Malnad College of Engineering - Karnataka State Council for ...

Malnad College of Engineering (An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

Hassan – 573 202

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE AND

EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR STROKE S.I.

ENGINE UNDER VARIOUS BIO LUBRICANTS

A Project report submitted to Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan,

during the academic year 2016-17 in partial fulfillment for the award of

the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering In

Automobile Engineering

By

Hamsaraj (4MC14AU404) Akhila Kaushik (4MC13AU012)

Jithin Kumar Rai D (4MC14AU406) Charan Raj B C(4MC13AU007)

Under the guidance of

Dr. Y. M. Shashidhara

Professor

Department of Automobile Engineering

Malnad College of Engineering

Hassan - 573 202

Sponsored by

KARNATAKA STATE COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Tel.: 08172-245093 Fax: 08172-245683 URL: www.mcehassan.ac.in

2017

http://www.mcehassan.ac.in/

CCEERRTTIIFFIICCAATTEE

Malnad College of Engineering

(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

Hassan – 573202

Department of Automobile Engineering

Certified that the Project Work titled

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE AND

EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR STROKE S.I.

ENGINE UNDER VARIOUS BIO LUBRICANTS

is a bonafide work carried out by

Hamsaraj (4MC14AU404) Charan Raj B C (4MC13AU007)

Jithin Kumar Rai D (4MC14AU406) Akhila Kaushik (4MC13AU012)

in partial fulfillment for the award of

Bachelor Degree in Automobile Engineering of

MalnadCollege of Engineering

affiliated to

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

During the Academic year 2016-17.It is certified that all corrections/

suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the

Project report deposited in the Department Library. The Project Report has

been approved, as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project

Work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

(Dr. Y. M. Shashidhara) (Dr. M. K. Ravishankar) (Dr. K. S. Jayantha)

Professor Head of the Department Principal

External Viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.

ABSTRACT

In this project, an attempt is made to utilize three non-edible vegetable oils, such

as Pongamia, Jatropha and Caster oils as bio lubricant base oils for the engine lubrication.

The three vegetable oils are chemically modified by transesterification with

methanol to obtain their methyl esters like Pongamia oil methyl ester (POME), Jatropha

oil methyl ester (JOME) and Caster oil methyl ester (COME). Further, to improve

thermal and oxidative stability, all the three methyl esters are transesterified with

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) to form their TMP ester. The obtained Trimethylpropane

esters such as Pongamia Trimethylolpropane ester (PTMPE), Jatropha

Trimethylolpropane ester (JTMPE) and Castor Trimethylolpropane ester (CTMPE), are

washed with ethyl acetate to get bio lubricant base oil for engine lube oil application.

Tribological studies are carried out using Pin-on-disc tribometer to understand the

Tribological characteristics of formulated oils.

Experiments are carried out on a vertical single cylinder air cooled four stroke

gasoline Honda engine developing 1.3 kW at 4200 rpm, under PTMPE, JTMPE and

CTMPE lubrication. The engine is coupled to an electric generator for varying the load.

The performance values like specific fuel consumption, power and engine efficiency are

measured. Also, the emission readings such as Carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbon are

measured using a gas analyzer. The obtained results from these experiments are

compared with the results under mineral oil lubrication.

The results show that, there is a significant drop in wear under the Castor

Trimethylolpropane ester lubrication and lower values of co-efficient of friction are seen

under both under Jatropha Trimethylolpropane ester and Castor Trimethylolpropane ester

mode of lubrication compared to mineral oil.

Engine consumes almost similar amount of fuel under all modes of lubrication.

Thermal efficiency of the engine under all bio lubricants is at par with mineral oil

lubrication. However, a slight increase in efficiency is seen under Jatropha

Trimethylolpropane ester mode compared to mineral oil.

Engine emits lower carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon, operated under all

bio lubricants, compared to mineral oil mode of lubrication. Lowest carbon monoxide and

hydrocarbon are observed when engine is operated under Jatropha trimethylolpropane

ester mode of lubrication compared to mineral oil mode.

Based on these results, Jatropha Trimethylolpropane ester is found to be the best

lubricant in all respects and it is the potential alternative for mineral oil.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This satisfaction and euphoria that has accompanied the successful completion of

our project work would be incomplete without mentioning the people who made it

possible, whose guidance and encouragement crowed our efforts with success.

We express our sincere gratitude and respect to our guide Dr. Y M Shashidhara

Professor, Dept. of Automobile Engg. MCE, Hassan for their valuable suggestions and

guidance imparted at various stages in carrying out the project work successfully. We

would like to thank Dr. M.K. Ravishankara Professor and Head of Dept., Automobile

Engg., MCE, Hassan, for his extended encouragement and support during this project

work. We would like to convey our sincere thanks to Dr. K. S. Jayantha, Principle,

MCE, Hassan, for providing the necessary facilities at the Institution.

We thank our project coordinator professor R.Vijay who guided us in the matters

relating to project and its proceedings in time and we feel it our honor to place on records

our warm salutation to this institution, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan and the

Department of Automobile Engineering for giving us the opportunity to have a strong

base in Engineering and profound technical knowledge, thereby enabling us to attain our

long cherished goal of becoming an Automobile Engineer.

Also we would like to thank all our teaching staff and our friends for their moral

support and encouragement to us in carrying out this. Finally our due regards and thanks

to Sri Manjunatha, Sri E.Oben, Sri Ramesh C.K, Sri Dodde Gowda, Sri D.C.Mallikarjun,

Department of Automobile Engineering for co-operation during the course of Project

work.

Hamsaraj

Jithin Kumar Rai D

Charan Raj B C

Akhila Kaushik

CONTENTS

CHAPTER-I

Introduction………………………………………………………………1-2

1.1 Preamble……………………………………………………………………….. 1-2

1.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………2

1.3 Problem Definition………………………………………………………………..2

CHAPTER-II

Literature survey…………………………………………………..………3-6

CHAPTER-III

Oil formulation and testing………………………………………….……7-12

3.1 Esterification…………………………………………………………….………7-9

3.1.1 Esterification with Methanol…………………………………….………7-8

3.1.2 Esterification with Trimethylolpropane……………………….…………..9

3.2 FTIR analysis………………………………………………………….……….9-10

3.3 Tribological Study………………………………………………………….…11-12

CHAPTER-VI

Experimental setup & experiments……………………………………….……13-19

4.1 Engine specifications…………………………………………………………….…..13

4.2 Generator specification………………………………………………………….…...13

4.3 Experimental setup……………………………………………………………….….14

4.3.1 Dynamometer……………………………………………………………..15

4.3.2 Fuel Consumption………………………………………………………...15

4.3.3 Exhaust Gas Analysis…………………………………………………15-16

4.4 Experiments……………………………………………………………………...16-18

4.4.1 Engine performance…………………………………………………...16-18

4.5 Emission Study..............................................................................................…....18-19

CHAPTER-V

Results and discussions……………………………….………………………… 20-25

5.1 Tribological Study…………………………………………………………….20-21

5.2 Fuel consumption……………………………………………………………..21-22

5.3 Brake thermal efficiency………………………………………………………22-23

5.4 Mechanical efficiency……………………………………………………………23

5.5 Emission………………………………………………………………………24-25

5.5.1 Carbon Monoxide ………………………………………………………24

5.5.2 Hydrocarbon…………………………………………………………24-25

CHAPTER-VI

Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………26

Appendix……………………………………………………………………27

Reference……………………………………………………………………………28-29

Future suggestion / scope……………………………………………………………30

Cost table……………………………………………………………………31

Curriculum vitae…………………………………………………………….32

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.3.1 Esterification Process with Methanol 8

Fig.3.2 Esterification with Trimethylolpropane 9

Fig.3.3 FTIR of Mineral oil 10

Fig.3.4 FTIR of Pongama TMP ester 10

Fig.3.5 Pin on disc tribometer 11

Fig 4.1 Block diagram of experimental set up. 14

Fig 4.2 Experimental setup 14

Fig 4.3 Conduction of Experiments 15

Fig 4.4 Two-Gas Analyzer 15

Fig 5.1 Variation of wear with time under various lubricants 20

Fig 5.2 Variation of co-efficient of friction with time under various

lubricants

21

Fig 5.3 Variation of specific fuel consumption with brake power 22

Fig 5.4 Variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power 22

Fig 5.5 Variation of mechanical efficiency with brake power 23

Fig 5.6 Variation of Carbon monoxide with brake power 24

Fig 5.7 Variation of hydrocarbon with brake power 25

LIST OF TABLES

Table.3.1 Wear (microns) of AISI 1040 under various TMP esters 12

Table.3.2 Coefficient of friction (µ) of AISI 1040 under various TMP esters 12

Table 4.1 Engine specifications 13

Table 4.2 Generator specification 13

Table 4.1 Engine Performance under Mineral oil lubricant 16

Table 4.2 Engine Performance under PTMPE lubrication 17

Table 4.3 Engine Performance under JTMPE lubrication 17-18

Table 4.4 Engine Performance under CTMPE lubrication 18

Table 4.5 Emissions under Mineral lubricant lubrication 18

Table 4.6 Emissions under PTMPE lubrication 19

Table 4.7 Emissions under JTMPE lubrication 19

Table 4.8 Emissions under CTMPE lubrication 19

Comparative study of Performance & Emission characteristics of 4 stroke S.I. engine under various Bio-lubricants

Department of Automobile Engineering, M.C.E., Hassan. Page | 1

CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preamble

A lubricant is a substance applied between two moving surfaces to reduce wear

and friction between surfaces. A lubricant provide protective layer which allows for two

mating surfaces to be separated, thus reducing the friction between them. Lubrication

occurs when opposing surfaces are separated by lubricant layer. The applied load is

carried by pressure generated within the fluid and frictional resistance to motion is from

shearing of the viscous fluid. Generally lubricant compose of 90 % of base oil is most of

petroleum products called mineral oils and less than 10 % of additives. Petroleum is a

natural product of decayed organisms including plants and animals. Crude oil is a mixture

of large variety of hydrocarbon molecules such as paraffin, aromatics, alkenes and

cycloalkanes and small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, metal, and salt. Petroleum

hydrocarbon molecules are covalently linked carbon atoms in an array of molecules with

different carbon skeletons approximately 8 5% of lubricants being used around the world

are petroleum-based oils. Enormous use of petroleum based oils created many negative

effects on environment. The major one is particularly linked to their inappropriate use,

which results in surface water and groundwater contamination, air pollution, soil

contamination, and consequently the agricultural product and food contamination (Birova

et al., 2002). To overcome these challenges, various alternatives to petroleum-based oils

are being explored which include synthetic lubricants, solid lubricants and vegetable-

based lubricants.

Vegetable oils consist of primarily of triglycerides, which are glycerol molecules

with three long chain fatty acids attached at the hydroxyl groups via ester linkages. The

fatty acids found in natural vegetable oils differ in chain length and number of double

bonds. The fatty acid composition is determined by the ratio and position of carbon-

carbon double bonds. The long carbon chain is generally held together with one, two, or

three double bonds: oleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acid components respectively. Most

of the plant based oils contain at least four and sometimes as many as twelve different

fatty acids. The proportions of each fatty acid depend not only on the type of plant, but

also on the climate, the weather and the food available.



It is reported that triglyceride structure provides desirable qualities for boundary

lubrication. It is due to their long and polar fatty acid chains, which provide high strength

lubricant films that interact strongly with metallic surfaces, reducing both friction and

wear.

1.2 Objectives

To formulate bio based lubricant from raw vegetable oils.

To study the Tribological properties formulated bio lubricants.

To study the performance and emission characteristics of the engine under

formulated bio lubricants.

1.3 Problem Definition

This work deals with application of Pongama, Jatropha and Catoroils as promising

bio lubricant base oils for operating a four stroke S.I engine. The raw oils are first

modified into their ester versions using transesterification method followed by second

level transesterification using Trimethylolpropane (TMP) and are converted into Pongam

Trimethylolpropane ester (PTMPE), Jatropha Trimethylol propane ester (JTMPE) and

Castor Trimethylol propane ester (CTMPE).

Experiments are carried out for tribological properties such as friction and wear.

Further, Performance and emission characteristics of the engine are determined under bio

lubrication operation of the engine. The results are compared under mineral oil

lubrication.



CHAPTER-II

LITERATURE SURVEY

Mohamed Modua Aji et. al., have modified Neem and Jatropha oils to produce bio-

lubricants. The bio-lubricants were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties

such as density, acid value, sulphated ash content, refractive index, pour point, flash point

as well as viscosities at 40ºC and 100ºC and viscosity index for comparison with the

characteristics of a mineral lubricant (engen super 20w/50). The result of the analysis

reveals that Jatropha curcas oil biolubricant has high flash point (274ºC), viscosity index

(539), lubricity, and an acid value of 3.9, sulphated ash content was 0.038 wt %, and low

pour point of 0.23ºC, neem oil bio-lubricant also has a flash point of (262oC) higher than

the characteristic of the commercial lubricant, an acid value of 1.9, high viscosity index

(397), sulphated ash content of 0.018 wt % and low pour point of 1.3 0C. It was found that

the bio-lubricants produced are comparable to the commercial standards for engine super

20w/50 lubricant.

Amit Kumar Jain et. al., reviewed articles for bio lubricants as an alternative to

petroleum oil based lubricants. It is reported that, bio lubricant is a renewable,

biodegradable, non-toxic and has a net zero greenhouse gases. There is a need to explore

the possibility of using non edible varieties and their blends as bio lubricant in order to

achieve the twin objectives of reducing environmental and energy security of the country.

This article emphasized the non-edible varieties of oils which could prove to be premium

source of bio lubricants stressing the benefits on the rural and urban economy.

Prernasingh Chauhan et. al., reviewed potential vegetable oils available across India for

production of bio lubricant from vegetable oilseeds. It is reported that, about hundred

varieties of oil-seeds are plentifully available in India. This review paper assesses and

integrates the biological, chemical and genetic attributes of the plant and describes about

the different tree borne oilseeds in India

Prernasingh Chauhan et. al., also made a review to study the properties of vegetable

oils, fatty esters, chemically modified esters and synthetic esters for performance as

lubricants in various industrial applications such as hydraulic oils, refrigeration oils,

chainsaw lubricants, metal working fluids, engine oil and two-stroke engine oils. The

advantages such as high lubricity, viscosity-temperature relationship, and low lubricant



consumption, energy efficiency combined with public health, safety and environmental

contamination are discussed.

Ebtisam K. Heikalet. al., utilized commercially available Palm oil and Jatropha oil for

the production of bio lubricants, through two stages of Trans esterification. The first stage

was the process of using methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide to produce

biodiesel. The second stage is the reaction of biodiesel with trimethylolpropane using

sodium methoxide as catalyst to yield palm or Jatropha oil base trimethylolpropane esters

(bio lubricants). It is reported that, the obtained Jatropha oil based trimethylolpropane

esters exhibited high viscosity indices (140), low pour point temperature (-3ºC), and

moderate thermal stabilities and met the requirement of commercial industrial oil ISO

VG46 grade. In spite of the high pour point of Palm oil based trimethylolpropane esters

(5ºC), which needs pour point depressant to reduce the pour point, other lubrication

properties such as viscosity, viscosity indices and flash point are comparable to

commercial industrial oil ISO VG32 and VG46.

Noor Hafizaharbainet. al., presents the synthesis and characterization of

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) based bio lubricant from Castor oil seed. Castor Oil Methyl

Ester (COME) was synthesized with Methanol and 1 % wt/wt catalyst via (in situ

Transesterification) reactive extraction. The Castor TMP ester oil was further

subsequently synthesized at a temperature of 120oC, reaction time of 1 hour, molar ratio

of COME to Trimethylolpropane (TMP) of 4:1 and catalyst concentration of 0.8 wt%.

The TMP ester of Castor oil was characterized for its flash point, pour point, viscosity

and viscosity index. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) and Gas Chromatography-

Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) analysis were carried out on the Bio lubricant to

confirm the presence of ester group and the composition of the synthesized lubricant. The

COME yield was 98.42wt% based on the weight of the oil seed. The transesterification of

in situ derived COME with TMP yielded 96.56 wt% of the TMP ester (Bio lubricant).

The characterization of bio lubricant shows favorable lubricating characteristics. The

presence of ester group in the resulting bio lubricant was confirmed by FT-IR analysis.

Chandu. S. Madankaret. al., used Castor oil as bio lubricant raw material. In this study,

a base catalyzed method was successfully used in the synthesis of base oil like fatty acid

methyl aster (FAME) from Castor seed oil. The study uses KOH catalyzed

transesterification in which other variables affecting the acid value and the methyl ester

yield, such as molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time and reaction temperature,



were analyzed according to studies of different literature review to determine the

optimum yield of FAME from the seed oil. The important properties of the base oil

(density, kinematic viscosity, acid value or FFA composition, moisture content,) were

compared to those of ASTM and EN standards for the FAME. The comparison shows

that the Castor oil methyl Easter could be used as an alternative base oil for bio lubricant.

Amit Suhaneet. al., has blended Mahua oil with conventional gear oil (90T) in different

ratios. Friction and wear parameters have studied on Pin on Disc tribometer under varying

conditions. Worn out pins suggests pronounced abrasive and adhesive wear pattern under

boundary film lubricated conditions. Experimentation reveals that addition of Mahua oil

blended with 90 T oil has good wear reducing traits apart from environmental benefits.

Mobarak, H.M., et. al., reviewed the use of bio lubricants in automotive sector. In the

first part of this article, the source, properties, as well as advantages and disadvantages of

the bio lubricant are discussed. The second part, it describes the potential of vegetable oil-

based bio lubricants as alternative lubricants for automobile applications. The final part

describes the world bio lubricant market and its future prospects. It is claimed that, bio

lubricants are potential alternative lubricants because of their low toxicity, good

lubricating properties, high viscosity index, high ignition temperature, increased

equipment service life, high load-carrying abilities, good anti-wear characteristic, and

excellent coefficient of friction, natural multi grade properties, low evaporation rates, and

low emissions into the atmosphere.

Yashvirsingh outlines the friction and wear characteristics of Pongamia oil (PO)

contaminated bio-lubricant by using Pin-on-Disc tribometer. To formulate the bio-

lubricants, PO was blended in different ratios by volume with the base lubricant SAE 20

W 40. Tribological characteristics of these blends were carried out at 3.8 m/s sliding

velocity and loads applied were 50, 100, 150 N. Experimental results showed that the

lubrication regime that occurred during the test was boundary lubrication while the main

wear mechanisms were abrasive and the adhesive wear. During testing, the lowest wear

was found with the addition of 15% PO, and above this contamination, the wear rate was

increased considerably. With increase in load, viscosity of all the bio-lubricants increases

and meets the ISO VG 100 requirement at 40ºC. The addition of PO in the base lubricant

acted as a very good lubricant additive which reduced the friction and wear scar diameter

during the test. It has been concluded that the PB 15 can act as an alternative lubricant to



increase the mechanical efficiency at 3.8 m/s sliding velocity and contribute in reduction

of dependence on the petroleum based products.

Amit Kumar Jain and Amit Suhane made Tribological investigations using non-edible

vegetable oils as bio lubricant. Castor and Mahua oils are formulated at different blends.

Wear and friction analysis is done using a Pin on disc wear testing machine at various

parameters like applied normal load, rotational speed and time. The results indicated that,

the blend, Castor oil with Mahua oil at 20% mixture ratio have tremendous wear

resistance capacity for being used in maintenance application particularly in gear

applications.

H.H.Masjukiet. al., made a study on effect of Palm oil Methyl Esters or Palm oil Diesel

and its emulsions as alternative fuel on unmodified indirect injection diesel engine's wear

and lube oil performance. Half throttle engine with constant 2500 rpm setting was

maintained throughout the wear debris and lube oil analysis such as for a period of twenty

hours for each fuel system. The sample of lube oil was collected through a one - way

valve connected to the crankcase sump at the interval of four hours. The same

conventional lubricating oil SAE 30 was used for each fuel system. To measure wear

metal debris and lubricating oil additives depletion of used lubricating oil, Multi element

oil analyzer (MOA) was used. To measure the viscosity of lube oil an ISL automatic

houillon viscometer (ASTM D445) has been used.

Jagadeesh K. Mannekoteet. al., made a study of Coconut and Palm oils as potential Bio

Lubricant for Four stroke SI engine. The engine set up consisted of a four stroke SI

engine with a cubic capacity of 109.3 cc mounted on a test bed coupled with alternator

and loaded with the oils and run for 100 hours each. The oil samples were removed at an

interval of 20 hours. Engine oil collected at these intervals was analyzed in terms of

viscosity, ferrography, and wear test.

A new engine was used to test different oil samples. The emissions were

monitored through exhaust gas analyzer. The results obtained from the coconut and palm

oil samples were compared with the base mineral oil and conclusion were drawn. Most of

the properties of Vegetable oils were comparable with base mineral oil in ambient

conditions. The observed deviations were due to the low oxidative stability and absence

of additives. The increased engine wear observed in commercial vehicles attributed to the

depletion of additives.



CHAPTER-III

OIL FORMULATION AND TESTING

3.1 Esterification

3.1.1 Esterification with Methanol

Esterification is basically the method of refining or removal of free fatty acids

from vegetable oils. It is considerably the most optimum method, due to faster reaction

and fewer components required for the reaction. This process mainly involves the

chemical reaction of the free fatty acids with the alcohol. The free fatty acids form the

alcoholic esters of their respective groups. If methyl alcohol is used, it forms methyl

esters of the particular oil or ethyl esters, if ethyl alcohol is used.

Almost all bio-diesel is produced by using base catalyzed trans-esterification process,

as it is the simple process and requiring only low temperature. The trans-esterification

process is the reaction of a tri-glyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and

glycerol. The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form mono-alkyl ester or bio-diesel

and crude glycerol. In bio-diesel production process the main reaction is trans-

esterification of vegetable oil. The important factor that affects the trans-esterification

reaction is the amount of methanol and sodium or potassium hydroxide, reaction

temperature and reaction time. A molar ratio of 6:1 is normally used in industrial process

to obtain methyl ester yields higher than 98% by weight, because lower molar ratio

requires more reaction time. The reaction temperature influences the reaction rate and

yield of ester. Therefore, generally the reaction is conducted close to the boiling point of

methanol, 60-70 °C at atmospheric pressure. Further increase in temperature is reported to

have a negative effect on the conversion. Most researchers have used 0.5-1.0 %

NaOH/KOH by weight of oil for bio-diesel production. If acid value is greater than 1,

more alkali is required to neutralize free fatty acids.

Vegetable oil + Methanol Methyl Ester + Glycerin

(Trans fatty acids) Sodium Hydroxide (Bio-diesel) & Soap

CH2-OCOR CH2-OH

CH-OCOR + 3CH3OH KOH/NaOH 3RCOOCH3 + CH-OH

CH2-OCOR CH2-OH



Fig.3.1 Esterification Process with Methanol

In the first phase of oil formulation, the three oils, Pongamia, Jatropha and Castor

are transesterified into their ester forms such as Pongamia oil methyl ester (POME),

Jatropha oil Methyl ester (JOME) and Castor oil methyl ester (COME). Further, in the

second phase, these ester are again transesterified with Trimethylolpropane (TMP) and

Pongamia Trimethylol propane ester (PTMPE), Jatropha Trimethylol propane ester

(JTMPE) and Castor Trimethylol propane ester (CTMPE) are obtained. The second phase

reaction is performed as follows.



3.1.2 Esterification with Trimethylolpropane

Pongamia,Jatropha, Castermethyl esters are heated at 80° C with the help of silica

gel to remove water content from the oil. Trimethylolpropane was dissolved into the

obtained biodiesel with the aid of heating (120°c-130°c) and stirring to melt the

crystalline solid. After that sodium methoxide catalyst (0.9 % – 1% of total weight of the

TMP and biodiesel mixture) was added and this mixture continuously stirred for 2hours at

120°c-130°c. After completion of heating the sample was kept for cooling at room

temperature for 12 hours. The obtained Trimethylolpropane esters is washed with ethyl

acetate and distillation is done to obtain bio lubricant.

Fig.3.2 Esterification with Trimethylol Propane

3.2 FTIR analysis

The formulated bio lubricant should be free from water content that is OH group.

Fourier Transform Infrared Resonance (FTIR) test need to be carried out to test the

concentration of the OH as well as other chemical functional groups. This test is

conducted for the Mineral and Pongamia bio lubricant and it is represented in the fig 3.3

to fig 3.4 it is seen from the figures that, the functional groups are matching with the

literature values/ articles and it is obvious from the analysis that the reaction is

successfully completed.



Fig.3.3 FTIR of Mineral oil

Fig.3.4 FTIR of Pongamia TMP ester

500750100012501500175020002500300035004000

1/cm

45

52.5

60

67.5

75

82.5

90

97.5

105

%T

29

54

.95

29

20

.23

28

52

.72

20

31

.04

14

60

.11

13

77

.17

72

3.3

1

49

7.6

3

OIL

500750100012501500175020002500300035004000

1/cm

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

%T

34

12

.08

29

24

.09

28

54

.65

17

39

.79

14

60

.11

13

73

.32

12

38

.30

11

68

.86

10

45

.42

85

2.5

4

72

1.3

8

60

1.7

9

54

2.0

0

pongamia-1



3.3 Tribological Study

Fig.3.5Shows pin on disc tribometer. Tribological studies are conducted to

understand the friction and wear behavior of the formulated lubricants. The following test

condition taken for the experiments.

Fig.3.5 Pin on disc tribometer

A test specimen of AISI 1040 material with Φ 8 mm and 30 mm length is used for

conducting tribo tests. The test is carried under mineral oil, PTMPE, LTMPE and

CTMPE mode of lubrication for the track diameter of 120 mm for the speed of 500 rpm

for 10 minutes. The wear in microns and co-efficient of friction values are tabulated in the

tables 3.1 and 3.2.



Table.3.1 Wear (microns) of AISI 1040 under various TMP esters

Time(sec) Mineral Oil PTMPE JTMPE CTMPE

0 274.53 235.01 231.1 249.11

30 271.56 241.3 264.43 245.05

60 268.45 254.3 267.35 243.27

90 265.5 261.8 269.51 242.82

120 260.31 265.21 271.57 241.87

150 256.87 269.12 274.15 239.37

180 249.2 274.21 273.63 237.34

210 241.1 279.5 273.45 234.76

240 234.67 283.5 274.92 232.02

270 228.1 285.64 273.15 229.95

300 225.3 289.8 274.01 227.47

Table.3.2 Coefficient of friction (µ) of AISI 1040 under various TMP esters

TIME MINERAL PTMPE3 JTMPE4 CTMPE5

0 0.2823 0.3328 0.2928 0.2421

30 0.1532 0.2357 0.107 0.1212

60 0.1123 0.1385 0.0912 0.1091

90 0.1078 0.0945 0.0878 0.0902

120 0.0956 0.0856 0.0898 0.0932

150 0.0827 0.0825 0.0732 0.0871

180 0.0881 0.0869 0.0734 0.078

210 0.0729 0.0781 0.0747 0.0739

240 0.0786 0.0723 0.0799 0.0754

270 0.0684 0.0756 0.0748 0.0757

300 0.0598 0.0795 0.0763 0.0783



CHAPTER-VI

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP& EXPERIMENTS

A vertical single cylinder air cooled four stroke gasoline Honda engine developing

1.3 kW at 4200 rpm is used to conduct experiments. The engine is coupled to an electric

generator the detailed specification of the Honda engine-generator is shown in tables

4.1& 4.2

4.1 Engine specifications

Table 4.1 Engine specifications

Model Honda GK100

Type 4 stroke, Air Cooled, Single Cylinder, Horizontal Shaft

Displacement 97.7 c.c.

Engine net power 1.3 kW @ 4,200 rpm

Engine max.net torque 0.9 Nm @ 3,000 rpm

Ignition system Transistor Type Magneto Ignition

4.2 Generator specification

Table 4.2 Generator specification

Voltage 220V

Frequency 50Hz

Rated output 650 VA

Max Output 750VA

Phase 1Φ



4.3 Experimental setup

Fig 4.1 Block diagram of experimental set up.

Fig 4.2 Experimental setup



Fig 4.3 Conduction of Experiments

4.3.1 Dynamometer

An electric dynamometer is used for the engine loading and for the measurement

of brake power and other parameters.

4.3.2 Fuel Consumption

A fuel tank is mounted at a suitable height over the engine test setup to measure

the supply of fuel to the engine. The tank is connected to the carburetor of the engine. The

time taken to consume a pre-determined quantity of fuel (10 CC) is calculated. The

engine parameters like specific fuel consumption, total fuel consumption, brake thermal

efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency are calculated based on

time taken to consume 10 CC of fuel.

4.3.3 Exhaust Gas Analysis

Fig 4.4 Two-Gas Analyzer



A two-gas analyzer is used to measure and study the content of carbon-monoxide

and hydrocarbon present in the exhaust gas emitted from the engine under various test

conditions. The probe is inserted into the exhaust section of the engine and the emission

readings for the various loads of the engine are taken. The emission characteristics of the

engine under mineral oil PTMPE, JTMPE and CTMPE are analyzed and compared.

4.4 Experiments

4.4.1 Engine performance:

Basically, the performance of the engine is carried out by using mineral oil and

Pongamia, Jatropha, Caster, as lubricant for the engine. The readings obtained from the

experiments are utilized to calculate the following parameters.

1) Brake power (kW)

2) Specific fuel consumption (kg/kW-hr)

3) Indicated power (kW)

4) Mechanical efficiency (%)

5) Brake thermal efficiency (%)

6) Indicated thermal efficiency (%)

The above values are tabulated in the tables 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and table 4.4

Table 4.1 Engine performance under Mineral oil lubrication

Trails →

Particulars ↓ 1 2 3 4 5

Voltage (V) volts 300 280 263 220 198

Current (I) amps 0 1 2 3 3.4

Speed (N) rpm 3290 3224 3110 2734 2232

Time to consume 10cc

of fuel in seconds 85 71 58 51 48

BP (kw) 0 0.35 0.657 0.825 0.841

FP (kw) from graph 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

IP (kw) 0.18 0.53 0.837 1.005 1.021

Fuel consumption

(kg/sec)

8.705x10-5

1.042x10 -4

1.275x10-4

1.450x10-4

1.541x10-4

BSFC (kg/kw hr) 0 1.071 0.698 0.633 0.626

ηm % 0 66.03 78.50 82.08 82.37

ηith % 3.92 10.59 13.08 14.43 14.81

ηBth % 0 6.99 10.74 11.84 12.37



Table 4.2 Engine performance under PTMPE lubrication

Trails →


Voltage (V) volts 300 280 260 180 165


Speed (N) rpm 3180 3153 3044 2360 2010



BP (kw) 0 0.35 0.65 0.675 0.701

FP (kw) from graph 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24

IP (kw) 0.24 0.59 0.89 0.91 0.94

Fuel consumption

(kg/sec)

1.018x10-4

1.510x10-4

1.608x10-4

1.681x10-4

1.850x10-4

BSFC (kg/kw hr) 0 1.553 0.890 0.886 0.849

ηm % 0 59.3 73.03 73.77 74.50

ηith % 3.61 8.13 11.53 12.33 12.88

ηBth % 0 4.82 8.42 9.21 9.89

Table 4.3 Engine performance under JTMPE lubrication

Trails →


Voltage (V) volts 300 280 260 240 190


Speed (N) rpm 3211 3186 3062 2848 2745



BP (kw) 0 0.35 0.65 0.9 0.95

FP (kw) from graph 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21

IP (kw) 0.21 0.56 0.86 1.11 1.16

Fuel consumption

(kg/sec)

1.174x10-4

1.213 x10-4

1.34 x10-4

1.510x10-4

1.60 x10-4

BSFC (kg/kw hr) 0 1.24 0.74 0.604 0.509

ηm % 0 62.5 71.58 81.08 81.89



ηith % 4.06 10.49 14.53 16.70 17.39

ηBth % 0 6.55 10.99 12.54 13.42

Table 4.4Engine performance under CTMPE lubrication

Trails →


Voltage (V) volts 290 275 250 230 170


Speed (N) rpm 3204 3152 3098 2614 2098



BP (kw) 0 0.343 0.625 0.825 0.85

FP (kw) from graph 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

IP (kw) 0.21 0.463 0.745 0.922 0.97

Fuel consumption

(kg/sec)

8.91x10-5

1.21 x10-4

1.57 x10-4

1.76x10-4

2x10-4

BSFC (kg/kw hr) 0 1.27 0.609 0.7899 0.7470

ηm % 0 74.08 83.89 87.63 87.62

ηith % 5.35 8.674 10.88 11.65 11.62

ηBth % 0 6.426 9.02 10.35 11.02

4.5 Emission Study

In the present work, the two emission elements hydrocarbon and carbon-

monoxide are measured under emission characteristic study. Basically, the experiments

are conducted to study the emission characteristics of the engine under four modes of

operation: Mineral oil, PTMPE, JTMPE and CTMPE as an engine lubricant. The obtained

values are tabulated in Table 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and Table 4.8 respectively.

Table 4.5 Emissions under Mineral oil lubrication

Load (Amps) 0 1 2 3 3.4

CO (%) 7.76 7.39 9.34 9.50 10

HC (ppm) 420 708 677 610 642

CO2 (%) 9.8 9.7 9 8.4 8.06

O2 (%) 0.74 1 0.81 1.06 1.74



Table 4.6 Emissions under PTMPE lubrication

Load (Amps) 0 1 2 3 3.4

CO (%) 9.85 8.83 8.21 7.09 7.43

HC (ppm) 590 492 449 375 367

CO2 (%) 7.0 8.4 8.6 7.10 9.5

O2 (%) 3.12 0.81 2.23 1.05 0.77

Table 4.7 Emissions under JTMPE lubrication

Load (Amps) 0 1 2 3 3.4

Co% 6.3 8.3 8.5 8.7 9.02

HC(ppm) 490 423 379 358 336

CO2% 9.2 8.7 8.62 8.41 8.06

O2% 1.2 0.910 0.82 0.802 0.74

Table 4.8Emissions under CTMPE lubrication

Load (Amps) 0 1 2 3 3.4

Co% 7.2 7.81 8.32 8.9 9.2

HC(ppm) 623 588 535 464 424

CO2% 9.40 9.30 8.50 8.20 7.20

O2% 1.4 0.96 0.81 0.8 0.75



CHAPTER-V

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The discussions are based on three aspects such as tribological characteristics of

formulated oils, the engine performance and emissions of the engine. The results from

three bio lubricants such as Pongamia Trimethylolpropane ester (PTMPE), Jatropha

Trimethylolpropane ester (JTMPE) and Castor Trimethylolpropane ester (CTMPE) are

compared with the results obtained under mineral oil lubrication of operation of the

engine.

5.1 Tribological Study

Tribological studies are conducted to understand the friction and wear behavior of

the formulated lubricants. Fig 5.1 shows the variation of wear with time for four

lubricants. It is seen that the wear pattern under bio lubricants during the initial sliding

distance is lower. However, as the sliding distance increases, the wear under PTMPE and

JTMPE increases when compared to mineral oil. Further, the trend under CTMPE is

opposite to other two bio lubricants.

Fig 5.1Variation of wear with time under various lubricants

At the initial conditions, there is about 16 % drop in the wear under PTMPE and

JTMPE respectively compared to mineral oil. About 6 % and 3 % increase in wear under

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

WEA

R (

mic

ron

s)

Time (sec)

MINERAL

PTMPE

JTMPE

CTMPE



PTMPE and JTMPE respectively compared to mineral oil, is seen at the end of

experiments. However, the wear under CTMPE of lubrication, about 10 % drop is

observed compared to mineral oil lubrication. Also, it is observed that, at the end of

experiment, the wear trend under mineral and CTMPE mode of lubrication is comparable.

It may be due to the higher percentage of saturates mono poly unsaturated fatty acids

present in the fatty acid chain of the Castor oil.

Fig 5.2 Variation of co-efficient of friction with time under various lubricants

Fig 5.2 shows the Variation of co-efficient of friction with time under various lubricants.

It is seen that, except PTMPE, the co-efficient of friction values are lower under bio

lubricants mode of lubrication compared that of mineral oil for the whole range of tested

period. About 25 % drop in friction co-efficient values are seen under bio oils compared

to mineral oil lubrication.

5.2 Fuel consumption

Fig 5.3 shows variation of specific fuel consumption and brake power for various

lubricants. It is seen that the specific fuel consumption (SFC) is increased in bio

lubricants mode compared to mineral oil lubricant mode. However, when engine is

operated under mineral oil lubricant mode, the engine shows a moderate drop in specific

fuel consumption (SFC). But when engine operated at bio lubricant mode of operation

there is slight increase in specific fuel consumption.

0.01

0.06

0.11

0.16

0.21

0.26

0.31

0.36

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Co

effi

cie

nt

of

fric

tio

n (

µ)

Time (sec)

MINERAL2

PTMPE3

JTMPE4

CTMPE5



At the low load operation, the fuel consumption is 30 % higher under PTMPE

mode of operation compared to mineral oil and about 15 % increase in fuel consumption

is noticed under both JTMP and CTMPE respectively. However, at full load operations,

the sfc under all modes of lubrication is comparable. But, under the lubrication of

JTMPE, about 20 % drop in sfc is noticed. It may be due to better polar nature of

vegetable oil on and good boundary lubrication properties of bio oils.

Fig 5.3 Variation of specific fuel consumption with brake power

5.3 Brake thermal efficiency

Fig 5.4 depicts variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power for various

lubricant modes.

Fig 5.4 Variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

BSF

C (

kg/k

w h

r)

bp (kw)

MINERAL2

PTMPE3

JTMPE4

CTMPE5

0

5

10

15

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

ηB

th %

bp (kW)

MINERAL2

PTMPE3

JTMPE4

CTMPE5



It is seen from fig 5.4 that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine is escalated under

JTMPE compared with mineral oil. However, under the lubrication of PTMPE and

CTMPE thermal efficiency of the engine is decreased compared to mineral oil lubrication

mode. The engine efficiency is increased by 8 % under the lubrication of JTMPE

compared to mineral oil lubrication. However, about 14 % and 8 % drop in thermal

efficiency is observed under PTMPE and CTMPE respectively, compared to petroleum

oil lubrication.

5.4 Mechanical efficiency:

Fig5.5 shows variation of mechanical efficiency with brake power for various

lubricants.

Fig 5.5 Variation of mechanical efficiency with brake power

It is observed that the mechanical efficiency of the engine under JTMPE is comparable

when compared to mineral oil lubricant mode. There is about 8 % increase in mechanical

efficiency under caster TMP ester compared to mineral oil mode. However, the engine

encounters more friction under the lubrication of Pongamia TMP ester mode.

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

ηm

%

bp (kW)

MINERAL2PTMPE3JTMPE4CTMPE5



5.5 Emission Study

5.5.1 Carbon Monoxide

Fig 5.6 shows variation of carbon monoxide with brake power. At low load operations,

the engine emits about 20 % lower in carbon monoxide (CO) under JTMPE and CTMP E

compared to mineral oil lubrication mode of engine operation. However, about 20 %

increase in CO values are seen under the operation of PTMPE mode of lubrication.

At part load operations, the engine emits similar CO for all modes of lubrication. Engine

emits lower CO values under all bio lubricants modes of lubrication at full load operation

compared to mineral oil lubrication mode. About 10 % drop in CO is seen under Jatropha

TMP E and Castor TMPE compared to mineral oil and about 25 % drop in CO is

observed under Pongamia TMPE. It may be due to better combustion of fuel under bio

lubricants compared to mineral oil lubrication of the engine.

Fig 5.6 Variation of Carbon monoxide with brake power

5.5.2 Hydrocarbon

Fig 5.7 shows variation of unburnt hydrocarbon with brake power. It is observed

that the engine emits lower unburnt hydrocarbon for all the loads of operation under bio

lubricant mode of lubrication compared to mineral oil mode.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

CO

(%

)

bp (kW)

MINERAL2

PTMPE3

JTMPE4

CTMPE5



Fig 5.7 Variation of hydrocarbon with brake power

At part load operations, about 30 %, 42 % and 20 % drop in hydrocarbon is observed

under PTMPE, JTMPE and CTMPE respectively, compared to mineral oil mode of

lubrication. Further, at full load operations of the engine, it emits 40 %, 45% and 32 %

lower hydrocarbons under PTMPE, JTMPE and CTMPE respectively, compared to

mineral oil mode of lubrication. It may be due to better combustion of fuel under bio

lubricants compared to mineral oil lubrication of the engine.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

HC

(PP

M)

bp (kW)

MINERAL2

PTMPE3

JTMPE4

CTMPE5



CHAPTER-VI

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the experimental results, the following conclusions are drawn,

• Tribological studies show that, there is a significant drop in wear under the Castor

Trimethylolpropane ester lubrication and lower values of co-efficient of friction

are seen under both under Jatropha Trimethylolpropane ester and Castor

Trimethylolpropane ester mode of lubrication compared to mineral oil.

• Engine consumes slightly higher fuel at low load operations and at full load

operations, engine consumes almost similar amount of fuel under all modes of

lubrication. However, about 20 % lower fuel consumption is observed under

Jatropha Trimethylolpropane ester to produce same power as under mineral oil

mode of lubrication.

• Thermal efficiency of the engine under all bio lubricants is at par with mineral oil

lubrication. However, a slight increase in efficiency is seen under Jatropha

Trimethylolpropane ester mode compared to mineral oil.

• Engine emits lower carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon, operated under all

bio lubricants, compared to mineral oil mode of lubrication. Particularly, lowest

carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon are observed when engine is operated

under Jatropha Trimethylolpropane ester mode of lubrication compared to mineral

oil mode.

• Based on the results, Jatropha Trimethylolpropane ester is found to be the best

lubricant in all respects and it is the potential alternative for mineral oil.



APPENDIX

To find the performance of the engine

Break power (B.P.) =

(kW)

B.P =

= 0.35 kW

Fuel consumption (mf) =

(Kg/sec)

mf =

= 1.042×10

-4 Kg/sec

Specific fuel consumption (sfc) =

(Kg/kW-hr)

sfc =

= 1.071 Kg/kW-hr

Indicated power (I.P.) = B.P +F.P (kW)

I.P = 0.35+0.18 = 0.53 kW

Mechanical efficiency (ηmech) =

×100

ηmech =

×100= 66.03%

Thermal efficiency (ηbth) =

× 100

ηbth =

× 100 = 6.99%

Indicated thermal efficiency (ηbth) =

× 100

ηbth =

× 100 = 10.59%



REFERENCE

1. Mohammed Modu Aji, Shettima Abba Kyari and Gideon Zoaka, Comparative

studies between bio lubricants from jatropha oil, neem oil and mineral lubricant

(engen super 20w/50), Applied Research Journal-Vol.1, Issue, 4, pp.252-257,

June, 2015, Article History: Received: 04, May, 2015 Final Accepted: 06, June,

2015 Published Online: 16, June, 2015.

2. Amit Kumar Jain*, Amit Suhane, Review Article “Research Approach &

Prospects of Non Edible Vegetable Oil as a Potential Resource for Biolubricant -

A Review”, Accepted 31 December 2012.

3. Amit Kumar Jaina* and Amit Suhanea, Capability of Biolubricants as Alternative

Lubricant in Industrial and Maintenance Applications, Accepted 4 Jan. 2013,

Available online 1March 2013, Vol.3, No.1 (March 2013).

4. Ebthisam K. Heikal, M.S. Elmelawy*, Salah A. Khalil, N.M. Elbasuny,

Manufacturing of environment friendly biolubricants from vegitable oils,

Received 3 November 2015; revised 1 March 2016; accepted 10 March 2016.

5. Noor Hafizah Arbain and Jumat Salimon, Journal of Science and Technology

Synthesis and Characterization of Ester Trimethylolpropane Based Jatropha

Curcas Oil as Biolubricant Base Stocks.

6. Chandu S. Madankara,b, Subhalaxmi Pradhana,c and S.N. Naika, Parametric

study of reactive extraction of castor seed (Ricinus communis L.) for methyl ester

production and its potential use as bio lubricant.

7. Amit Suhane, A.Rehman, Tribological Investigation of Mahua Oil Based

Lubricant for Maintenance Applications, International Journal of Engineering

Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug

2013, pp.2367-2371 Mechanical Engineering Department, M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal,

M.P. India-462051.

8. H.M. Mobarak, , E. Niza Mohamad, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, K.A.H. Al

Mahmud, M. Habibullah, A.M. Ashraful, The prospects of biolubricants as

alternatives in automotive applications.

9. Yashvir Singh, Friction and Wear Characteristics of Pongamia Oil Based

Blended Lubricant at Different Load and Sliding Distance, World Academy of

Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Mechanical and

Mechatronics Engineering Vol: 3, No: 7, 2016.



10. Prerna Singh Chauhan, Dr. V K Chhibber, Non-Edible Oil as a Source of Bio-

Lubricant for Industrial Applications, International Journal of Engineering

Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013.

11. Prof.V.L.Kadlag , Prof.V.P.Chaudhari, Effect of Castor Oil as Bio Lubricant on

Tribological Characteristics of EN31 Steel, ISSN No.:2349-9745, Date: 28-30

April, 2016

12. Amit Kumar Jain ,Amit Suhane, Investigation of Tribological Characteristics of

Non Edible Castor and Mahua Oils as Bio Lubricant for Maintenance

Applications, 5th International & 26th All India Manufacturing Technology,

Design and Research Conference (AIMTDR 2014) December 12th–14th, 2014,

IIT Guwahati, Assam, India.



FUTURE SUGGESTIONS / SCOPE

Anti-wear additives may be added to the formulated bio lubricants

Different bio diesels can be used to obtain different biolubricants

As the result shows Jatropa biolubricant works good in different condition as

compared to other biolubricants, it may be the potential alternative to the mineral

lubricant



COST TABLE

Sl.no PARICULAR/ITEMS AMOUNT (Rs)

1 Trimethylolpropane (1.5kg) 2346

2 Pongamia biodiesel (4ltr)

Jathropa biodiesel (2ltr)

Caster biodiesel (2ltr)

Mahuva biodiesel (2ltr)

800

600

300

300

3 Sodium hydroxide (500g) 400

4 Neem oil(1Ltr)

Pongamia oil (1Ltr)

Castor oil (1Ltr)

300

80

140

5 Electrical items

1) Bulbs

2) Wire

3) Sockets

4) Switches

5) Switch box

600

100

100

200

190

6 Lab charges (FTIR test) 900

7 Mineral lubricant (Castrol 20w-40) 4T oil 320

8 Engine servicing and overhauling

1)Reboreing

2)piston and piston rings

3)spark plug

Labour charge

650

840

60

400

9 Petrol (6Ltr) 420

10 Project report printouts and bindings (8) 1800

11 Others 500

TOTAL 12346/-



CURRICULUM VITAE (CV)

Name Permanent address Contact details Photograph

Hamsaraj

USN No.:

4MC14AU404

House no 1-343,

Doddanagudde,

Gerukatte,

Manipal (P), Udupi,

Pin-576102

Email:

[email protected]

Contact No.:

91-9164192546

Jithin Kumar Rai

D

USN No.:

4MC14AU406

Dembale (H), Kavu (P),

Madnoor (V), Puttur (T)

Dakshina Kannada (D),

Pin-574223

Email:

[email protected]

Contact No.:

91-9980609278

Akhila Kaushik

USN No.:

4MC13AU012

No.5,

ZodiacAppartment,

Vyasarao Road,Kadri

kambala,Manglore 3.

Email:

[email protected]

Contact No.:

91-8050924278

Charan Raj B C

USN No.:

4MC13AU007

#6, 9th

cross,

Veerasaagara main road,

Attur layout,

Yalahanka, Bengalur,

Pin-560065

Email:

charangowda9758@gm

ail.com

Contact No.:

91-9986566039



Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan 573202

Vision of the Institute:

To be an Institute of Excellence in Engineering education and research, producing

socially responsible professionals

Mission of the Institute:

1. Create a conducive environment for quality learning and research,

2. Establish industry and academia collaboration

3. Ensure professional and ethical values in all institutional endeavors.

Vision of Automobile Engineering Department:

To create globally competent automobile engineers capable of working in an

interdisciplinary environment, contributing to society through innovation,

entrepreneurship and leadership

Mission of Automobile Engineering Department:

1. Produce Automobile Engineers with a strong theoretical and practical knowledge with

global outlook for a sustainable future

2. Create facilities for continued education, training, research and consultancy and

enhance industry interactions.

3. Enable to be productive members of interdisciplinary teams, capable of adapting to

changing environments of engineering, technology and society

4. Develop entrepreneurial skills and leadership qualities with high moral and ethical

values.

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