Malaria

Malaria

-Anant Dev AsheeshInternational Institute of Health

Management Research

Introduction to Malaria

Malaria is a vector borne diseaseIt occurs in Humans and other animalsIt is caused by Plasmodium Currently there are 200 known species of

Plasmodium

At least 11 species effect human beingsFalciparum and Vivax are the major species

which cause Malaria1.5 million confirmed cases of Malaria are

reported annually by National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)

Symptoms of Malaria

The Other Symptoms

Running Nose, Cough and other signs of Respiratory infection

Abdominal painStomach disorder with inflammation of

intestinesSkin RashEar dischargeAbnormal enlargement of Lymph Nodes

Diagnosis

MicroscopyRapid Diagnosis Test (RDT)Note- NVBDCP provides RDT kits in the areas where

microscopy results can’t be obtained in 24 hrs

Treatment

Malaria is treated with a class of drugs called anti malarial.

Antimalarial drugs are designed to attack the parasites that cause malaria

It prevents them from spreading while also killing them off so they can’t continue causing infection.

Anti malarial drugs

Treatment for P. Vivax malariaConfirmed P. vivax cases should be treated with

chloroquine in full therapeutic dose of 25 mg/kg divided over three days.

In some patients, P. vivax may cause relapse (A form of P. vivax or P. Ovale parasites called as hypnozoites remain dormant in the liver cells. These hypnozoites can later cause a relapse). For its prevention, primaquine should be given at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 days under supervision.

Treatment for P. Falciparum Malaria Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) ACT consists of an artemisinin derivative combined

with a long acting antimalarial (amodiaquine, lumefantrine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine).

It should be given to all confirmed P. falciparum cases found positive by microscopy or RDT. This is to be accompanied by single dose primaquine (0.75 mg/kg body weight).

How can MALARIA be prevented

Malaria can be treated by:Being aware of the main symptoms Taking anti-malarial medicines as directed Immediately see a doctor and seek treatment

if a fever develops after entering a malaria-risk zone or after leaving the area

The malaria causing mosquitoes bite in nightThese mosquitoes hibernate in dirty water

Malaria Cases (2012)

• Top 10 Malaria States in India-STATE CASES

Odisha 187309Jharkhand 101126Chattisgarh 72770

Gujrat 55272Madhya Pradesh 45200

West Bengal 39378Maharashtra 38003Uttar Pradesh 31800

Rajasthan 25803Assam 25304INDIA 7,36,875

References Chavatte J.M., Chiron F., Chabaud A., Landau I. (March 2007). "Probable

speciations by "host-vector 'fidelity'": 14 species of Plasmodium from magpies". Parasite14 (1): 21–37.PMID 17432055.

Perkins S.L., Austin C. (September 2008). "Four New Species of Plasmodium from New Guinea Lizards: Integrating Morphology and Molecules". J. Parasitol. 95 (2): 1. doi:10.1645/GE-1750.1. PMID 18823150

Guidelines for Malaria Diagnosis http://www.mrcindia.org/Guidelines%20for%20Diagnosis2011.pdf

Rapid Diagnosis Test, http://www.wpro.who.int/malaria/sites/rdt/ National drug policy on malaria (2010). Ministry of Health and Family

Welfare/Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Govt. of India. http://www.nvbdcp.gov.in

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