Making 5G NR mmWave a commercial reality In your smartphone and beyond May 2018
Making 5G NR mmWave a commercial realityIn your smartphone and beyond
May 2018
2
• Fiber-like data speeds• Low latency for real-time interactivity• More consistent performance • Massive capacity for unlimited data
5G is essential for next generation mobile experiences
Augmentedreality
Connected cloudcomputing
Connectedvehicle
Immersive experiences
High-speed mobility
Rich user-generatedcontent
Mobilizing mediaand entertainment
Congested environments
33
Diverse services Scalability to address an extreme variation of requirements
Diverse deployments From macro to indoor hotspots, with support for diverse topologies
Mid-bands1 GHz to 6 GHz
High-bandsAbove 24 GHz (mmWave)
Low-bandsBelow 1 GHzMassive Internet
of Things
Diverse spectrum Getting the most out of a wide array of spectrum bands/types
NR Designing a unified, more capable 5G air interface
A unifying connectivity fabric for future innovationA platform for existing, emerging, and unforeseen connected services
Mission-critical
services
Enhanced mobile
broadband
5GNR
www.qualcomm.com/5G-NRLearn more:
4
First 5G NR standard complete — the global 5G standard
20182017 20202019 20222021
Release 17+ evolutionRel-16 work itemsRel-15 work items
Phase 2
Commercial launchesPhase 1
Commercial launchesNRField trialsIoDTs
Standalone (SA)
Accelerate eMBB deployments,
plus establish foundation for
future 5G innovations
Deliver new fundamental 5G NR
technologies that expand and
evolve the 5G ecosystem
Continue to evolve LTE in parallel as essential part of the 5G Platform
NSA
Approvedstudy items
We are here
55
Efficiently address
diverse spectrum,
deployments/services
Scalable OFDM-based air interface
Scalable OFDM
numerology
Flexible slot-based framework
Self-contained
slot structure
Advanced channel coding
Massive MIMO
Mobile mmWave
Multi-Edge LDPC and
CRC-Aided Polar
Reciprocity-based
MU-MIMO
Key enabler to low
latency, URLLC and
forward compatibility
Efficiently support large
data blocks and a reliable
control channel
Efficiently utilize a large
number of antennas to
increase coverage/capacity
Enables wide mmWave
bandwidths for extreme
capacity and throughput
Beamforming
and beam-tracking
3GPP Rel-15 establishes a solid foundation for 5G NR
Our technology inventions are driving Rel-15 specificationsEarly R&D investments | Best-in-class prototypes | Fundamental contributions to 3GPP
For enhanced mobile broadband and beyond
66
Designed for diverse spectrum bands/typesGlobal snapshot of 5G spectrum bands allocated or targeted
Licensed
Unlicensed /shared
Existing band
New 5G band
600MHz (2x35MHz) 3.55-3.7 GHz
24.25-24.45GHz
24.75-25.25GHz
27.5-28.35GHz
700MHz (2x30 MHz) 3.4–3.8GHz 24.5-27.5GHz
3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz
3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz
3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz
3.6–3.8GHz
3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz
3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz
4.4–4.9GHz 27.5-29.5GHz
3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz
3.6–4.2GHz
64-71GHz
37-37.6GHz
37.6-40GHz
47.2-48.2GHz
5.9–6.4GHz
5.9–7.1GHz
600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz
2.5GHz (LTE B41)
37-37.6GHz
37.6-40GHz
24.25-27.5GHz
26.5-27.5GHz
3.7-4.2GHz
3.55-3.7 GHz
700MHz (2x30 MHz)
700MHz (2x30 MHz)
700MHz (2x30 MHz)
700MHz (2x30 MHz)
5GHz4GHz3GHz<1GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz
7
Mobilizing 5G NR mmWaveThe new frontier for enhanced mobile broadband
88
Pushing wireless boundaries is in our DNA
Overcoming numerous wireless challenges to mobilize mmWave
2017Proving them wrong, again.
Many argue mmWave is too complex
for a smartphone. Many say it just won’t work for mobile deployments.
1989We proved them wrong.
Many argued that CDMA was too complex to deploy. Others said it just wouldn’t work.
Coverage
Innovations to overcome
significant path loss in
bands above 24 GHz
Robustness
Innovations to overcome
blockage from hand, body,
walls, foliage, etc.
Device size/power
Innovations to optimize
mmWave design for
smartphone form factor
99
Mobilizing mmWave with 5G NR technologiesKey properties for robust mmWave operation in a NLOS mobile environment
Very dense network
topology and spatial reuse
(~150-200m ISD)
Fast beam steering
and switching within
an access point
Tight integration
with sub-6 GHz
(LTE or NR)
Architecture that allows
for fast beam switching
across access points
Directional antennas with adaptable
3D beamforming and beam tracking
NLOS operation
Macro
(Sub-6 GHz)
Seamless mobility
10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Hand blockage
Th
eta
(d
eg
)
150
100
50
0
Phi (deg)
Total Gain (dBi)Total Power Max=8.8 dBi
10
5
0
-5
5G NR can also leverage UE antenna diversityTo overcome hand-blocking
Qualcomm Research is a division of Qualcomm Technologies
Mitigates hand-blocking and reduces impact of random user orientation
Qualcomm Research Simulations
Provides nearly spherical coverage in free space
Front Antenna Module
(+X, +Y, +Z direction)
Back Antenna Module
(-X, -Y, -Z direction)
Z
X
Y
Phi
Theta
1111
Best-in-class 5G NR mobile prototype systemsSub-6 GHz and mmWave
5G NR UERFFE in mobile form-factors
to mimic real-world performance
5G NR gNodeBEnable early system-level testing
and demonstrations
5G NR BasebandFlexibly designed to track and drive
3GPP standardization in Rel-15+
• World’s first announced 5G NR prototype — June 2016
• World’s first 5G NR data connection — February 2017
• World’s first interoperable 5G NR system — November 2017
12
14.0 cm
Qualcomm Research 5G NR mmWave UE Prototype
7.6 cm
Based on 5G New Radio (NR) R-15 specification, showcasing adaptive beamforming & beam tracking
8x RFFE modules in 4x locations for testing flexibility; select different configurations to mimic real-world performance in mobile device form-factors
Each RFFE supports multiple selectable antenna
sub-arrays in X, Y, and Z directions
Supporting 5G NR interoperability testing and over-the-air trials with global operators
Also provides mobile device OEMs an opportunity to gain an early start in optimizing their devices
Qualcomm Research is a division of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
Demonstrating an optimized 5G NR mmWaveRF Front-end design in smartphone form-factor
13
In collaboration with AT&T, NTT DOCOMO, Orange, SK Telecom, Sprint, Telstra, T-Mobile US, Verizon, and Vodafone
5G NR scalable OFDM air interface
5G NR low latency slot-based framework
5G NR advanced channel coding
8x100 MHz bandwidth, operating at 28 GHz
100 MHz bandwidth; operating at 3.5 GHz
Global mobile industry
leaders achieve multi-band
5G NR interoperability
Compliant with the 3GPP
5G NR standard
www.qualcomm.com/videos/5g-nr-
mmwave-interoperability-testingWatch video:
1414
Utilizing adaptive beamforming and beam
tracking techniques Outdoor vehicular mobility up to 30 mph
Multiple gNodeBs with seamless handovers
Indoor mobility with wall penetration and dynamic blocking
Qualcomm Research 5G mmWave prototypeShowcasing robust mobile communications in real-world OTA testing
Handheld and in-vehicle UEs with hand-blocking
1515Source: Qualcomm Technologies Inc.
Outdoor OTA example test results
Foliage
Hill blocking LOS
Sp
ectr
al E
ffic
ien
cy
(bp
s/H
z)
0 Time (sec)
gN
B B
ea
m In
de
xU
E S
ub
arr
ay
Foliage lossCoverage hole due to landscape
5.25
0
0
1
2
3
27
1
gNB dynamic
beamforming/
tracking
UE dynamic
subarray
selection
10 20 30 40 50
Demonstrating sustained mobile communications outdoors, with NLOS and device mobility
Qualcomm Research over-the-air
outdoor testbed
1616
Connectivity to gNB1 *Min 1 bps/Hz
gNB2
gNB1
Connectivity to gNB2
Source: Qualcomm Technologies Inc.
Demonstrating sustained mobile communications indoors, with wall penetration and hand/body-blocking
Two gNBs provides adequate coverage*
for large, walled indoor office
Cell-boundaries not well-defined —
function of the environment
Coverage holes, e.g. area near elevators,
can be addressed with more gNBs
Indoor Office OTA example test resultswith dimensions of 75m x 40m with seamless handovers between two gNodeBs
17
Comparison of UE Configurations
• Two popular configurations ◦ Face design (2 modules): Modules with 2x2 x-pol planar array, 1x2 and 2x1
dipole arrays
◦ Edge design (3 modules): Modules with a single 4x1 x-pol planar array
• Designs utilize multiple antenna modules for spherical coverage
• Evaluate multiple beamforming schemes ◦ Optimistic (Upper bound): Maximal ratio combining (MRC) along all directions
◦ Practical scheme: RF/analog beam codebook-based
• 24 beams for all modules; corresponds to P-1/2/3 initial sweep and beam refinement
◦ Pessimistic (Lower bound): Best antenna selection (or legacy/LTE design)
18
Qualcomm Study on Hand-blockage Loss
• Qualcomm hand blockage study based on a 28 GHz prototype
◦ Form factor UE module with multiple patch and dipole subarrays
• Quantify hand-blocking loss in a real environment (w/o the benefit of
beam-switching)
• Compare results to 3GPP blockage model (based on EM sims)
Model Blockage loss
3GPP, Option A Flat loss of 30 dB
Qualcomm model Loss in dB distributed
N(μ = 15.26, σ = 3.8)
Key observations:
◦ EM simulations cannot capture hand-blockage loss accurately
◦ Flat 30 dB loss in 3GPP model is too pessimistic
◦ Simple log-normal model sufficient to model the loss
19
Face vs Edge Design Tradeoffs
Multiple modules provides good spherical coverage
Codebook scheme within ~2 dB of MRC; ~5-6 dB better than Ant. selection
Hand blockage deteriorates performance over ~25-30% of sphere
Edge better by ~1.5 dB in Portrait; Face better by ~1.5 dB in Landscape
Comparable performance → Choice dictated by various design tradeoffs
Face Design
Edge Design
2020
Example: San Francisco>65% outdoor coverage
>50% users above 1 Gbps
Collaborating with global operators to simulate 5G NR mmWave coverage
• Significant outdoor coverage possible utilizingactual existing LTE sites (10+ global cities)
• Will further benefit from LTE infrastructure (LAA small cells) to support ongoingGigabit LTE launches
• Outdoor coverage only; frees up sub-6 GHzresources for out-to-indoor capacity
• Based on our extensive over-the-air testingand channel measurements
21
Simulations based on extensive over-the-air testing and channel measurments
Site density
(per km2)
Total 48 36 32 31 28 41 31 39 37134
antenna locations
Macro 0 8 15 14 7 33 31 39 37
Small 48 28 17 17 21 8 0 0 0
US
City 1
US
City 2
EU
City 1
81%
65%
41%
81%74%
US
City 3
US
City 4
Korea
City 1
Hong
Kong
49% 49%
Korea
City 2
76%66%
Japan
City 1LVCC
Venue
IndoorOutdoor
85%
Significant 5G NR mmWave coverage via co-siting
28 GHz
downlink
coverage %
Co-siting with LTE
22
Leveraging LAA small cells used for Gigabit LTE to deliver significant 5G NR mmWave coverage
LAA
133 dB maximum allowable
path loss (MAPL)1+10 dB coverage
advantage
40 Mbps100 MHz CC
8 Mbps20 MHz CC
28 GHz
Source: Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. 5G NR mmWave Network Coverage Simulation;
1. Link budget based on assumptions; additional variations possible due to temporary blockage — field measurements to follow; 2. Target spectral efficiency of 0.4 bps / Hz
Ou
tdo
or
do
wn
link c
ove
rag
e (
%)
US City 1 US City 2
28 GHzLAA
93%81%
LAA vs. 28 GHz coverage2
28 GHz
LAA
82%
65%
23
Commercializing mmWave in a smartphone form factor
76 mm
157.25 mm
9.7 mmmmWave (60 GHz) viability in handset form factor11ad in Asus
Zenfone 4 Pro
Qualcomm 5G NRmmWave prototype
5G NR mmWaveQualcomm Reference Design
24
October, 2017 February, 2018
Multi-Gigabit transmission
over mmWave spectrum
on working Snapdragon X50 silicon
Continued, fast-paced
progress towards
commercial devices
in the first half of 2019
Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm
Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.
25
>1,000
>10,000
Early 4G
4G today
4G carrier aggregation combinations
Early 5G combinations
Number of RF bandsand band combinationsBy technology generation
A much wider
variation of
use cases
Advanced
wireless
technologies
49
16More diverse
deployment
scenarios
Many more
spectrum
bands/types
Complexity of mobile RF systems is acceleratingMulti-mode 4G/5G impacts RF-Front End design
4G
5G
26
RF Transceiver
PowerTracker
PowerAmplifier
Filter AntennaSwitch
Duplexer / Hexaplexer
Switch
AntennaTuner
SwitchLow NoiseAmplifier
Diversity Receive
RF Front End
Modem
A
N
T
E
N
N
A
S
Extractor
Multimode 3G/4G/5G poses
immense challenge
Next gen end-to-end system dynamically tunes RFFE performance
using modem intelligence and network information
End-to-end approach needed to address growing complexity
4G
Qualcomm Technologies
end-to-end system
uniquely positions us to
lead in 5G multimode RFFE
Qualcomm RF Front End
Modem
RFFE Controller
RF Front End
`
A
N
T
E
N
N
A
S
XCVR
27
Snapdragon X50 mmWave solution
ModemSDR051
Integrated Circuit
Antenna module
5G mmWave antenna
modules and
transceiver chips
mmWave
Digital Trans-ceiver Power
Amps
Low
NoiseAmps
Switches
Intermediate Frequency
Baseband
Snapdragon X50 5G
mmWave architecture
Integrated antenna array
and RFFE for performance
and ease-of-use
Architecture allows flexible
placements and multiple modules
2828
5G NR standards and technology leadershipOur technology inventions are
driving the 5G NR standard
Best-in-class 5Gprototype systemsDesigning and testing 5G
technologies for many years
5G NR interoperabilitytesting and trialsLeveraging prototype systems and
our leading global network experience
Modem andRFFE leadershipAnnounced the Qualcomm
Snapdragon X50 5G modem family
Making 5G NR a commercial reality for 2019For standard-compliant networks and devices
Vodafone Group
LTE foundational technologies
Download the “Making 5G NR a commercial reality” presentation to learn more — link
29
Driving a rich 5G NR technology roadmap beyond eMBB
5G NR
URLLC
5G NR Spectrum Sharing in
unlicensed/shared spectrum
5G NR Non-Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) 5G NR
C-V2X
5G NR Integrated Access
and Backhaul
3GPP Rel-15
5G NR eMBB design
provides the foundation
Sub-6 GHz | mmWave
Wireless Industrial
Ethernet
Download the 3GPP Release-16 5G NR overview presentation to learn more — link
3030
5G NR mmWave continuing to evolve beyond R15
Bringing new capabilities, new spectrum bands and new deployment opportunities
Rel-15 Study Item on enabling easy/low-cost
deployment of small cells using mmWave
spectrum for access and backhaul
Rel-15 Study Item for both LAA and
standalone operation (aka 5G MulteFire™) in
sub-6 GHz and mmWave spectrum bands
Exploring the use of spectrum bands above
~40 GHz, including unlicensed spectrum in
the 57 GHz to 71 GHz band
Integrated Access and Backhaul Unlicensed Spectrum Higher spectrum bands
3131
5G NR mmWave IAB1 for cost-efficient dense deployments
Traditional fiber backhaulcan be expensive formmWave cell sites
Improves coverage and capacity, while limiting backhaul cost
1 Integrated Access & Backhaul
mmWave access inherently requires small cell deployment
Running fiber to each cell site may not be feasible and can be cost prohibitive
mmWave backhaul can have longer range compared to access
Sub-6 GHz
gNodeB
Fiber backhaul
Multi-hop
capability
Redundant
links
Efficient operation through dynamic resource
partitioning between access and backhaul
32
IAB enables cost-efficient dense mmWave deployment• Improves coverage and capacity while limiting backhaul cost
• IAB provides cost-efficient backhaul solution for dense network
– Extended gNB-to-gNB range due to high-gain beams on both link end points
– High spectral efficiency due to high inter-link interference suppression
– High capacity due to large bandwidth in mmWave band
Separate fiber link for each cell IAB: One fiber link shared among multiple cells
Fiber link
UE
Fiber link
gNB
Fiber linkFiber link
Fiber link
Fiber linkUE
gNB
33
IAB provides incremental deployment path
Fiber link
UEgNB
Fiber link
UEgNB
Fiber link
Fiber link
Initial rollout
IAB enables wide mmWave coverage with
limited fiber links
As traffic grows…
Deploy additional fiber links to support
increasing traffic demand
34
IAB provides coverage in dense urban areas• IAB ensures extended coverage in presence of large-scale obstructions
• Shadowing by high-rise buildings
creates local coverage holes and
leaves side streets uncovered
• Shadowing enhanced at mmWave
frequencies
• IAB enables illumination of
shadowed areas and uncovered
side streets
UE gNB gNB
High-rise
building
gNB
Fiber link
35
2
45
6
89
2
5
10
18 18 18
10 Mbps 20 Mbps 25 Mbps 20 Mbps 40 Mbps 50 Mbps
*Assumptions: 28 GHz band, 1GHz b/w, 18 base-stations; 200m ISD; 600 devices, uniform distribution;
results obtained without any constraint on the number of hops
Number of fiber drops needed
Integrated Access Backhaul Fixed Access backhaul
Supports more flexible deployments and reduces network cost
Fewer fiber drop points needed compared to fixed backhaul for a given traffic demand
Dynamically adjusts to changes in fiber drop locations and numbers
5G NR Integrated Access & Backhaul
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www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog
Thank you!
Nothing in these materials is an offer to sell any of the
components or devices referenced herein.
©2018 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated
companies. All Rights Reserved.
Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated,
registered in the United States and other countries. Other
products and brand names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective owners.
References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm
Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsidiaries
or business units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as
applicable. Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing
business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm
Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Qualcomm
Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of
Qualcomm’s engineering, research and development functions, and
substantially all of its product and services businesses, including its
semiconductor business, QCT.