Malcolm Knowles: •Student comes to the learning with rich experience •Student moves toward self- direction in learning •Student learns best in an experience-rich environment •Student needs to be able to use the learning to solve problems that are meaningful
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Malcolm Knowles: Student comes to the learning with rich experience Student moves toward self-direction in learning Student learns best in an experience-rich.
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Malcolm Knowles:•Student comes to the learning with rich experience•Student moves toward self-direction inlearning•Student learns best in an experience-rich environment•Student needs to be able to use the learning to solve problems that are meaningful
Student Teacher Examples
Stage 1 Dependent Authority, Coach Coaching with immediate feedback. Drill. Informational lecture. Overcoming deficiencies and resistance.
Stage 2 Interested Motivator, guide Inspiring lecture plus guided discussion. Goal-setting and learning strategies.
Stage 3 Involved Facilitator Discussion facilitated by teacher who participates as equal. Seminar. Group projects.
Stage 4 Self-directed Consultant, delegator
Internship, dissertation, individual work or self-directed study-group.
The Contextual Approach: Encourages design of learning
environments that incorporate different forms of experience
Allows students to discover meaningful relationships between abstract ideas and practical applications
Enables concepts to be internalized through discovering, reinforcing, and relating
Convergence of intelligence and learning theories suggest similar methods for effective teaching and learning:
Gardner: The mind’s capacity for learning is broader than assumed
Kolb: Individuals have a natural ability to learn through a variety of methods
Caine and Caine: Connectedness is a key to effective learning
Malcolm Knowles—Principles of Andragogy
Most people learn best in a concrete manner involving activities and personal discovery.
Learning is enhanced when new information is presented in familiar contexts.
Most people learn best experientially. Most people learn best through
interpersonal communications, sharing, etc. Transfer of knowledge from one situation to
another is not a given but a skill to be learned.
Traditional Rote learning Skill drill Memorization “Practice makes
perfect” Multiple-choice
tests
ContextualCooperative
learning groupsPeer mentoringStudents gather
data to solve problems
Alternative assessments
Hands-on, activity-based learning
“If someone can figure out the algorithm for a routine job, chances are that it is economic to automate it. Many good, well-paying middle class jobs involve routine work of this kind and are rapidly being automated.”
“A swiftly rising number of American workers at every skill level are in direct competition with workers in every corner of the globe.”
“This is a world in which a very high level of preparation in reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, science, literature, history and the arts will be an indispensible foundation for everything that comes after for most members of the workforce.”