Malaria & its Management Pritam Singh MBA PM06
Jun 29, 2015
Malaria & its Management
Pritam SinghMBA PM06
Malaria
• Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals.
• Its a disease of the blood that is caused by thePlasmodium parasite
• Transmitted from personto person by a particular type of mosquito.
History
• The term malaria originates from Medieval Italian: mala aria — "bad air";
• in 1880, Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran made a scientific studies and observed parasites inside the red blood cells.
• In April 1894, a Scottish physician Sir Ronald Ross proved that the mosquito was the vector for malaria in humans.
• He isolated malaria parasites from the salivary glands of mosquitoes.
Cause
• Malaria is caused by a parasite that is passed from one human to another by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
• Malaria parasites belong to the genus Plasmodium (phylum Apicomplexa).
• malaria is caused by P. falciparum (75%), P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax(20%) and P. knowlesi.
Sign & Symptoms
Diagnosis
• Malaria is usually diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood films or by antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDT).
• Confirmed by low number of platelets in the blood, and higher-than-normal levels of bilirubin in the blood combined with a normal level of white blood cells.
Treatment
• Malaria is treated with oral chloroquine except malaria caused by P. falciparum.
• Malaria caused by P. falciparum requires treatment with oral quinine, given concurrently with pyrimethamine with sulfodoxine and a sulfonamide, such as sulfadiazine.
• For the hepatic stage of disease: primaquine phosphate, given daily for 14 days.
Treatment
• Artemether is a potent and quick acting antimalarial agent, used for treating chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria, including cerebral malaria.
• Proguanil is an antiprotozoal and antimalarial, prescribed for prevention of malaria, treatment of malaria. It prevents the development of malaria parasites.
Chemical classification
• 4 aminoquinolines: – Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Amodiaquine, Pyronaridine
• 8 aminoquinolines: – Primaquine, Tafenoquine, Bulaquine
• Cinchona alkaloids: – Quinine, Quinidine
• Quinoline methanol: – Mefloquine
• Biguanides– Proguanil, Chlorproguanil
Chemical classification
• Diaminopyrimidines– Pyrimethamine
• Sulfonamides– Sulfadoxine, dapsone
• Tetracyclines: – tetracycline, doxycycline
• Naphthoquinone: – Atovaquone
• Sesquiterpene lactones: – Artesunate, artemether, arteether
Prevention
There is an ABCD for prevention of malaria. This is:
Awareness of risk of malaria.Bite prevention.Antimalarial medication - Chemoprophylaxis (taking antimalarial medication exactly as prescribed).
Prompt Diagnosis and treatment.
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