Malakand_PC-1_Pilot2

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Rapid Response; High Impact; Culturally Acceptable; Eco Friendly

Promotion of Food Security and Grass Roots Economy Generation

in Terrorist Affected Areas of Malakand Division:

Swat is the most interesting valley in Pakistan. It is also one of the most beautiful - certainly

much greener and more fertile than the valleys further north because it lies within the monsoon belt.

In Lower Swat, the valley is wide, the fields on either side of the river are full of Wheat and Lucerne,

and the villages are prosperous and surrounded by fruit trees. In Upper Swat, the river tumblesthrough pine forests hemmed in by snow-capped mountains.


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[Rehabilitation & Renewal] | Sardar Taimur Hyat-KhanS a r d a r T a i m u r H y a t - K h a n

Page 80

PC-1 FORM


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Figure 1: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Line Drawing

Figure 2: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Shade

House

Figure 3: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Frame

Figure 4: Bioaugmented rapid composting; Line Drawing.

PC 1INTEGRATION, DEVELOPMENT & EMPOWERMENT

For

LIVELIHOOD SUPPORT

(SPECIAL SUPPORT GROUP)

June 2009

S a r d a r T a i m u r H y a t - K h a nPage 80


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TABLE OF CONTENTS:# ITEM Page

1 Name of the Project: 4

2 Location: 4

3 Authority responsible for: 4

4 Plan Provision: 4

5 Project objectives and its relationship with Sectoral objectives: 4

6 Description, Justification and Technical Parameters: 7

7 Introduction: 8

8 Recommendations: 8

9 Conservation Planning: 9

10 Crop Rotation: 10

11 Contour Farming: 10

12 Strip-Cropping: 11

13 Farm Conservation & Sustainable Development Program: 13

14 Herbs (Medicinal & Culinary), Spices, Condiments & Aromatic/ Essential Oil Plants: 18

15 Introduction: 18

16 Sustainability Development Planning: 20

17 Land Inventory: 21

18 Bill: 27

19 Plant Protection 30

20 Sustainable Development 3021 Permaculture 30

22 Polyculture 32

23 Rational Farming: 32

24 Animals & Fowl: 38

25 Rain Water Harvesting 39

26 Permanent Structures: 42

27 Micro Irrigation: 44

28 Livestock Nutrition: 44

29 Upland Agriculture: 44

30 The Ten Basic Steps of SALT: 45

31 Community Economics: 46

32 No Till: 46

33 Community based Integrated Development of Trout Fisheries and Irrigation Channels: 49

34 Description, justification, technical parameters and technology transfer aspects: 50

35 Scope: 55

36 Justification: 5637 Location: 56

38 District Swat: 56

39 Beyond Kalam: 57

40 District Dir: 57

41 Buner District: 57

42 Shangla District: 58

43 Environment and Land Characteristics: 60

44 Land & Tenure: 60

45 Affected Area: 60

45 Issues: 60

46 Interventions: 61

47 Plan of Work: 62

48 Methodology Proposed: 63

49 Structural Deep Democracy 63

50 Ecological Nutrient Management (ENM). 66

51 Statistical Analysis: 66

52 Design: 66

53 Testing With Pilot Farms. 67

54 Appropriate, Integrated and Sustainable Approach 67

55 Needs-Based Community Development: Traditional Model:Needs-Based Community Development: Traditional Model: 67

56 Assets-Based Community Development: Alternate Model:Assets-Based Community Development: Alternate Model: 67

57 Economic Gardening: 68

58 Containerized Factory & Hand Line Canning: 69

59 Pilot Community Based Production Project: 69

60 Year Wise Schedule: 70

61 Logical Framework Matrix (LFM): 71

62 Mountain Biodiversity: An Assessment 72

63 Project Components: 72



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64 Lessons Learnt: 73

65 Establishment: 73

List of Figures:# ITEM Page

Figure 1: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Line Drawing 1

Figure 2: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Shade House 1

Figure 3: Environment/ Predator Protected Geodesic Dome; Frame 1

Figure 4: Bioaugmented Rapid Composting; Line Drawing 1

Figure 5: Millennium Development Goals. 4

Figure 6: Three Tiers for Development. 5Figure 7: Interventions. 6

Figure 8: Generalized Soils. 7

Figure 9: Contour Tillage. 11

Figure 10: Secondary and Micronutrient Analysis. 14

Figure 11: Physico-Chemical Analysis. 15

Figure 12: Bacteriological Analysis. 16

Figure 13: Pakistani Permanent Beds. 18

Figure 14: Illustrations from How to Grow Herbs 20

Figure 15: Stratification. 31

Figure 16: Farmyard Rapid Composting with Bioaugmentation. 34

Figure 17: Root Life. 37

Figure 18: Bio Tractor. 38

Figure 19: Angora Breeds. 38

Figures 20: Roof-Top Water Harvesting. 41

Figure 21: Surface Water Harvesting. 41Figure 22: Cast in Place EQ Proof Water Harvesting Tank 42

Figure 23: Permanent Structure Earth Fill Dam. 43

Figure 24; 25: Animal-drawn no-till planter with seed and fertilizer tanks (Paran, Brazil). 48

Figure 26: Agroecological effects of conventional tillage and no tillage. 49

Figure 27: Structure of a Human Activity System 63

Figure 28: Social Network Analysis 64

Figure 29: Asset Based Community Development 68

Figure 30: Economic Gardening 69

List of Tables:Table 1: 42 Kanals. 14

Table 2: 8 Kanals. 15

Table 3: Plantings and Expected Returns,Rs. 14,000.00 per month. 17

Table 4: Effective Soil Depths. 22

Table 5: Topsoil Texture. 22Table 6: Topsoil Texture Modifiers. 22

Table 7: Soil Permeability. 23

Table 8: Underlying Material. 23

Table 9: Slope of Land. 24

Table 10: Degree of Erosion. 24

Table 11: Degree of Wetness. 24

Table 12: Frequency of Overflow. 25

Table 13: Composting Benefits. 36

Table 14: Nutrient/ Yields. 37

Table 15: Spillway Size. 44

Table 16: SALT Varieties. 46

Table 17: 53



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GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN

PLANNING COMMISSION

PC-1 FORM1. Name of the Project: Rapid Response; High Impact; Culturally Acceptable; EcoFriendly Promotion of Food Security and Grass Roots Economy Generation in Terrorist

Affected Areas of Malakand Division:2. Location:Malakand Division, NWFP.

3. Authority responsible for:i. Sponsoring:USAID

ii. Execution: Special Support Group in collaboration with Local Communities.

iii. Operation and maintenance: Local Communities.

iv. Concerned Department: P&DD, Go NWFP.

4. Plan Provision:This project is of emergency nature.

5. Project objectives and its relationship with Sectoral objectives:

This project is highly critical in nature especially in the light of the present socio-economic situation and is within the purview of the MDGs pertaining to the provision of

food security and Vision 2030 in the following sectors:a. Poverty alleviation.

b. Nutrition enhancement.

c. Capacity building and human resource development of communities.d. Female capacity development and empowerment.

e. Environment Protection.

Figure 5: Millennium Development Goals.

The proposed project is in line with the Pakistan Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper,Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) 2005-10 of the Planning Commission of

Pakistan.

The proposed project will help in achieving the MTDF (2005-10) goals, targets andobjectives besides supporting the implementation of its sectoral strategies. It will help

Pakistan to fulfill international obligations of the Millennium Development Goal (MDGs)



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targets; Goal-1 (Halving extreme poverty and hunger; reduce by the proportion of people wholive on less than one dollar a day. Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from

hunger) and Goal-7; (Ensure Environmental Sustainability). In addition the proposed project

supports the National Agricultural and Environment Policy, National Conservation Strategy(NCS) and National Environment Action Plan (NEAP).

The proposed Projects primary Objective is to reduce poverty and promote

sustainable livelihoods by adopting a three tiered approach:1. Social Mobilization and Gender Development.

2. Ensuring Food Security.

3. Promoting Sustainable Micro-Enterprise.

Figure 6: Three Tiers for Development.These objectives will be achieved through the following interventions.



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Figure 7: Interventions.

The proposed project is justified by the dire and pressing need to emplace a Support Web for a

disillusioned and bewildered populace. Social harmony and positive growth can only be ensured withsustainability if the parameters of a just and elegatarian society ensures that the minimum in

requirements of every citizen are provided in a participatory manner. This will discourage extremism

and foster stability. The principles of Bioenvironmental Management and transparent records that are

easily accessible and verifiable will be adhered to.A careful phasing with concurrent activities to cut down upon lead times will ensure

sustainability and success of the interventions. GIS will provide a powerful tool for management andensure effective monitoring and evaluation. Sustainable Development Action Plans at State and

District level will ensure harmony, while Social Mobilization and development of Village Councils

along with Village Development Plans will ensure participation and ownership. All activities will be

carried out, after capacity building, of the beneficiaries through local communities who willthemselves be encouraged to become service providers.

Broad Goals Post Disaster Recovery.



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Food Security.

Nutrition enhancement.

Female Empowerment.

Local Self-Reliance.

Environment Protection.

Specific Objectives

HouseholdFood Security and Economy Generation for Small Farmers & Landless through: Complete Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility.

Appropriate Cultural Practices.

Increasing Agricultural/ Horticultural Production.

Improved designs and structures of tunnels and production management for off-season

vegetables.

Introducing technologies for profitable organic farming.

Protected Mushroom Production & Hand Line Canning.

Food security in the face of spiraling prices and uncertain socio-economic status as a

high priority objective.

Introduction of Angora Rabbits for High Quality Weaving for Export.

Community Mobilization and Training.

Female Empowerment through participation in economic activities.

Increasing employment through introduction of innovative Micro Enterprise.

Developing Institutions in Rural Areas.

Raising income of Rural Poor.

Enhancing Health and Nutrition standards.

Ensuring self-sustained Rural Development.

Environment Protection/ Ecological repair.

Quantitative Targets

Establishment of PMU in Mingora to implement the project.

Train 500 Master Trainers in constructing low-cost greenhouse structures/ operationand demonstrate replicable models.

Directly impact population of 5.00million.

Launch advocacy and awareness campaigns, and take all legal initiatives todevelop local self-reliance, ensuring pure food items covering schools and colleges.

Erect 10,000 Environment/ Predator Protected Kitchen Gardens.

Emplace 10,000 Rapid Composting (Bioaugmented) Pits.

Construct 10,000 Environment Regulated Mushroom Growing Structures.

Train locals and import 10,000 pairs of Angora Rabbits.

Increase Wool Processing/ Weaving Units by 50 Community Based Units.

Emplace 10 Hand Line Canning Units. Train and Establish 100 Food Processing Units.

6. Description, Justification and Technical Parameters:Nature of Problem and Proposed Solution:



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Figure 8: Generalized Soils.

1. Loamy & Clayey, mainly non-calcareous, or alluvial or loess plains/ terraces.

2. Mainly steep, loamy, shallow soils or some rock outcrops of humid mountain regions.

3. Loamy and Clayey, part non-calcareous soils of alluvial or loess plains/ terraces.

4. Mainly steep, Loamy, shallow soils and rock outcrops of sub-humid mountainous ranges.

INTRODUCTION:

It is essential to understand that there is a need for conserving the soil in order to ensurecontinuous productivity. It is only by efficient use and management of soil that its productiveness can

be maintained over an extended period of time.The use and management of soil includes:

Planning, in order to determine proper use.

Preparation of soil for planting.Treatment of soil for the production of plants.

Complete plant nutrition and care.

Proper harvest and post-harvest practices.Water is a precious, natural, renewable resource and the basis for all life. It must be treated

with care and long term planning in order to ensure, as much as humanly possible, that it is,

and remains, available to nurture all living things.RECOMMENDATIONS:

Thorough inventory and survey of land. Showing land capability in order to prepare

recommended land use maps.

Mulching and inculcation of compost into the soil.Encouragement to no till permanent beds.

Crop cover in monsoon season.

Crop rotation.Strip-Cropping.

Planting of windbreaks.

Proper terracing including platform, retention and bench terracing as well as land

leveling.Rodent/ Predator Control.

Conservation Irrigation {Sprinkler, bubbler, drip, reticulation (sub soil)}.

Bunds to control surface runoff.Water Harvesting and storage.

Reforestation and stratification.

Growing trees; herbs; forbs and shrubs for forage.Grass waterways.

Land protection by erosion control structures.

Small Dams.



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Proper land use according to capability.Controlled grazing.

Horticulture crops from fruit trees and bushes with proper nutrition to avoid disease and

pests.Proper road construction with drainage and maintenance.

Storm drainage.

Aquifer Recharging.

The Malakand Division is very much in need of Soil & Water Conservation Measures for the

farm, such as:

Conservation Planning.Land Resources Inventory.

Crop Rotation.

Contour Farming.Strip-Cropping.

Terracing.

Farm Drainage.Gully Control.

Aquifer Recharging.Water Harvesting.Grass Waterways.

Watershed Management.

Conservation Irrigation.

If a realistic and pragmatic view is taken of our present circumstances we are bound to come

to rather disappointing conclusions. The good news is that there is tremendous scope of improvement

and enhanced productivity. Our negligent and harmful practices are under-utilizing what could bebountiful and abundant productivity. The severity of the present problems has been reduced largely

due to the Governments Green Revolution of the 1960s. The time has now come to initiate a Grass

Roots, Green Revolution. This can only be done through realistic planning and concentrated

implementation. The use of locally produced modern, Hi-Tech, yet low cost materials cansubstantially reduce the negative impact of many of our problems. There is absolutely no point in

being Technology Shy! Plant Nutrition through the use of 21st Century Nutrition products is one such

step. Another step, that should be introduced, is the use of Anionic Polymers or Polyacrylamides, forreducing soil loss through erosion and slope stabilization. Soil losses have been reduced to as little as

2.3 mega grams per hectare, as compared to 101 mega grams per hectare on treated and control plots

respectively [1]. The effects of Polymer Concentrations on Furrow Irrigation have shown that over arange of application rates, of at least 0.7 Kgs/ hectare and mean of 1.3 Kgs/ hectare, there was a

furrow sediment loss reduction by 94 % and increase in net infiltration by 15 % [2]. Yet another step,

that has achieved amazing results in the United States in the 1930s, was the formation of

Conservation Districts. We can easily duplicate this success by undertaking similar efforts. Someimportant steps that can be undertaken follow.

Conservation Planning:

The basic wealth of any Country is its Natural Resources. These are divided into renewableand non-renewable. A just and equitable use of these resources is a rational use that provides benefits

to all and ensures that this use is sustainable. This means using without using up and ensuring that

Natures bounties are not abused and only used in such a manner that it continues to provide its living

abundance to all coming generations. We are presently concerned with two of the three majorrenewable resources. These are the soil and water. Our present and past usage of these resources



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leaves much to be desired. The Ecological Systems that sustain us are inter-linked and fragile.Thoughtless over exploitation renders them subject to degradation and eventual failure. Some of the

immediate threats facing the Malakand Division, due to our negligence are:

Soil erosion.

Decline in soil fertility.

Increased soil borne pests.Denuded Watersheds.Ravaging flash floods.

Increasing aridity.

Receding Water Tables.Climate change.

This results in reduced agricultural capacity, while population pressures continue to mount.

To overcome these grave problems it is all the more necessary to make detailed and realistic plans forproper soil and water use and their consequent rejuvenation. Subsequently it is imperative that these

plans be carried out in letter and spirit. The first conclusion that is drawn from any preliminary

survey of the Divisions Land and Water usage is that it is inappropriate to say the least. In order tocome up with a realistic Conservation or Sustainable Development Action Plan the first step is to

make a Land and Water Resources Inventory. This is subdivided into Land and Water.

[1] Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles,1986. Wallace and Wallace.

[2] Lentz and Sojka. US Dept. of Agriculture, Idaho, 1994.

Crop Rotation:

The growing of different crops in succession on the same land is called crop rotation.

Benefits:

The benefits of crop rotation are:

Reducing soil erosion: Row crops which are placed 24 to 48 inches apart require frequent

cultivation and leave little or no crop residue. The exposed soil between rows is subject toerosion. Less distance between rows and more crop residue left behind, decreases soil erosion.

When different types of crops are grown on a piece of land in succession the overall result is

lesser erosion.

Improving yields: Different types of crops make different demands upon the soil or

fertilizers required. They also leave behind different types of residue. For example a

leguminous crop will leave behind a surplus of fixed Nitrogen. The soil will benefit fromthese demands and supplies made by various plants. When this factor is used intelligently, i.e.

fertilization and rotation by carefully selected or recommended crops, the soil will benefit and

productivity will be enhanced.

Disease, insect and weed control: Different types of crops are host to various kinds of pests

and are subject to different types of diseases. Where monoculture is practiced these pests anddiseases get the opportunity of finding a constant host. Where rotation is practiced this is

obviated and pests life cycles are interrupted. Different types of cultivation and weedingrequirements also interrupt the seeding of weeds.

Factors:There are many factors involved in the choice of a cropping system for a particular piece of

land. Cropping systems should be flexible and permit change of acreage of crops from year to year.

Obviously, financial considerations are additional to physical limitations.



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Planning:

The planning of a cropping system requires three questions to be borne in mind:

What properties of the soil, in a field, require particular attention, in order to ensure efficient

production, while maintaining or enhancing soil productivity in the long term?

What different methods can be used to control crucial soil factors?What crops will fetch the highest returns and yet allow attention to the above questions?

Contour Farming:

The practice of plowing and planting across, rather than up and down, the slope is termed as

Contour Farming. The objective of such an exercise is to conserve soil and water. In arid areas thispractice results in slowing down runoff and allowing it to soak into the soil. In humid zones this

results in preventing soil loss. This practice results in better yields. This is due to the fact that

increased moisture content in the soil, even in humid zones, provides moisture to the plants duringlean or drought periods.

Key Contours:

In order to be able to plow along the contour the farmer needs one, or more, key contour lineson each field. The purpose of a key contour is to guide the farmer in the plowing operation. In the

case of short slopes, one key contour line halfway down the slope is sufficient. In the case of long or

irregular slopes, several key contour lines may be needed. The laying out of key contour lines is arelatively simple operation. All that is required is a hand level and a few stakes. The first step is to

determine which portion of the helpers body (shoulder, chin or hairline) is the sighters eye level,

when both are standing on level ground. When sighting through the level, if the hairline is against this

portion of the helper's body, both are standing at the same elevation. The next step is to choose a keycontour. A stake is driven into the ground and the level is set up. The helper moves along this contour

in as much a level course as possible. When he has traveled the predetermined distance, the sighter

looks through the level. He signals any adjustment in the helpers position that may be required.

When the sighter is satisfied he signals the helper and the next stake is driven into the ground. Thesighter then moves to the position of the new stake and the process is repeated until the line is

completely established. In case the contour line crosses a waterway, it should stop and not disturb anyvegetation. Once all stakes are driven the line can be established by plowing.

Contour Tillage:

This is one of the simplest practices to conserve water and soil. It is most effective on slopes

from 2 to 8 % and reduces soil and water loss from 20 to 40 %. This practice is also effective inimproving Rangelands. Where grasses have deteriorated to short, soddy growth it has been found that

contour tillage with furrows 4 to 6 inches across and not more than 5 feet apart, improve the

vegetative growth. If higher grasslands undergo contour tillage the effect on neighboring low land isreduction of silting from 85 to 95 %.



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Figure 9: Contour Tillage.

Strip-Cropping:

If sloping land is left bare during the rainy season, it is subject to erosion. Such land is best

protected by strip cropping. A farmer can plant his crops in large blocks or complete strips. On the

other hand it is advisable to divide the fields into narrow strips. This is done in order to protect clean-tilled strips of corn with non-cultivated strips of small grain or hay. Large sloping fields that are

plowed and cultivated at the same time are subject to the maximum amount of erosion during theperiod when no crop has yet grown. A viable alternate is to plow and cultivate alternate strips. This

ensures that erosion-resistant crops are growing between clean-tilled areas. It is then possible to

practice crop rotation and use all standard soil conservation practices in order to ensure minimumerosion.

Strip-Cropping Vs Contour Tillage.

Strip-cropping is a vegetative form of soil erosion control as opposed to the mechanicalmethod of Contour plowing. The two methods are roughly similar in water conservation but strip-

cropping is by far better in soil conservation. The effectiveness of strip-cropping depends upon theplants that are grown in the strip. Sodded grasses are the best soil conservation plants. However, there

is no financial return offered. The legumes and hay crops are the best financial alternate. Legumeshold the added advantage of fixing Nitrogen and hay crops provide fodder for Cattle.

Types of Strip-Cropping:

Contour Strip-Cropping: This type is a combination of Strip-Cropping and ContourPlowing. Crops are planted in strips, placed crosswise to the slope and following the contour.

Dense erosion-control crops alternate with clean-tilled erosion permitting crops.

Field Strip-Cropping: In undulating slopes, with no true contour, the method of field strip-

cropping is used. Here the crops are planted in strips, in roughly uniform parallel rows, laidcrosswise to the general slope.

Wind Strip-Cropping: Here crops are planted in strips, crosswise to the prevailing wind,

without regard to the contour of the land. This method is recommended on level to nearlylevel land, where soil erosion and water conservation are not a problem but wind erosion is

the factor that needs attention.

Buffer Strip-Cropping: A sod crop, made up of grass or legumes, or a mixture of both, when

planted between strips, in regular rotation, is called buffer strip-cropping. These buffer stripsare usually laid on those portions of a slope that are badly eroded and not suitable to regular

cultivation.

Managing Strip-Cropped Fields:



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Careful planning and installation of strip-cropping will enable permanently maintained fields.It is necessary to alternate the method of plowing in order to avoid build up of high ridges over the

years. Turning the land up the slope is also desirable, in order to allow seeping of water under the

furrow slice. This is done by using a two way turning plow to turn all the furrows in one direction. Incase strips are irregular in width and both sides are approximately on the contour, planting should be

done from both edges inwards to the center of the strip. This enables the placing of the greatest

number of long rows on the contour and the short rows in the center. Regular rotation, except onstrips most prone to erosion, should be carried out. It should be kept in mind that the denser the

vegetation and the longer the crop stays on ground the less the danger of erosion. Plants with

extensive root systems, like small grains, are better placed to protect the soil. Perennial legumes have

dense vegetation and a fibrous root system that results in a dense sod. This provides the mostprotection. In humid areas where row crops are alternated with small grains, the former are planted

up slope of the latter. This is done because the row crops require deeper furrows and higher ridges.

This provides some protection against erosion. The small grains do not have this advantage and thesoil is subject to erosion until they emerge.

Advantages of Strip-Cropping:

This practice has been demonstrated to be a very economical system and a practical means of

preventing, or reducing, erosion and water loss on cultivated land. There are many advantages inStrip-cropping and this practice is highly recommended for Malakand Division. Some of these

advantages are:

Reduced length of slope down which water runs retards the momentum of water.Slower momentum increases infiltration and shedding of soil particles.

Dense vegetation growing in alternating strips further retards water momentum.

Soil is opened by root systems and earth worms. Dense vegetation on the sod stripsprevent silting of these pores.

Strip-Cropping results in a large number of small fields, which in turn encourage crop

rotations.

Installation of strips is not expensive.

Maintenance of strips is low.Degree of accuracy, as required for terraces, is not as high. Mistakes can be rectified on

the next plowing.Time and energy are conserved as long strips are easily plowed, with fewer turns

involved.

Less power is used when plowing across a slope rather than up and down.Reduced runoff results in reduced loss of plant nutrients, resulting in turn, in higher

yields.

FARM CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM:

An illustration of a supposed Conservation & Sustainable Development Program is detailed tobring home various features:

Present Situation:A fifty kanals farm, owned by Gohar Rehman, two sons assist him on the farm. Total

persons in household, 4 adults and 5 children. They own 2 buffaloes and five goats, some milk is sold

to augment income (Rs. 7,000.00 per annum). The farm is presently used as follows:

Cropping Pattern:

Rainfed Wheat (reported yield 80 Kgs. per kanal/ 640 Kgs. per acre, market value Rs.

25,000.00 per crop) followed by Rainfed Maize (reported yield 100 Kgs. per kanal/ 800 Kgs. per



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acre, market value Rs. 28,000.00) on 40 kanals gently sloping land 2 % (5 acres). Estimated incomeequivalent Rs. 5,000.00 per month.

Pasture:

8 Kanals of sloping land with 5 % slope, some gullying.

Homestead:

2 Kanals with 2-room adobe home without latrine facility, kanal kitchen garden and cattle

sheds. A kanal pond exists for watering domestic cattle. Some poultry are raised.Water Source:

A one inch 80 foot bore with inch delivery, hand pump.

Weakness:

No farm Drainage.Pond not productive.

Soil fertility and consequent crop productivity very low.

Insufficient pasture for cattle.No summer or winter covers.

No terracing.

No trees.No irrigation.

Soil erosion beginning to be serious.

Income low, children spending all their time helping on the farm.

Collect Data for Conservation Program:

Carry out Macro, Secondary and Micronutrient analysis of soil and leaf tissue of any crop in

production.

Figure 10: Secondary and Micronutrient Analysis.

Where:

A1 Soil sample from Kitchen Garden Plot growing Lettuce.



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A2 Leaf tissue sample of Lettuce from Kitchen Garden Plot.

B1 Soil sample from a Maize field.

B2 Leaf tissue sample of Maize.

Carry out Land Inventory.

Sr.

Chara

cte

ristic

Rang

e.

Descriptive Term Symbol

1 Effective Soil Depth 30 inches (Moderately deep) 32 Topsoil texture Clay loam, Fine (Heavy) H

3 Soil permeability 0.7 inches/ hr. Fine soil,

moderately slow

3

4 Slope 2 % Gently sloping B

5 Erosion 50 % Moderate erosion 2

Table 1: 42 Kanals.

3H3/ 2B-2

Land Class: 42 kanals Class III

Sr

Ch

aracte

ris

tic

Ra

nge.


1 Effective Soil Depth 8 inches Very shallow 5

2 Topsoil texture Lighter Clay loam, Medium M

3 Topsoil texture modifier Fragments > 10 inches dia.

Stony

s

4 Soil permeability 0.4 Medium, Moderate 4

5 Slope 5 % Moderately sloping C

6 Erosion 80 % Severe erosion 3

Table 2: 8 Kanals.



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5sM4/ 5C-3

Land Class 8 kanals Class V.

Carry out Physico-Chemical Analysis of sub-surface water.

Figure 11: Physico-Chemical Analysis.

Carry out Bacteriological Analysis of sub-surface water.



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Figure 12: Bacteriological Analysis.

Analysis:

The farm lies on Piedmont Alluvial Plains. Soil consists of Heavy and Lighter Clay Loam.Temperature ranges from 2 degrees C in January to 26 degrees C in June. Average yearly humidity

is 60 %. Average yearly wind speed is 1.4 kts and total precipitation is 2700 mm per year (30 years

average). Soil is subject to erosion on the slopes. Drinking water is above the borderline for Nitrate

levels (10.53 against upper level of 10.00 mg/ L). This is probably due to excessive use of NitrateNitrogen Fertilizer and subsequent leaching into the ground water. There is intermediate risk in

drinking water rendering it unsatisfactory to drink. This is due to high viable counts and coliformscontamination. Soil Fertility levels are low, iron is tied down chemically and unavailable to theplants. There is excess of Lead, Chromium and Nickel probably due to vehicular emission from

vehicles passing on the nearby road. Zinc and Calcium levels are unsatisfactory while Cobalt is

absent. Organic content of soil is poor and method of storing farmyard manure leads to leaching ofnutrients. Crop productivity is miserable. This is probably due to poor and wrong fertilization with

unbalanced and unstabalized chemical fertilizers (100 Kgs. Urea and 50 Kgs. Diammonium

Phosphate per acre, twice a year).

Sustainable Development Suggestions:

Sink 4 inch Bore with 2.5 inch Delivery (Rs. 25,000.00).

Procure two Static Rain Guns (2 inch) with accompanying plastic piping and pressure pump

(Rs. 30,000.00).Procure one Moving Rain Gun Trolley (1.25 inches) with accompanying plastic piping (Rs.

20,000.00).

Procure Drip Irrigation System for 4 kanals (Rs. 32,000.00).Procure second hand piping (1 inch) for 2 kanals Permanent, Pakistani, No-Till beds with

Reticulation (Rs. 3,000.00)

Establish one Environment Protected Wah Garden 10 square meters (Rs. 1,500.00).Establish Permanent Composting beds, 8 square meters.

Establish small adobe hen house and procure 50 layers (Rs. 10,000.00).

Procure small hand operated, K2 oil heated incubator (Rs. 3,000.00).



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Carry out Strip-cropping and establish Crop Rotation on 4 acres (Rs. 10,000.00 revolvingworking Capital).

Plant acre drip irrigated Fruit orchard (Rs. 3,000.00).

Establish and plant acres Permanent, Pakistani, No-Till beds for High value vegetables(Rs. 16,000.00 revolving working Capital).

Level and prepare acre for moving rain gun trolley irrigated market vegetables (Rs.

5,000.00 revolving Capital and Rs. 1,000.00 labor and machinery).Re-seed 1-acre sloping land with suited grasses, forbs and shrubs (Rs. 1,000.00).

Sell goats and buy 4 sheep.

Sell buffaloes and buy 2 Mixed Breed Cows (Rs.18,500.00).

Improve pond, line with plastic, cover with branches and divert runoff towards inlet. Providefor over flow (Rs. 1,000.00).

Improve natural waterways and repair gullies (Rs. 1,000.00).

Miscellaneous Charges, electricity, stores, fertilizers, selling costs, machinery hire etc. (Rs.19,000.00 revolving working Capital).

Total Investment:

Rs. 1,50,000.00 Fixed.Rs. 50,000.00 Revolving Working Capital.

TOTAL Rs. 2,00,000.00

A loan of Rs. 2,00,000.00 at 14 % interest, repayable in monthly installments over 7 yearsafter a 6 month initial period, at the rate of Rs. 15,000.00 per quarter.

Planting Program:

Sr.

Plan

t

Acreage Expected Return

1 Wheat 2 acres Rs. 25,000.00

2 Maize 2 acres (subsequent) Rs. 22,000.003 Small Grains 1 acre Rs. 8,000.00

4 Lucerne 1 acre (subsequent) Rs. 10,000.00

5 Peas 1 acre Rs. 16,000.00

6 Cumin seed 1 acre (subsequent) Rs. 20,000.00

7 Cauliflower acre Rs. 8,000.00

8 Radish acre (subsequent) Rs. 4,000.00

9 Spinach acre (subsequent) Rs. 2,000.00

10 Onions acre (subsequent) Rs. 4,000.00

11 Green Chilies acre Rs. 8,000.00

12 Tomatoes acre (subsequent) Rs. 5,000.00

13 Broccoli acre (subsequent) Rs. 8,000.00

14 Iceberg lettuce acre (subsequent) Rs. 10,000.00

15 Milk per annum Rs. 8,000.00

16 Poultry per annum Rs. 10,000.00

Total per annum Rs.1,68,000.00

Table 3: Plantings and Expected Returns,Rs. 14,000.00 per month.



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Payment of Rs. 15,000.00 per quarter towards interest and loan amount will still leave anequivalent of Rs. 9,000.00 per month income for the farmer. This represents a Rs. 4,000.00 per month

increase (80 %) over his previous income. With increasing skills, eventual fruit production and

gradual expansion of horticulture he should be able to increase his standard of living to quite a largeextent. The savings made to the soil are not quantifiable in financial terms. The development is

sustainable and he will be able to leave a substantial patrimony to his children along with a decent

education and other employment prospects.

It is definitely possible to make a sustainable difference. Concentrated action at the GrassRoots level with Organization and Capacity enhancement is all that is required. In a District like

---------, where quite of few of Natures Bounties remain, the time to act is now! Some of the Western

Districts of the NWFP are facing much greater degradation and unfavorable weather. There the taskis so much the more difficult. Never the less, when Terraforming on Alien landscapes is possible;

rehabilitation of the Rural Landscape is definitely possible. All that is required is Vision,

Determination, Dedication and a lot of Hard Work!

Pakistani, Permanent, No Till beds with mulch and compost, for growing vegetables (safe

environment for earthworms). This bed can easily support sub-soil and drip irrigation as well as low-

cost, small-scale, micro sprinkler trolleys for acre coverage.

Figure 13: Pakistani Permanent Beds.

All of the fore going have been tried on pilot scale in various locations around the Countryand have been adapted to our local conditions and climate. This is as opposed to recommended

Chinese and Australian methods. These Countries are indeed progressive. However there is a need to

adapt from their wisdom, as they do not share the same longitudes and latitudes as ours.

HERBS (Medicinal & Culinary), SPICES, CONDIMENTS & AROMATIC/ ESSENTIAL OILPLANTS:

Introduction:

The above caption already brings out the wide variety of plants that lie within this bracket

as well as the range of possibilities inherent within them. Agricultural commodities are as varied astheliving abundance of Nature. Throughout history this particular group of agricultural commodities

has playedan important role in the commercial life of mankind. We all know the common saying, to

add spice to ones life. These commodities have added spice to the economies of many civilizationsand made them sustainable. The Indo-Pak Sub Continent has been known, throughout the World, as a



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major producer of herbs and spices. Herbs have been used to soothe pain and heal wounds. They areforms of food that contain vitamins and minerals. Herbs are natural drugs that work well and cause

the least amount of discomfort. Hundreds of years ago the Arabs discovered that when horses and

camels, that were ailing, had a chance to graze upon a particular grass, they were soon better. Theycalled this variety Alfalfa or The Father of all Foods.[3] One look at the statistics of Alfalfa is enough

to convince even the most skeptical of critics. Two tablespoons full of Alfalfa extract contain:

Twice as much Calcium as an ordinary glass of milk.

Almost as much protein as one fried beef-burger.

Nearly the same amount of iron as two ounces of liver.

Enough B complex for the most jangled nerves.

Plenty of enzymes for good metabolism of ingested fats.

Sufficient fiber to lower the highest cholesterol.

In Malakand Division, with mild summers and cold winters, it is possible to grow a large

variety of the more expensive and rare plants that fall within this group. Indeed, the list of naturally

growing, indigenous plants is quite long and further research is bound to reveal many a hidden andeven threatened treasure waiting to be discovered. Secondly, many of the valuable and export-

oriented herbs and Essential/ Perfume Oil plants can be grown to furnish a prosperous CottageIndustry. Farmers who are engaged in the commercial growing of these minor cash crops are called

enlightened.Their returns are greater and lives more rewarding. Perhaps the oldest distillation plant

for the extraction of essential oil has been discovered in Harrapa. Unfortunately this art is practicallylost in Pakistan. Rising market demand of herbs and essential oils, in developed Countries, has

prompted them to grow herbs under expensive coverto catch the early spring and late fallmarkets. It

is in these market niches where a comparative advantage can be obtained by appropriate

manipulation of the growing process[4] (Inexpensive, Environment Controlled, Kitchen GardenStructures with Community growing for export). Joint Ventures with Foreign Importers should be

examined. European consumption lies in the use of fresh culinary herbs, herbs used in pharmacy,perfumery or as insecticides and fungicides. An estimate from the Agri Business cell, way back in1994, revealed that 75 % of Imports into Europe consisted of six herbs: Sage, Oregano, Marjoram,

Mint, Thyme and Rosemary. Parsley is the most used herb but demand is met by local production.

Other herbs are Basil, Bay leaves, Savory, Tarragon and Dill. Tariffs are not a problem. However,stringent quality requirements, phytosanitary control regulations and the closed distribution network

for retail packs are the difficulties that have to be surmounted.



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Figure 14: Illustrations from How to Grow Herbs, A Sunset Book, 1975 and Natural HomeRemedies, Karen Sullivan, Time-Life Books, 1997.

The word herb is derived from the Latin herba, which means grass. There are three generally

accepted[4] definitions of an herb. Botanically, herbs are non-woody annual, biennial (plant thatcompletes its life cycle in two years, without flowering in the first year) and perennial plants that die

back each year after blossoming. Another definition describes them as any of the herbaceous plants

valued for their flavor, fragrance, or medicinal properties .In cooking; distinction is made betweenspices and herbs. Spices are usually considered to be derived from the root, bark, fruit or berries of

perennial plants. Herbs are the leaves only of low growing shrubs and herbaceous plants. The

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) states that there is no clear-cut distinctionbetween spices and condiments. As such they are grouped together. These terms are applied to

natural plants or vegetable products or a mixture thereof, in whole or groundform, as are used for

imparting flavor, aroma and piquancy to and for the seasoning of food. Plant parts, flowers, leaves,

fruit and seed contain and emit sweet and pleasant aromas. They are used extensively in the perfumeand food industry all over the World. There is a growing trend in trade in these plants and their

extracts.[5]

[3] Healing Power of Herbs, Dr. John Heinerman, 1975.[4] Herb Farming for Potential European Market, ABC, MINFAL, 1994.[5] How to Grow Herbs. A Sunset Book, 1975.

Sustainability Development Planning:

The basic wealth of any Country is its Natural Resources. These are divided into renewable and

non-renewable. A just and equitable use of these resources is a rational use that provides benefits to alland ensures that this use is sustainable. This means using without using up ensuring that Natures

abundance is not abused and only used in such a manner that it continues to provide its living abundanceto all coming generations. We are presently concerned with two of the three major renewable resources.

These are the soil and water. Our present and past usage of these resources leaves much to be desired.

The Ecological Systems that sustain us are inter-linked and fragile. Thoughtless over exploitationrenders them subject to degradation and eventual failure. Some of the immediate threats we are facing,

due to our negligence are:



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Soil erosion.Decline in soil fertility.

Increased soil borne pests.

Denuded Watersheds.Ravaging flash floods.

Increasing aridity.

Receding Water Tables.Climate change.

This results in reduced agricultural capacity, while population pressures continue to mount.

To overcome these grave problems it is all the more necessary to make detailed and realistic plans for

proper soil and water use and their consequent rejuvenation. Subsequently it is imperative that theseplans be carried out in letter and spirit. The first conclusion that is drawn from any preliminary

survey of the Districts Land and Water usage is that it is inappropriate to say the least. Primary data,

that has been collected, supports this statement. In order to come up with a realistic Conservation orSustainable Development Action Plan the first step is to make a Land and Water Resources

Inventory. This is subdivided into Land and Water.

Land Inventory:

It is important to keep in mind the reason of making a Land Inventory. This is to provide the

requisite Primary data that will enable maximum and rational use of every acre of land within the

District Maximum in terms of economic returns that keeps in mind limited resources. Rational in

terms of harmony with Nature and sustainability for coming generations. A Land Inventory is thefirst step towards ascertaining Land capability. This amounts to mapping the land to show:

Kind of soil with respect to:

Soil Characteristics:

1. Effective soil depth.2. Texture of topsoil.

3. Soil permeability.

4. Type of parent material.

Land Characteristics:

1. Slope.2. Degree of erosion.

3. Wetness of soil.

Effective Soil Depth.

Depth of a soil, down to a restrictive layer such as bedrock or hardpan, is known as Effective

Soil depth. This is the depth to which plants roots can penetrate and moisture can be stored:



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Table 4: Effective Soil Depths.

Sr

.

Range Descriptive Term Symbol

1 > 60 inches. Very deep 1

2 36 - 60 inches.Deep 2

3 20 - 36 inches.Moderately deep 3

4 10 - 20 inches. Shallow 45 0 - 10 inches. Very shallow 5

Soil depth is determined with the help of a soil auger.

Texture of Topsoil: The surface 6 to 8 inches of soil is called the topsoil. This is the depth

that is normally worked in soil tillage operations. Soil texture is a good indicator of soil erodability

and rate of infiltration of water into the soil. The relative proportions of the various size groups ofindividual soil grains in a mass of soil are the benchmark of soil texture. Silt, clay and sand with less

than 2-mm diameter are considered. The amount of these three materials in a representative soil

sample determines its texture class. The higher the percentage of sand the lighter the soil and as silt

and clay content increases, the soil becomes progressively heavier.

Table 5: Topsoil Texture.

Sr. Textural Class Descriptive Term Symbol

1 Heavy clay. Very fine (very heavy) V

2 Clay, silty clay, sandy clay, silty dryloam, clay loam.

Fine (heavy) H

3 Clay-loam, silt-loam, loam, very fine

sandy loam.

Medium M

4 Fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy

fine sand.

Coarse (very light) L

5 Loamy sand, sand, coarse sand. Very coarse (very light) C

6 Well-decomposed organic soil. Muck O

7 Undecomposed organic soil. Peat P

8 Texture classes not separated. Undifferentiated X

The occurrence of coarse fragments in a soil, in sufficient quantities to influence land use,

sometimes necessitates further modification of textural classes. These are represented by lower- caseletters, which precede the above upper-case symbols.

Table 6: Topsoil Texture Modifiers.Sr. Size Range Descriptive

Term

Symbol

1 Fragments up to 3 inches in diameter. Gravelly G

2 Fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter. Cobbly C

3 Fragments more than 10 inches in diameter. Stony S

4 Rock outcrops of the bedrock. Rocky R



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Soil Permeability: This is defined as the ability of air and water to move through a soil.Infiltration rate is the rate at which water enters a soil from the surface. As opposed to this soil

permeability is measured as the amount of water that will pass through a column of saturated soil, of

a given cross-section, under a specific hydraulic gradient, in a unit of time. The number thatrepresents soil permeability is related to the rate of water movement through that soil under the top 10

inches. This number gives the soil permeability up to a point where a different zone of permeability

exists. This zone is not to be confused with the zone that restricts root penetration and is restricted tothe effective soil depth. Therefore in case such a zone exists in the soil under examination, two

numbers are given representing the two permeability zones. In cases of deep surveys, for example

those required for drainage systems, a third number is given. In such cases the first number

will represent permeability at a depth of 10 to 36 inches, the second at a depth of 3 to 5 feet and thethird will represent permeability from 5 to 9 feet.

Table 7: Soil Permeability.

Sr. Rate inches/ hour Probable texture Class Symbol

1 < than 0.05 Very fine or fine Very slow 1

2 0.05 to 0.2 Very fine or fine Slow 2

3 0.2 to 0.8 Fine or medium Moderately slow 3

4 0.8 to 2.5 Medium Moderate 45 2.5 to 5.0 Coarse Moderately rapid 5

6 5.0 to 10.0 Very coarse Rapid 6

7 > than 10.0 Very coarse and gravelly Very rapid 7

Parent Material: Primary soils are those that have been formed by soil forming processesfrom the underlying material. In the case of primary soils, the underlying parent material is always

shown, regardless of depth. Secondary soil is that soil that has been formed from soil material that

has been transported from some other location by wind or water.

Table 8: Underlying Material.

Sr. Material Symbol

1 Acid crystalline rock A

2 Basic crystalline rock B3 Serpentine C

4 Loess D

5 Shale, fine-grained sedimentary rock E

6 Sandstone, coarse-grained sedimentary rock F

7 Glacial material G

8 Limestone L

9 Muck M

10 Peat P

11 Sand Q

12 Cemented hardpan including hard caliche R

13 Semi-consolidated alluvium S14 Lacustrine material V

15 Clay pan Y

16 Gravel Z

Slope: Soil and Water Conservation is influenced to a large extent by the degree of slope ofthe land. Slope is represented in percentage and this has been grouped according to influence on

erosion and water. A one- percent slope means one-foot vertical drop for 100 feet horizontal distance.



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Table 9: Slope of Land.

Sr. Slope Range in

Percent


1 0 to 2 Nearly level A

2 2 to 5 Gently sloping B

3 5 to 9 Moderately sloping C

4 9 to 16 Strongly sloping D5 16 to 31 Moderately steep E

6 31 to 51 Steep F

7 51 to 76 Very steep G

8 76 plus H

Slope of land is usually measured with a hand level. Slopes are not always uniform and as

such do not always fall into the ranges given. In such case it is possible to combine two or more

symbols, e.g. CD or a slope that ranges from 5 to 16 percent. In cases where slopes are uniform thesymbol can be preceded by the exact %, e.g. 8C.

Soil Erosion:Soil erosion refers to removal of soil by natural forces such as water or wind.The degree of erosion is classified by studying the soil profile and by degree of gullying that hasoccurred.

Table 10: Degree of Erosion.

Sr. Range Descriptive Term Symbol

1 < 25 % of original topsoil or original

plowed layer removed.

No apparent, or slight, erosion 1

2 25 to 75 % of original topsoil or originalplowed layer removed; occasional gullies

may be present.

Moderate erosion 2

3 From 75 % of original topsoil to 25 % ofsubsoil removed; occasional deep gully orfrequent shallow gullies may be present.

Severe erosion 3

4 All original topsoil and 25 to 75 % of

subsoil removed.

Very severe erosion 4

5 Intricate network of very frequent gullies. Very severe gullies 5

Degree of Wetness: Degree of wetness is the amount of free water within the normal root zone.

Where it interferes with normal plant growth, it is taken into consideration. Water in the root zonemay be the result of slow drainage or due to a fluctuating water table. This should not be confused

with soil permeability, as a soil with good permeability may be wet due to poor underlying drainage.

Table 11: Degree of Wetness.Sr. Range Descriptive Term Symbol

1 Choice of crops slightly limited, or planting dates

slightly delayed

Slightly wet land W1

2 Crops are moderately affected or planting datesdelayed

Moderately wet land W2

3 Crops seriously affected or delayed Very wet land W3

4 Swamp or marsh; too wet for cultivated crops Extremely wet land W4

Some land is subject to overflow at varied intervals and for varied periods of duration.S a r d a r T a i m u r H y a t - K h a n

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Frequency of this action and length of duration may affect farming operations. In such cases it isincluded in the Land Inventory.

Table 12: Frequency of Overflow.

Sr. Range Descriptive Term Symbol

1 Crops occasionally damaged or

planting delayed

Occasional overflow or of

short duration

f1

2 Crops frequently damaged or rangeof crops limited

Frequent overflow or oflong duration

f2

3 Growing of cultivated crops not

feasible

Very frequent overflow or

of very long duration

f3

Standard Mapping Symbols: The symbols shown above are standard, in order to overcomeany possibility of confusion. Further they are represented on the map, in a standard manner, as a

fraction symbol. Soil characteristics are shown as the numerator and land characteristics as the

denominator.

Soil:

Slope - Erosion

From a Land Inventory it is possible to determine the ability of the land to produce and the

type of action that must be taken to protect it or enhance its productivity.

Land Classes:

Land classes are divided into two main categories:

Suitable for Cultivation.Not Suitable for Cultivation.

These are further divided into sub-categories:

Class I: Deep, nearly level land that is not easily erodable. Suitable for all types of crops as

determined by limiting factors like climate and light intensity.

Class II: Good land with moderate limitations. Any one of the factors that are determined by

the Land Inventory and less than ideal, cause this distinction.

Class III: Moderately good land that can be cultivated with regular crop rotation.

Class IV: This is land where long rotation between pasture and grain crops should be

maintained on a 3 4 year basis.

Class V: These may be level and not subject to erosion but may be unsuited to cultivation dueto limiting factors as determined by the Land Inventory.

Class VI: These may be somewhat limited to pasture or forest because of shallow soils or

steep slopes.

Class VII: These have severe limitations for pasture or forestry.



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Class VIII: These lands are not suited for cultivation, pasture or forestry.Zoning:

The method of regulating Land use in accordance to the best use that suits the overall

community and the area itself by restricting usage and arranging components of the area in relation toa specified plan. Zoning is important for Sustainability as well as the equitable public regulation of

private and government property. A zoning exercise is rigid only in so far as topological details are

concerned. Principles should be adhered to without going into too many details. This leaves room for

rational adjustments in accordance to future requirements. Use density in any sense is specified andsustainability or using without using up or causing irretrievable damage is ensured. Most of this

data can be depicted graphically on various layers of a map.

Urban.Civic.

Business.

Industrial.Residential.

Recreational.

Institutional.Cultural Heritage.

Rural.

Built-up area.

Residential.Commercial.

Institutional.

Agricultural.Rangeland

Wilderness.

Forest.Recreational.

Pristine.

Reserves.

Parks.Protected Areas.

Heritage.

Zoning is important for Sustainability as well as the equitable public regulation of private and

government property. A zoning exercise is rigid only in so far as topological details are concerned.

Principles should be adhered to without going into too many details. This leaves room for rationaladjustments in accordance to future requirements. Use density in any sense is specified and

sustainability or using without using up or causing irretrievable damage is ensured.

Procedure:

The procedure and manner of carrying out the exercise can be as follows (with necessary

alterations depending upon specific sites).

Declaration of Intent.

Submission of Plan and Budgetary estimates (1 month).

Government Sanction.Invitation of Public objections (1 month).

Government consideration of objections, holding of inquiries if required and subsequent



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sanction for preparation (1-2 months).Preparation and publication in consultation with stakeholders (12 18 months).

Invitation of Public objections to draft scheme (1 month).

Consideration of objections, modification of draft scheme if required and submission forGovernment sanction (4 months).

Sanction of draft scheme and appointment of arbitrator.

Arbitrator proceedings for each area, publication of award and submission of detailedproposal (6 - 12 months).

Scrutiny of proposals by Tribunal of Arbitration, public proceedings and decisions (4

months).

Final scheme forwarded to Government.Final sanction after scrutiny and financial implications determination (5 months).

Enforcement (1 month after sanction). 36 to 48 months.

Objectives:

The objectives of the exercise are:

Provides overall framework for Sustainable development.Enables orderly expenditure of Public funds in prioritized manner on projects of permanent,

constructive and sustainable value.Stimulates wider interest in and understanding of development and environmental issues.Minimizes mutual conflict and brings about harmony and understanding between different

groups and members of society.

Ensures stimulation of and ensures basic economy generation.

Protection, preservation and enhancement of the economic, social, cultural, environmentaland aesthetic character of the District.

Bill: [6]

The urban sprawl and haphazard, unplanned construction in the District especially in the

thickly populated areas has created problems not only directly related to growth but has begun to

endanger the environment and our very way of life. It has therefore become necessary to empower

and give guidelines to the local bodies to immediately arrest such growth hence the Bill to enablelocal councils to specify areas for Land Use.

Whereas it is expedient to enable local councils in the Province to specify and designate areas

in their local limits for land use for the management of growth, encouraging comprehensive planning,governing the development and use of land, regulating non-conforming use and to preserve the

environment and our way of life and matters ancillary thereto in a manner that is economically

feasible, socially just and environmentally sound in order to achieve Sustainable Development.

It is Hereby Enacted as Follows:

1. This act may be called the Malakand Division Local Council Land Use & Sustainable

Development Enabling Act, 2001.A simple enabling provision could of course be inserted in an already existing Act;

however, this Act envisages the outline of the sort of zoning required by a Local Council. [7]

1.1 It shall extend to the whole of the District.1.2 It shall come into force at once.

* Although the Federal Government has declared certain Nature Reserves, there is no laweither Provincial or Federal that would enable any Department or Organization to do so.

2. In this Act unless the subject context otherwise requires:



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Construction means any man made structure whether temporary or permanent, built upon the landrequiring displacement of earth or change in nature of the land. Designated means designated by a

Notification issued by the Local Council. Government means Government of ------------ District.

Local Areas means an area under the jurisdiction of the Local Council.

Local Council means Local Council constituted under the N.W.F.P. Local Council Ordinance,

1979 but does not include the Union Council.* Union Councils have been excluded from Local Councils, as it would create

insurmountable problems at that tier of Government.

Record of Rights means and includes the document detailed in section 39 of the N.W.F.P. Land

Revenue Act, 1967.

Shamilat means and includes any area so shown in record of rights.Zone means an area specified or designated under this Act.* The District should be enabled to plan and specify areas for particular use in order to

realize its own needs and secondly to involve the community itself in the exercise. The list of zones

has been shaped not to be overly specific but only to provide a framework towards planning. It shall

ensure that haphazard overlapping of each zone does not take place. At the same time it would makeit incumbent upon each Local Council to carry out zoning exercises as the following section puts a

moratorium upon all construction until this exercise is completed. This list is not exhaustive and may

need further vetting of town planning etc.3. The Local Council shall designate the Local Areas within the Local Limits into one or moreof the following Zones:

Zone A.

Low density residential areas consisting of single or double story residential detached homes of not

less than 1 kanal plot size along with allied facilities and laid down setbacks.

Zone B.

Medium density residential areas consisting of double story houses of less than 1 Kanal plot size with

allied facilities and laid down setbacks.

Zone C.

High-density residential areas of no limit on plot sizes and erected structures and allied facilities thereupon.

Zone D.

Commercial area consisting of retail shops, bazaars and markets.

Zone E.

Commercial areas consisting of no limits, high rise shopping malls and other retail outlets and

commercial bazaars.

Zone F.

Commercial area consisting of service areas such as motor mechanics and other service providers

requiring large plot sizes.Zone G.

Warehouses, godowns and mundies.

Zone H.

Industrial areas consisting of small and medium size industries and cottage industries.

Zone I.

Industrial areas of no limits large industries.

* The proviso will ensure that the courts could go into the question of malafide changesthereby keeping a check upon such misuse.



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Zone J.

Agricultural area where no construction of more than 2000 sq. ft. is allowed for a minimum plot of 3

acres or more.

* Urban area planning is already envisaged in the local bodys ordinance; however this has

not been implemented. This section will not only solve that problem but shall also include the

unplanned urbanization taking place in the rural areas.

Zone K.Forest areas with regulated felling/ re-planting.

Zone L.

Rangelands for grazing/ pastures.

Zone M.

Natural reserves where no construction, agriculture, hunting or any human activity is allowed.

Zone N.

Shamilat land, community service areas such as parks, schools, mosques, grazing land, graveyards,

etc.

* The concept of Shamilat exists traditionally in our society. This concept is incorporated in

the record of rights; the absence of any law regulating the use of such land has defeated its

envisaged purpose of common village land to be used by its owners for collective benefit.This section aims to remedy that problem and give to the local council large tracts of land which

could be used by them for community development and at the same time ensure and arrest

misappropriation by individual Deh owners and preserve village communities as we know themtoday. It would also ensure resumption of all such land that has been encroached upon over the

years.

Zone O.

Any other zone with the prior permission of the Government.

* As the above section takes away the rights of the individual to make any construction after

the designation of the zones and it is envisaged that all areas of the District (except the cantonments)

shall be so zoned, it would be necessary to safeguard the existing construction. However, it isalso envisaged that at a point later in time these areas must also fall in line with the designated zones

as we have already allowed cancerous growth to overtake our cities and villages.

4. The local council may redesignate any zone or change its boundaries with the prior permission

of the Government, provided that such a change or redesignation is not made maliciously.

5. A complete moratorium is hereby placed upon all construction and land use in the Districtuntil:

5.1 Master plan has been drawn under section 76 of the N.W.F.P. Local Government Ordinance,

1979 and approved by the District Government.

5.2 The local council for the areas falling within their local limits specifies zones.

6. Ownership and possession of Shamilat lands shall be deemed to vest exclusively in the local

council within whose local area the Shamilat is situated.

7. The existing construction legally made before the commencement of this Act shall remainoutside the ambit of this law until a procedure is laid down by the local council in the rules framed

under this Act whereby a time frame shall be set out to put the existing construction in conformity

with the zones specified under this Act.

8. The local council may:

8.1 Make rules to carry out the purpose of this Act.

8.2 Make byelaws to further manage, control and govern the zones designated by the local

council.



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[6] Anjum Saeed, Rotary Club Abbottabad.[7] Paras in Italics by the Author, Sirdar Timur Hyat-Khan.

The conditions for food security in the rural areas are not sustainable as existing Cultural

Practices as well as Fertilizer/ Pesticide Regimes are harmful to the environment. Environment and

Predator Protection are very much needed as nutrient leaching and absence of organic material andbiota are severely restricting yields and aggravating pest and disease susceptibility. The problem is

further compounded by the fact that we are practicing out dated and harmful methods of agricultureand horticulture. Unstabalized and inappropriate fertilizers that have been proved to be detrimental to

the environment and cause conditions that lead to extensive use of Pesticides that are further

damaging, are the rule of the day. This has led to Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Companieshaving a heyday at the expense of the poor farmer; the environment; biodiversity and human health.

Environmental Pollution and degradation in the shape of liquid and biodegradable solid waste are

spreading disease and contaminating the aquifers that are a source of drinking water for our cominggenerations. Wastewater Gardens are small-scale sewage treatment systems similar to Reedbeds,

which use Phytoremediation (using plants for remediation of liquid waste) and Bioaugmentation

(addition of specific non-toxic bacteria) and are efficient biological remediation measures that produce biomass as a byproduct while providing water fit for agriculture or aquaculture.Biodegradable Solid Waste is spreading disease and encouraging the prolific infestation of disease

vectors such as rats; flies; mosquitoes etc. Rapid bioaugmented composting by addition of non-toxic

bacteria suited to the task of breaking down degradable solid waste along with favorable conditionsproduce valuable soil amendment within weeks. In order to ensure Kitchen Garden Food Self-

Sufficiency at the very minimum and provide a basis for safe, more quantity and quality produce the

problem needs to be addressed immediately.6.1 Plant Protection through complete plant nutrition is very much achievable and desirable as

introduction of toxic materials in the name of plant protection is extremely detrimental to the food

chain. Introduction of Permaculture; Polyculture and Direct Seed; No-Till Farming to mimic the

Forest Biome Eco Friendly Regime is the need of the times! Landless rural poor and females aremarginalized with restricted economy generating capacity. They need to be focused upon by

providing Food Security as well as Micro Industry/ Enterprise at their door steps.

6.2 Sustainable Development is not possible without sustainable agriculture. Environmentalpollution of soil, water and air; resource depletion and nature degradation as well as socio-

economic problems, are seriously impacting the carrying capacity of the land. As such there is an

urgent requirement for upland farming systems to be redesigned and transformed into moresustainable ones. Agriculture is a multifunctional and multiple objective activity which has to

supply food in sufficient quantity and quality and the supply itself must be stable, sustainable and

accessible. Agriculture must provide employment and generate basic income and profit at farm,

regional and national levels and strictly avoid and minimize land degradation and destabilization;

pollution of natural resources, protect the great cycles of nature; as well as ensure the overallhealth and well-being of humans, animals, birds, insects and microbes.

6.3 Permaculture is an approach to designing human settlements and perennial agriculturalsystems that mimic the relationships found in natural ecologies. Permanent agriculture is understood

as agriculture that can be sustained indefinitely by creating stable agricultural systems. This has

arisen from observation of rapidly growing use of destructive industrial-agricultural methods. Thesemethods are poisoning the land and water, reducing biodiversity, and removing billions of tons of soil

from previously fertile landscapes. The term permaculture initially meant "permanent agriculture"

but was quickly expanded to also stand for "permanent culture" as it was seen that social aspects werean integral part of a truly sustainable system. By the early 1980s, the concept had moved on from



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being predominantly about the design of agricultural systems towards being a more fully holisticdesign process for creating sustainable human habitats. Permaculture's fundamental contribution to

the field of ecological design is the development of a concise set of broadly applicable organizing

principles that can be transferred through a brief intensive training.Modern permaculture is a system design tool. It is a way of:

1. Looking at a whole system or problem;

2. Observing how the parts relate;3. Planning to mend damaged systems by applying ideas learnt from long-term sustainable

working systems;

4. Seeing connections between key parts.

"Radical design of information-rich, multi-storey polyculture systems" (Mollison & Slay 1991).Permaculture is a broad-based and holistic approach that has many applications to all aspects

of life. At the heart of permaculture design and practice is a fundamental set of core values or ethics

which remain constant whatever a person's situation, whether they are creating systems for townplanning or trade; whether the land they care for is only a window box or an entire forest. These

'ethics' are often summarized as;

Earthcare recognizing that Earth is the source of all life, that Earth is our valuable home,and that we are a part of Earth, not apart from it.

Peoplecare supporting and helping each other to change to ways of living that do not harmourselves or the planet, and to develop healthy societies.

Fairshare (or placing limits on consumption) - ensuring that Earth's limited resources are

used in ways that are equitable and wise.

Modern thought about permaculture began with the issue of sustainable food production. Itstarted with the belief that for people to feed themselves sustainably, they need to move away from

reliance on industrialized agriculture. Where industrial farms use technology powered by fossil fuels

(such as gasoline, diesel and natural gas), and each farm specializes in producing high yields of asingle crop, permaculture stresses the value of low inputs and diverse crops. The model for this was

an abundance of small-scale market and home gardens for food production, and a main issue was

food miles.Such a web of intricate connections allows a diverse population of plant life and animals to

survive by giving them food and shelter. One of the innovations of permaculture design was to

appreciate the efficiency and productivity of natural ecosystems, to use natural energies (wind,

gravity, solar, fire, wave and more) and seek to apply this to the way human needs for food andshelter are met.



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Figure 15:Stratification.

Permaculture Guilds are groups of plants, animals and micro bacteria which work particularlywell together. The Three Sisters of maize, squash and beans is a well known guild.The seven layers of the forest garden.

In permaculture and forest gardening, seven layers are identified:1. The canopy

2. Low tree layer (dwarf fruit trees)

3. Shrubs

4. Herbaceous5. Rhizosphere (root crops)

6. Soil Surface (cover crops)

7. Vertical Layer (climbers, vines)An eighth layer, Mycosphere (fungi), is often included.

Permaculture has also been used successfully as a development tool to help meet the needs of

indigenous communities facing degraded standards of living from development of land and theintroduction of industrialized food, Demonstrating new ways of low impact, sustainable living".

6.4 Polyculture is agriculture using multiple crops in the same space, in imitation of the diversity of

natural ecosystems, and avoiding large stands of single crops, or monoculture. It includes croprotation, multi-cropping, and inter-cropping. Alley cropping is a simplification of the layered

system which typically uses just two layers, with alternate rows of trees and smaller plants.

6.5 Rational Farming: The Natural World is subject to certain Laws and patterns that serve to

maintain a balance. This balance has led to evolutionary adaptation and development of life forms that areat the same time dependent upon Nature or the Eco System that they inhabit in the overall Environment as

well as interdependent upon each other for survival. However, there exist numerous and often deleterious

affect causing, human and pest interventions that must be rationally and sustainably managed on a

sustained or self sustaining basis in order to perpetuate the Bioenvironment and avoid breakdown. HomoTechnicalis has the ability to either nurture or destroy this delicate balance. Only complete understanding

and careful monitoring can ensure correct and proper Bioenvironmental Management.The existing Food Chains and Webs need to be reinforced and replenished in order to ensure health

and continued functioning.

The vital human requirements for food, water, and air cannot be left to the mercy of ruthless, short

sighted and short-term exploitation that leaves death, destruction, and permanent loss in its wake!A factor common to all of the before mentioned agricultural developments and indeed part of them

is Plant Nutrition. In fact, the basis of the controversy is the deleterious effects of Plant Nutrition as



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introduced by the Green Revolution. Rather than only highlight the positive results accrued by thisrevolution, it would serve humanity to take lessons from past mistakes or oversights and move to correct

them. This does not take from venerable reputations but rather reinforces them by provision of continuity

rather than termination. A greater and deeper understanding of organics and their inorganic building blocksis badly required.

Organics are high-energy-level compounds that have arisen due to energy input (usually from the

sun) to low-energy-level inorganic elements and or compounds. Thus, low-energy-level inorganicmaterials arise to constitute the parts of high-energy-level organic compounds and entities of progressively

higher life forms that, in turn are subject to reversion to low-energy-level inorganic materials on

decomposition and/ or death1. With this as a fact, there is absolutely no basis for an organic versus

inorganic debate what so ever. The debate should revolve around the safety of the introduction by humansof fabricated materials into the environment. In case they are not safe then safer materials need to be

developed and unsafe materials need to be banned, immediately or whenever such safe materials are

available.It is an inescapable fact that all life forms require nutrition to maintain life. Modern research has

shown that a life form must change its physical constituents quite rapidly in order to meet its growth and

existence requirements. Indeed, we require a constant supply of all kinds of atoms, molecules, andcompounds in order to replace what is being lost. The environment provides us with air and water to fulfill

our need and indeed that of all life forms with Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen which make up over 90% ofthe life forms body, be it human, animal or plants. Apart from this there are a number of essential rawmaterials required; this ranges from eighteen to forty for human beings. Of these eighteen are most

commonly required, i.e. fifteen apart from the three already mentioned. These elements are the same for

humans, animals, and plants. As yet however, only plants are able to synthesize these raw materials into

assimilable forms and make them available to humans and animals on an economic scale. There are sixclasses of nutrients for humans; of these four supply indispensable building materials. These are water;

protein; minerals and vitamins. The other two are classed as energy foods (carbohydrates and fats, oils) and

are interchangeable whereas the previous four are not.Just as living organisms shed their components and replace them on a continuous basis thereby

consuming energy so too does Nature constantly consume energy through breakdown of organic matter,

weathering process in the soil, the hydrothermal cycle, and mobility of substances in soil, water, and air.Many dynamic and interdependent chains and cycles exist within the Biosphere as elements are cycled and

recycled, are consumed and/ or replenished, subjected to output losses due to lack of input: output balance.

Stable Eco Systems are those wherein minerals (essential elements) and particulate material are retained by

recycling them within its constituent sub-systems. It is important to note that rebuilding of this dynamicrecycling, in case of disruption, can take from 60 to 80 years and longer depending upon the severity of the

disruption. Secondly, it has taken millions of years for these Eco Systems to evolve. For instance, soil that

has been either deposited or built up in millions of years can be lost within a few years if mismanaged.Thus, large quantities of minerals are removed. If Compost or well-rotted Farm Yard Manure is

inculcated in the soil, quantities of these minerals are returned to the soil and fertility is replenished to the

extent of addition. Since Farm Yard Manure does not contain sufficient minerals to replace those removed,

unless prohibitively large quantities of rarely available manure are added. Even when composted withbiodegradable organic material, the output: input ratio is not balanced. Thus, agricultural soils face

continuous depletion (Nutrient Mining). This is compounded by runoff and leaching losses due to poor

cultural practices. Thirdly, over use of deadly pesticides and herbicides tend to kill or eliminate useful biotain the form of microbes and fungi. These biota are of vital importance as they mineralize organic material

and provide them to plants and other energy pathways within the Eco System.

Therefore, if uptake is value 5, retention is 1 and return is 2, then Nutrient Mining output: input ratiowill be 5:3 representing a net loss of 2 per crop leading to declining fertility. When organic material and

1 Environment Systems Engineering, Linvil G. Rich. Mcgraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-052250-2



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biota are absent or deficient then the even 2 return is not or partially mineralized and will not be availableto the plants. Thus, our Nutrient Reserves are soon exhausted.

If cultivated land is managed correctly, nutrient reserves can be replenished and fertility levels can be

increased. For example, nutrient loss from the Eco System is minimized by presence of plants that holdsoil through their roots and thus prevent erosion; convert water run-off to evapo-transpiration and restrict

leaching losses; provide shade and reduce rates of decomposition of organic matter so that the supply of

soluble ions available for loss via run-off is lessened.If sufficient nutrients and compounds are provided to the plant, uptake from the reserve is curtailed

and soil fertility is maintained. These nutrients etc. must be in a chemical form that makes it available to

the plant and must be stable and safe for the environment.

Thus, we see that provision of Plant Nutrition and Correct Cultural Practices are of primeimportance. These are common to all seed; often critical for hybrid or Genetically Modified Organisms. If

either of these two is not rational, the result is poor quality and quantity produce as well as more

susceptibility of the plant to Negative Growth Factors and pest attacks.Thus, we see that humans require minerals either directly from plants or from animals dependent

upon plants (meat, milk, eggs etc.). It is the human, animal or plant that makes organic compounds out of

basic essential building materials. Some of these organic compounds are known as hormones, which aredescribed as chemical messengers that excite one response or the other in the bodys organs or tissues.

Plants normally obtain their mineral requirements from the soil and the ability of a soil to provide theproper elements and compounds, in proper amounts and in proper balance for growth of specified plantswhen temperature and other factors are favorable is what determines soil fertility (proper means in the

ionic forms commonly absorbed by the plant).

Figure 16: Farmyard Rapid Composting with Bioaugmentation.

It is highly recommended to use compost or manure for its primary beneficial roles such as:



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Table 13: Composting Benefits.

Nutrient provision either by seed coating (not sufficient due to limited amount of nutrients that

can be coated) or foliar application, ensures that the target plant is the sole beneficiary and weeds orother undesirable p

Malakand_PC-1_Pilot2

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