Making A Safe Region Safer: Lessons from Canada and Abroad: Invest in Effective Prevention, Promote Collaboration between Key Sectors Irvin Waller President,

Making A Safe Region Safer:Lessons from Canada and Abroad:Invest in Effective Prevention, Promote

Collaboration between Key SectorsIrvin Waller

President, International Organization for Victim Assistance

Full Professor, University of Ottawa

www.irvinwaller.org |www.iovahelp.org | @IrvinWaller

www.irvinwaller.org

2

www.irvinwaller.org

Guiding Principles include:

• Prevent crime through community leadership and a local approach

• Prevent crime through evidence and evaluation-based experience

• Prevent crime by establishing integrated, multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary responses and partnerships

• Preventing crime through sustainable responses

3

www.irvinwaller.org

4

Shifting government policy from ¨justice¨ for offenders to rights for

victims and taxpayers

From To

Retributive justice Protection of victims

More Police, prisoners and lawyers

Nurses, teachers, victims´ lawyers, smart policing, city collaboration

Debate Criminal Code Action plan, target risk and $

Response Punishment to fit crime Measures to reduce crime and assist victims

Results Morearrests and sentences

and tax spending

Fewervictims and offenders and

smart return on investment

www.irvinwaller.org

Progress in Making Shift (4 examples)

1. Alberta Crime Reduction Strategy– Task force to diagnose and make recommendations– Enforcement plus rehabilitation plus prevention– Safecom to implement and evaluate– Long term framework

2. Winnipeg Auto Theft Suppression Strategy– Diagnose– Enforcement plus situational cp plus cp through social

development– Large investment - $50 million– 83% reduction and big savings

5

www.irvinwaller.org

Progress in Making Shift(4 examples)

3. National Crime Prevention Centre– Testing application of proven best practices– $50 million ($1.5 million a year for 5 years)

4. National Municipal Network– 14 cities– Some strategic planning with diagnosis and

application– Some responsibility centres

6

www.irvinwaller.org

Government of Alberta established in 2008 the Safe Communities

Secretariat • In part influenced by Less Law, More Order and its focus

on what is effective and cost efficient in reducing victimisation combined with planned implementation

• SafeCom orchestrates collaboration between nine social development and enforcement ministries by developing and funding ($500 million) a major three pronged strategy of prevention, treatment and enforcement based on evidence about what works.

• For every extra dollar on policing, it plans to spend $1 on prevention and $2 on treatment.

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.l

esslawmoreorder.c

om

7

www.irvinwaller.org

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.l

esslawmoreorder.c

om

8

Making Safe Peel Region Safer:Invest in Effective Prevention, Promote Collaboration between Key Sectors

Use Positive Conclusions from Prestigious Organizations

Face Challenge but Avoid Over-Expenditures on Standard Reaction

Invest in Effective Prevention –focus on women, young men and neighborhoods at risk

Promote Sustained Collaboration and Diagnosis

www.irvinwaller.org

10

World report on violence and health

World report on violence and health

www.irvinwaller.org

11

Sources of truth about preventing victimisation

Thirty years of scientific evaluations of outcomes

• Comparisons of outcomes following – those who experienced a ¨prevention¨ program

tackling risk factors (remedy for negative life experience)

– With those who experienced the ¨standard¨ system of police, courts and corrections and ¨standard¨ social welfare and education programs

• Many experiments using ¨Random Control Trials¨

• Many using long term follow-up studies (longitudinal cohorts)

• Some using cost-benefit analyses

www.irvinwaller.org

12

Sources of truth about preventing victimisation: prestigeous agencies have reviewed accumulation

of meta-analyses of evaluations• United Nations

– World Health Organization, 2002, 2004, 2009, 2010– UN Guidelines on Crime Prevention, 1996, 2002– Habitat – Safer Cities, 1996-

• Authoritative Sources– US DOJ Crimesolutions.gov (2011)– US National Research Council, 1998-2005 (USA) (Police, 2004)– Problem Oriented Policing Center (2002)– Washington State Institute for Public Policy (2000 - )– British Inspectorate of Police, 1998 (UK)– Home Office and Treasury, 1997 (UK)– Report to US Congress, 1997 (USA)– International Centre for Prevention of Crime, affiliated with UN

• Inspiring Examples, 1997/1999/2005• Crime Prevention Digest, 1997/1999

– Audit Commission, 1996 (UK)– Blue Prints, 1996

www.irvinwaller.org

Sources in Canada of What has Worked

• Public Health Agency of Canada– Preventing violence best practice portal

• National Crime Prevention Centre of Public Safety Canada– Lists of proven projects to be retested in Canada

(2011, 2008)– Funding negotiable for up to 5 years and $7.5 million

• Prevnet– School bullying

13

www.irvinwaller.org

14

Canadian Endorsement of Prevention as Effective and Needed Policy Option

• Government Reports– Parliamentary Reports, 1993/1997– National Crime Prevention Council,1996– Quebec Crime Prevention Policy, 1993, 2001– Alberta Crime Reduction Task Force, 2007– Canada Best Practice Portals – NCPC, PHAC

• United Nations Guidelines on Crime Prevention, 1996, 2002 (Canadian government initiative)

• Non-government Reports– CACP and 40 member coalition 2004-– FCM 1991-– CCSD 1983-– CPHA 2007 –

Making SafePeel Region Safer:Invest in Effective Prevention, Promote Collaboration between Key Sectors

Use Positive Conclusions from Prestigious Organizations

Face Challenge but Avoid Over-Expenditures on Standard Reaction

Invest in Effective Prevention –focus on women, young men and neighborhoods at risk

Promote Sustained Collaboration and Diagnosis

www.irvinwaller.org

16Audit Commission

www.irvinwaller.org

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.lesslawmoreorder.com 17

Too Many Victims of Crime with Unacceptable Costs and Consequences

On average, each year in a Canadian region of 1,300,000 persons• The combination of all interpersonal crime will

cost victims $3.3 billion, including an estimated – 80,000 adults will be victims of assault– 20,000 victims of sexual assault, and – 23,000 victims of thefts from or of cars;

• Out of local property taxes police services will cost $300 million

• Out of federal and provincial taxes, police services will cost another $100 million and correctional services $200 million

www.irvinwaller.org

Too Many Headlines for Gang related homicides (approx 1 in 5)

18

www.irvinwaller.org19

www.irvinwaller.org

www.irvinwaller.org

www.irvinwaller.org

Making Safe Peel Region Safer:Invest in Effective Prevention, Promote Collaboration between Key Sectors

Use Positive Conclusions from Prestigious Organizations

Face Challenge but Avoid Over-Expenditures on Standard Reaction

Invest in Effective Prevention –focus on women, young men and neighborhoods at risk

Promote Sustained Collaboration and Diagnosis

www.irvinwaller.org

24

Make youth flourish rather than crime

www.irvinwaller.org25

Common Established Risk FactorsIndividual Factors: Social Factors:

Interpersonal Skills: Families:

-Poor Self Management-Social Skill Deficits-Aggressiveness

-Inconsistent and Uncaring Parenting (neglect and abuse)-Lack of Pro-Social Models

Cognitive Skills: Employment and Education:

-Limited Cognitive Abilities (including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

-Academic Failure-Truancy and Dropping out of School-Unemployment

Substance Misuse: Social Networks:

-Addictions to Alcohol-Addictions to Drugs

-Delinquent Friends-Gang Membership-Alienation-Social Exclusion and Marginalization

Community:

-Community/Neighbourhood Disorganization-Lack of Collective Efficacy-Extreme Poverty and Poor Living Conditions

IPC (2010); WHO (2002, 2009); Hussain (2006)

www.irvinwaller.org

26

Large scale data sets confirm social, situational and location of crime

• 5% of youth account for 55% of offences– Longitudinal studies confirm 5% risk factors such as

relative poverty, ineffective parenting and dropping out of school

• 4% of victims account for 44% of victimisation– Victimisation studies confirm 4% risk life routines such

as not guarding goods, vulnerable to opportunity, close to offenders

www.irvinwaller.org27

Examples of Pre-Crime Prevention Programs Tackling Risk Factors

Targeting Ages 0-5 Targeting Ages 6-11 Targeting Ages 12-17

Nurse Home Visitation SNAP (Stop Now and Plan)

Youth Inclusion Program

Triple P Positive Parenting Program

Olweus Bullying Prevention Program

Mentoring (Big Brothers Big Sisters)

Aboriginal Group Triple P Roots of Empathy 4th R

Perry Preschool Program Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies

(PATHS)

Life Skills Training

Communities that Care (CTC)

Quantum Opportunities

NCPC (2008); Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (2010)

www.irvinwaller.org28

Examples of Pre-Crime Prevention Programs Tackling Risk Factors for Specific Groups/Crimes

Auto-Theft Reduction

Youth Gang Involvement

Crime Affecting Aboriginal Peoples

Violence Against Women

Winnipeg Auto Theft Reduction

Strategy (WATSS)

Boston Gun Project and Operation Ceasefire

Aboriginal Group Triple P

Fourth R Program

The Chicago Project for Violence

Prevention (Gangs and

Guns)

‘Nemi’simk, Seeing Oneself

Intervention’ (Targeting

Substance Abuse)

The Cowichan Women Against

Violence Society – Safer Futures

Program

Spotlight Gang Program

(Winnipeg)

Project Venture (Targeting

Substance Abuse)

www.irvinwaller.org

29

What works to reduce victimization:

One dollar for prevention equals Seven dollars for mass incarceration

Making Safe Peel Region Safer:Invest in Effective Prevention, Promote Collaboration between Key Sectors

Use Positive Conclusions from Prestigious Organizations

Face Challenge but Avoid Over-Expenditures on Standard Reaction

Invest in Effective Prevention –focus on women, young men and neighborhoods at risk

Promote Sustained Collaboration and Diagnosis

www.irvinwaller.org

31

www.irvinwaller.org

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.l

esslawmoreorder.c

om

32

The Members of the Municipal Network

• In 2006, IPC with support from NCPC invited the Mayors of 14 municipalities to delegate an official responsible for community safety to join the Municipal Network

www.irvinwaller.org

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.l

esslawmoreorder.c

om

33

www.irvinwaller.org

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.l

esslawmoreorder.c

om

34

Series I – Invest Smartly in Safety for the City

1.1 Why Invest shows the argument for cities to take responsibility for investing pre-crime prevention. It talks about the challenge. It focuses on the promise of prevention. Who and what is the municpal network.

1.2 How to Invest shows how to use knowledge and experience to target what works and avoid what does not work. It calls for matching increases in expenditures on enforcement with increases in effective and sustained pre-crime prevention. It talks to ways to guide and leverage funding from other orders of government, the private sector and foundations.

1.3 Take Responsibility demonstrates why and how to create or strengthen a responsibility centre – a small secretariat – to develop and foster collaboration between the municipality, school boards, the police service and non-governmental organizations. This can reap dividends in focused pre-crime prevention, including through tri-partite arrangements with other orders of government.

1.4. Plan Strategically shows key steps in developing a strategic plan to identify where current resources and new investments would decrease crime and enhance community safety and where populations, places and neighbourhoods within the municipality have special needs. It provides a basis for priorities, implementation and evaluation.

1.5 Engage the Public discusses how to engage the public in taking actions to reduce crime and enhance community safety as well as identify and enlist existing community groups that can help with crime prevention and solve their neighbourhood’s problems. It shows how public engagement can enrich and sustain effective crime prevention actions.

www.irvinwaller.org

35

Multi-sector governance to tackle multiple risk factors

www.irvinwaller.org

The process of engaging citizens, services, and organizations in changing economic, social and community conditions that are known to negatively

impact safety and security.

What is Municipal Crime Prevention?

www.irvinwaller.org

Estimated increase in resources allocated to prevention efforts by a CPC member

organization

1995

5%

95%

2004

30%

70%Prevention

Direct Serviceand CrisisManagement

www.irvinwaller.org

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.l

esslawmoreorder.c

om

38

Series 2 – Tackle Safety Successfully in the City

2.1 Safe Streets discusses effective ways to reduce youth and young adult violence, including violence around gangs. It highlights successful violence reduction in cities in Canada and abroad. It shows specific ways for municipalities to make streets safer.

2.2 Women’s Safety is often overlooked in cities. Municipal action in Canada and abroad has reduced physical and sexual violence against women as well as helped women of all ages feel safer. Municipal stakeholders must make investment decisions for safety that are more sensitive to women.

2. 3 Aboriginal Peoples’ Safety is a daunting challenge because of the intergenerational and acute nature of the risk factors that lead to violence. These problems cannot be solved by more police and imprisonment. The solutions lie in comprehensive actions identified in the other Action Briefs and engagement of Aboriginal leaders in using promising strategies.

2.4 Property Safety shows effective ways to reduce property crime such as theft from and of automobiles, break and enter and so on. It uses the inspiring example of the auto theft reduction in the province of Manitoba. Cooperative planning using urban design, transportation policy, policing strategy and engaging practitioners are proven ways to succeed.

2.5 Policing for Safety encourages municipalities to use their current police resources more efficiently and effectively to reduce crime. Greater use should be made of best policing practices, identified internationally, including using crime analysis to guide strategies and partnering with social, school and other agencies.

www.irvinwaller.org

City of Edmonton Action Plan

Investing In Children, Youth and Families

1. Family and Community Safety Focusing on Schools as Hubs

2. A “Turn Away from Gangs” Initiative

3. Community Coordination on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Catalyzing Change

4. A 24/7 Service Delivery Model for High-Needs Populations

5. Cultural Community Groups

6. Neighbourhood Organizing Initiatives

New Leadership

7. A New Community Safety Coordinating Council to Integrate Sustainable Community Safety Effort

8. A Sustainability Strategy for Prevention

9. An Innovative Evaluation Framework to Measure Success

39

www.irvinwaller.org

40

www.irvinwaller.org

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.l

esslawmoreorder.c

om

41

Key Sources of Assistance and Information

Cities looking for assistance to invest more smartly and tackle safety more successfully can turn to the following

• Cities in Municipal Network • Government and non-government centres of expertise• Tool kits, publications and more• Authors of the Action Briefs• www.irvinwaller.org

www.irvinwaller.org

Increase Municipal Capacity

• Foster coaching exchange between municipalities and foster harnessing knowledge

• Increase numbers of municipalities engaged in crime prevention

• Increase awareness of benefits and feasibility of crime prevention

• Develop standards and train key leaders and coordinators on effective crime prevention

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.l

esslawmoreorder.c

om

42

Making Safe Peel Region Safer:Invest in Effective Prevention, Promote Collaboration between Key Sectors

Use Positive Conclusions from Prestigious Organizations

Face Challenge but Avoid Over-Expenditures on Standard Reaction

Invest in Effective Prevention –focus on women, young men and neighborhoods at risk

Promote Sustained Collaboration and Diagnosis

www.irvinwaller.orgLess Law, More Order

44

Local government safety and crime reduction strategies

• Leadership Centre– Establish a responsibility centre for crime reduction and

prevention, involving sectors such as education, health, housing, child protection and policing and engaging neighbors

• Strategic Plan– Coordinate the development and implementation of a strategic

planning process that • Analyses local crime problems, identifies gaps, develops solutions,

implements programs and evaluates progress• Use local victimization and self-report survey to guide and evaluate

• Foster Targeted Investment– Foster local partnerships and coordinate the implementation of

effective local solutions, including guiding and leveraging (lobbying for) federal and provincial programs

www.irvinwaller.org

Making the Investment for Safety

• Planning, coordination and innovation at municipal level to start at a $1 per person ($1,300,000 for a municipality of 1,300,000 persons)

• Big Cities Mayors Caucus calls for $1 for smart prevention for every $1 increase in policing

• More investment will reduce crime more.

45

www.irvinwaller.org

Federal-Provincial-Territorial Investment and Planned Coordination

1. National Action Plan1. To Reduce Crime and Prevent Victimization

2. By mobilizing key sectors (schools, housing, policing …public)

3. Around safety diagnosis, priorities, implementation, evaluation

4. And so guide smart investment in prevention

2. Orchestrated by responsibility centres at all levels of government (eg. SafeCom)

3. Matching Increased Funding for Enforcement with Increased Funding for Prevention

4. Investment in1. Research and development on what works (eg NCPC Blue

Print)

2. Training, professional development and conferences

www.ipc.uottawa.ca

www.l

esslawmoreorder.c

om

46

www.irvinwaller.org

For the harm done by the offender, he is responsible

For the harm done because we do not use the best knowledge when that is available to

us, we are responsible47

www.irvinwaller.org48