Mammalian Skeleton Practical

8/16/2019 Mammalian Skeleton Practical

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M A M M A L O G Y L A B , W E E K 2

MAMMALIAN SKELETON


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WHAT DOES A SKELETON DO?

• Provides scaffolding and attachment sites for muscles andother tissues

• Protects internal organs• Site of blood cell production

• What is unique about mammalian red blood cells?• Plays a role in endocrine regulation to control blood sugar• Acts as a reserve of calcium and phosphorus


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GENERAL REGIONS OF SKELETON

• Axial : runs down the center• Skull, vertebrae, ribs

• Appendicular : limbs and pelvis


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TYPES OF BONES

• Long bones• Femur, humerus, metacarpals, phalanges


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TYPES OF BONES

• Cuboidal bones:• Carpus, tarsus


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TYPES OF BONES

• Plate-like bones:• Scapula, pelvis, scapula, cranium


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TYPES OF BONES

• Sesamoids:• Patella, knuckle


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REGIONS OF A LONG BONE

• Diaphysis : shaft of long bone• Epiphysis : ends of bone, above growth plate• Metaphysis : transition between diaphysis and

epiphysis, right below growth plate


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VERTEBRAL COLUMN

FIVE TYPES OF VERTEBRAE:• Cervical• Thoracic• Lumbar• Sacral• Caudal


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VERTEBRAL COLUMN

FIVE TYPES OF VERTEBRAE:• Cervical

• Neck region•

Almost all mammals have exactly 7 cervicals• Very top cervical vertebrae are the atlas and axis ,

which articulate with the skull at the occipital condyles


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ATLAS AND AXIS


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VERTEBRAL COLUMN

FIVE TYPES OF VERTEBRAE:• Thoracic

• Connect to ribs• Often have large dorsal spines• Mammals have 12-15


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VERTEBRAL COLUMN

FIVE TYPES OF VERTEBRAE:• Lumbar

• “Lower back” region, links to pelvis• Most mammals have 6-7, toothed whales

(Odontoceti) have up to 20• Often have many spines and processes


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VERTEBRAL COLUMN

FIVE TYPES OF VERTEBRAE:• Sacral

• Support the pelvic girdle• Often fused together• Usually 3-5, up to 10 in Edentata


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VERTEBRAL COLUMN

FIVE TYPES OF VERTEBRAE:• Caudal

• “Tail bones”• Smaller, simpler than other vertebrae• Do not contain spinal column, although do have nerves

and blood vessels• In humans and apes, bones are fused to form the coccyx


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LINKING THE LIMBS TO THE BODY

TWO SETS OF STRUCTURES LINK THE LIMBS TO THE AXIALSKELETON:• PECTORAL GIRDLE: LINKS FORELIMBS• PELVIC GIRDLE: LINKS HINDLIMBS


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TWO SETS OF STRUCTURES LINK THE LIMBS TO THE AXIALSKELETON:

• PECTORAL GIRDLE:• CLAVICAL (COLLAR BONE)• SCAPULA (SHOULDER BLADE)


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TWO SETS OF STRUCTURES LINK THE LIMBS TO THE AXIALSKELETON:

•

PELVIC GIRDLE:• ILIUM• ISCHIUM• PUBIS


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REVIEW OF THINGS TO KNOW

• What does the skeleton do ?

• Regions of skeleton

• Types of bones

• Types of vertebrae

• How do axial and appendicular skeletons connect?

• How does the vertebral column articulate with the skull?

Mammalian Skeleton Practical

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