Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System

• Testis – male gonads– Epididymis - structure in the male reproductive system

in which sperm fully mature and are stored – Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules

• vas deferens - tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

• Prostate gland – large gland that secretes semen directly into the urethra

• Urethra - tube through which urine and semen are released from the body

• Penis - external male reproductive organ that connects the urethra to the outside of the body

• Spermatogenesis – the meiotic process of sperm production

Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

• The main structures of the female reproductive system are the – Ovaries – where meiosis occurs – Fallopian tubes (oviduct) – where fertilization occurs;

after ovulation the egg moves through the oviduct to the uterus

– Uterus – where the blastula stage of the embryo will implant and develop during the 9 month gestation

– Vagina – birth canal– Cervix – mouth of the uterus– Endometrium – lining of the uterus– In addition to producing eggs, the female

reproductive system prepares the female’s body to nourish a developing embryo.

Female Reproductive System

• Follicle - cluster of cells surrounding a single egg in the human female reproductive system

• Ovulation - process in which an egg is released from the ovary

Female Reproductive System

Menstrual Cycle

• Human females release a gamete (egg) about every 28 days from puberty to menopause

• Follicular Phase– follicles in ovaries grow in response to FSH release from

pituitary gland– Increasing amount of estrogen released

• Ovulation– Secondary oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in response to an

increase of luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. (about 14 days after menstruation)

• Luteal Phase– After ovulation the Corpus Luteum secretes estrogen and

progesterone that thicken the endometrium • Menstruation

– If implantation of the embryo does not occur the buildup of the lining is shed. This is commonly called the period

Menstrual Cycle• Follicular Phase

– follicles in ovaries grow in response to FSH release from pituitary gland

– Increasing amount of estrogen released

• Ovulation– Secondary oocyte ruptures

out of the ovaries in response to an increase of luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. (about 14 days after menstruation)

• Luteal Phase– After ovulation the Corpus

Luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken the endometrium

• Menstruation– If implantation of the

embryo does not occur the buildup of the lining is shed. This is commonly called the period

Fertilization and Development

• Monoploid (n) Egg is Released• Fertilization – Usually occurs in the upper

region of the fallopian tube– Zygote – a fertilized egg

• Cleavage – rapid mitotic divisions which occurs after fertilization– Zygote Morula Blastula

• Implantation – Usually occurs 6 to 7 days after fertilization. – Blastula undergoes gastrulation

Gastrula• Gastrulation - process of cell migration by

which a third layer of cells is formed within the cavity of a blastocyst

• Zygote Cleavage • Blastula Gastrulation • Gastrula Organogenesis • Fetus

Endocrine System

Regulatory System –separate, but works together with the Nervous System to:

Maintain Homeostasis

Endocrine System and Nervous System

• Endocrine– Secretes hormones.

• Nervous– Secretes neurotransmitters

• In one case:– Epinephrine (adrenaline) – works for both

systems• Endocrine – Fight or Flight hormone released by

adrenal gland• Nervous – neurotransmitter which relays

messages from one neuron another neuron

Hormones (chemicals)

• Chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of other cells

• Travel through blood target cell, tissue, organ

– Can produce either:• immediate, short-lived

response– epinephrine

• Dramatic, long-term development or an entire organism

– Metamorphosis

Tropic Hormones

• Hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones. (far reaching affects)– Anterior Pituitary

Gland TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

– TSH stimulates thyroid Thyroxin controls metabolic rate

Hypothalamus

• Bridge between the Endocrine and Nervous systems– Nervous System

• Fight-or-Flight – sends electrical signals (impulses) adrenal gland epinephrine

– Endocrine• Produces oxytocin and

antidiuretic homone Stores it in pituitory gland

Feedback Mechanisms

• Self-regulating mechanism that increases or decreases an action or the level of a particular substance

• Positive Feedback – labor– Contractions begin

baby head to uterine opening more contraction more pressure

• Negative Feedback– Thyroxin levels in blood

• Hypothalamus TSH stimulates thyroid thyoxin hypothalamus stop making TSH

Hormone Action

• Steroids lipids – cholesterol– Can diffuse though

membranes

• Non-steroid Hormones– Proteins, small peptides,

modified amino acids– Not membrane soluble– Triggers secondary mess.– cAMO

Excretory System

Removal of Wastes

Excretory System

• Aids in the removal of waste materials– Skin– Lungs– Kidneys

The kidney

• Maintains homeostasis by controlling pH, water levels, blood volume, and waste materials

• Ureter – tube which carries urine to the urinary bladder.

• Nephron – functional unit of the kidney (about 1 million in each kidney)– Glomerulus – small

network of capillaries encased in the upper end of the nephron by a cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s capsul

– Loop of Henle – section of the nephron tubule where water is conserved, minimizing the amount of urine.

Kidney

The Skeletal System

The Skeletal System

• The skeleton supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation.

Bone Structure

• Periosteum - tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone

• Haversian canal - one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

• bone marrow - soft tissue inside cavities within bones; two types are yellow marrow and red marrow

Bone Structure

Bone Formation

• Cartilage - strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

• Ossification - process of bone formation, during which cartilage is replaced by bone– Osteoblast – Helps to form bone– Osteocyte – Helps to maintain bone– Osteoclast – Helps to breakdown bone

Joints

• Joint - place where one bone attaches to another

• Depending on its type of movement, a joint is classified as:

– Immovable Joints - fused together (skull)

– Slightly Movable Joints – vertebrae; tibia, fibula

– Freely Movable Joints 

Freely Moveable Joints

Joint Structure

• Ligament - strip of tough connective tissue in a joint that holds bones together

• Tendon – strip of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

The Muscular System

The Muscular System

• There are three different types of muscle tissue:– Skeletal – striated

muscle (dark and light banding)

– Smooth – spindle shaped, one nucleus, not striated

– cardiac – smaller cells, striated

Skeletal Muscle Structure

The Integumentary System

Integumentary System

• The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes waste products from the body, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Skin Formation

• Epidermis - outer layer of the skin, formed by epithelial cells– The outer layer of the epidermis is formed of dead,

flattened cells that have been toughened by keratin

– The inner layer of the epidermis forms new cells and those cells are pushed up to the surface of the epidermis

• Keratin - tough, fibrous protein found in skin• Melanin - dark-brown pigment found in skin

Skin

• Epidermis - outer layer of the skin• Dermis - innermost layer of the skin

– collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, sense organs, smooth muscles, and hair follicles

– Sweat Gland, Sebaceous Glands

• Subcutaneous Layer – formed by a loose connective tissue called adipose (fat)

Skin

Hair and Nails

• Hair – functions: protection form UV rays, insulation, protection (dead keratin filled cells)

• hair follicle - tubelike pocket of epidermal cells that extends into the dermis; cells at the base of hair follicles produce hair

• Nails – form in a similar process as skin. Keratin helps to harden nails