for /r/ in รัก > ฮัก Accent


Language as Social Identity

Identity for one’s social group, age and gender Slang Teenagers -- เกรียน แจมๆ Politeness Markers Female -- นะคะ คะ คะ Female --- เจา (Northern Dialect)


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Hypotheses of Language Origins

Religious Beliefs: God creates language Human as Language Creators and

onomatopoeia Scientific Concept of Language Origins


Religious Belief

God creates language. Language is part of rituals and chanting


Religious Belief

Christianity God lets Adam name all things. Everyone speaks the same language


ChristianityOne language

Man’s first sin – Babel Tower

God’s Punishment – Difficulty inCommunication

Man speaks different languages


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Religious Beliefs

Old Egyptians God Thoth, God of writing and knowledge, gave

human the gift of hieroglyphic writing and language Phrygian is the first language – similar to Greek

Hinduism Saraswati, Goddess of knowledge, arts and music,

wisdom and nature creates human language


Naturalism Name of things and sign (objects) are

related Words start with Onomatopoeia.

Man as Creator of Human language and onomatopoeia


http://www.boredpanda.com/animal-sounds-different-languages-james-chapman/ 23มนุษย์กับภาษา รศ.ดร.กิติมา อินทรัมพรรย์

Man as Creator of Human language and theconcept of onomatopoeia Behaviorism Name of things could be agreement of

mankind อังกฤษ table ฝร่ังเศส la table เยอรมัน die Tabelle สเปน una mesa


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Scientific View of Language Origin

Australopithecus (4-5 million B.C.)Shows they do not have speech organs


http://churchofcriticalthinking.org/missing_link.html

Human evolution


Evolution of Human Speech Organs


http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/ling001/com_bio.html


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Language and Writing

Pictogram Cuneiform Syllabic writing and alphabet Indian inscription Thai inscription


Pictogram and Ideogram Pictogram Represents concrete objects

e.g. sun, crops

Ideogramrepresents concepts

Pictogram of Mesopotemia

http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Grammar/Unit_One/Pictograms/pictograms.html

Ancient Hebrew pictogramPetroglyph


Modern pictograms and ideogramsAmerican Indianpictogram

Grade 4 pictogram

Grade 4 pictogram


Ideograms Pictograms and Ideograms are not related to

speech sounds Modern ideograms – e.g. traffic signs


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Hieroglyphs

Pictograms of Egyptians Used in rituals Mixture of pictograms and ideograms.

Some were symbols to representconsonants


Egyptian Hieroglyphic

12,425 birds

Looks like picture ofobjects to refer to


Cuneiform

More symbolic rather than picture More of a look-similar symbol Cuneiform is the most well-known Each symbol represents a word which reflects

the beginning of writing system


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Cuneiform

Sumerian’s cuneiform aged 3,500 B.C.

http://board.postjung.com/531221.html37มนุษย์กับภาษา รศ.ดร.กิติมา อินทรัมพรรย์

Writing System

Evolves from the cuneiform Earlier, one used cuneiform writing to

represent a syllable or a sound in alanguage


Sumerian writing system developmentpictogram cuneiform


Syllabic Writing System

Phoenetian Alphabet

Cree Writing System


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Chinese Characters

Some characters represents a word and somerepresent part of a word. Chinese characters develops from pictograms


日[rì] ดวงอาทติย์

木[mù] ไม ้林[lín] ป่า森[sēn] ป่าไม ้

山[shān] ภูเขา

水[shuǐ]

田[tián] นา

夫[fū] ผูช้าย(สาม)ี

舍[shè] บา้นพกั,

门[mén] ประตู42มนุษย์กับภาษา รศ.ดร.กิติมา อินทรัมพรรย์

Chinese Character

Korean - Adopted Chinese characters beforeusing their own alphabet Japanese - Adopted Chinese characters before

adjusting to make them closer to their ownlanguage Vietnamese – adopted Chinese characters. Later

use romanization


Indian Inscriptions First stage: Pictogram Second stage Found in Asoka the Great’s inscription Kharosthi alphabet และ Brahmi alphabet


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Brahmi Alphabet

อักษรพราหมีพบคร้ังแรก ในจารึกของพระเจาอโศกมหาราชแหงราชวงศเมารยะ

อักษรพราหมีเปนตนกําเนิดของอักษรเทวนาครี อักษรขอม

อักษรเทวนาครีจากโปรแกรมท่ีพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจาอยูหัวทรงสราง

http://www.ku.ac.th/e-magazine/jun49/it/it.htm


Grantha Alphabet

๑๒ อกัษรปัลวะ ภาษาสันสกฤต:

http://www.sac.or.th/databases/inscriptions/th/main.php?p=ZGV0YWls&id=12



- Brahmi seems ancestral to most of the scripts of South Asia,Southeast Asia, some Central Asian scripts like Tibetan andKhotanese, and possibly Korean hangul (1444 AD).

http://www.designinindia.net/design-thoughts/writings/history/india-history-type-design1.html

Thai Alphabet

Invented by King Ramkhamhaeng Adapted from Khmer inscription and Indian

script


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How many Languages ?

Some anguages could die away Some languages could emerge How many languages are there? How many language families? Share similarity Share the same ancestor

49มนุษย์กับภาษา รศ.ดร.กิติมา อินทรัมพรรย์ มนุษย์กับภาษา รศ.ดร.กิติมา อินทรัมพรรย์ 50http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/guide/languages.shtml

Indo-European Language Family

Scottish

Welsh

Irish

Celtic

Italian

Spanish

French

Portuguese

Latin

Italic

German

English

Dutch

West

Swedish

Danish

Norwegian

North

Germanic

Greek

Ancient Greek

Hellenic

Russian

Polish

Slavic

Persian

Old Persian

Hindi

Sanskrit

Indo-Iranian

Indo-European

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Indo-European

Three oldest ones: Greek, Latin, Sanskrit English , French, German

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Sino-Tibetan

East - Asia Two big branches Sino- -- Chinese : Cantonese,

Mandarin, Tibetans


Sino-Tibetan (ไซโน-ทเิบตนั) Chinese branch

◦ Mandarin (China, Taiwan, Singapore), Cantonese, Haka, Hokkien◦ has a large number of speakers (1.3 billon – largest of all language

branches)◦ SVO Tibetan branch

◦ Tibetan, Burmese (Myanmar), Tamang (Nepal), Dzangka (Bhutan)◦ Some have as few as thousand speakers and are endangered.◦ SOV

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Tai Language Family (ไท)

Major languages: Thai, Laos

Saek - spoken Nakorn Phanom and Laos

Nung – in Northern Vietnam

Phu-Thai – in Nakorn Phanom, in Ubon Rajthani, in Sakonnakorn, inChampasak in Laos

Shan – in MyanmarThai Dam – in Vietnam

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Austro-Asiatic in SE Asia

As many as 150 smaller families Munda in the West Nicobarese in Nicobar islands in Bengol and Malayu Mon-Khmer in SEA Asia – Mon, Khmer, Khamu, Lawa,

Vietnamese


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Dravidian

Part of India and north of Sri Lanka Tamil


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