MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
2011SUBMITTED BY:Neeraj Milan 071114018Sachin Kumar
071114058Anuvrat Chaturvedi 071114031Deepak Sharma 071114053Vijay
Ahirwar 071114095Sumit Kumar 071114064Under the Guidance ofDr.
Sangeeta Nakhate(Assistant Professor)5/6/2011MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL PROJECT REPORT ON Simulation of a
2.3 GHz microstrip inset feed Patch Antenna with a slot using
IE3D
MAULANA AZADNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYBHOPAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT ON
Simulation of a 2.3 GHz microstrip inset feed Patch Antenna with
a slot using IE3D
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Bachelor of Engineering Degree of MANIT, Bhopal.
SUBMITTED BY
NEERAJ MILAN (071114018)ANUVRAT CHATURVEDI (071114031)SACHIN
KUMAR (071114058)VIJAY AHIRWAR (071114095)DEEPAK
SHARMA(071114053)SUMIT KUMAR(071114064)
Final Year, Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Under The Guidance of Dr. Sangeeta Nakhate(Assistant
Professor)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to express thanks with deep sense of
gratitude to our project guide Dr. Sangeeta Nakhate(Assistant
Professor) for her expert guidance, valuable inspiration, constant
encouragement, painstaking attention and constructive criticism and
suggestion. She stood by us along the way to make our project a
working reality.We sincerely thank Dr. S.C. Shrivastava (H.O.D
EL&CE Department) for the technical support he provided.Last
but not least, we express our thanks to the entire staff of
El&CE Deptt. and to all those who extended their co-operation
directly or indirectly in the completing this endeavor.
MAULANA AZADNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BHOPAL
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Neeraj Milan, Sachin Kumar, Anuvrat
Chaturvedi, Deepak Sharma,Vijay Ahirwar, Sumit Kumar of B. Tech.
Electronics and Communication Engineering has successfully
completed their Major Project onSimulation of a 2.3 GHz microstrip
inset feedPatch Antenna with a slot using IE3D,in partial
completion of their Bachelors degreeatMaulana Azad National
Institute Of Technology.Under the guidance of
Dr. Sangeeta Nakhate(Assistant Professor)
Dr. S. C. Shrivastava(Head of department)Electronics and
Communication Engineering
ABSTRACT
Communication between humans was first by sound through voice.
With the desire for slightly more distance communication came,
devices such as drums, then, visual methods such as signal flags
and smoke signals were used. These optical communication devices,
of course, utilized the light portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum. It has been only very recent in human history that the
electromagnetic spectrum, outside the visible region, has been
employed for communication, through the use of radio. One of
humankinds greatest natural resources is the electromagnetic
spectrum and the antenna has been instrumental in harnessing this
resource.
In this project we design a microstrip inset feed patch antenna
at 2.3 MHz frequency,and simulate it with IE3D software and again
simulate this antenna inserting a slot in between the patch and
compare the characteristics of both the antennas such as
Directivity, Gain, S-Parameters and its 2D and 3D current
distribution.
IE3D is a full-wave, method-of-moments based electromagnetic
simulator solving the current distribution on 3D and multilayer
structures of general shape. It has been widely usedin the design
of MMICs, RFICs, LTCC circuits, microwave/millimeter-wave circuits,
IC interconnects and packages, HTS circuits, patch antennas, wire
antennas, and other RF/wireless antennas
Table of Contents1.PROJECT
OVERVIEW71.1INTRODUCTION71.2BACKGROUND71.3AIMS AND
OBJECTIVES71.4METHODOLOGY82.THEORY82.1ANTENNA82.1.1ANTENNA
CHARACTERISTICS82.1.1.a ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS82.1.1.b ANTENNA
GAIN92.1.1.c DIRECTIVITY102.1.1.d POLARIZATION112.1.1.e
EFFICIENCY112.1.1.f BANDWIDTH112.1.2 ANTENNA TYPES122.1.2.a MICRO
STRIP ANTENNA122.1.2.b PATCH ANTENNA192.1.2.c SLOT ANTENNA202.1.2.d
Dipole Antenna202.1.2.e DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA222.1.2.f HORN
ANTENNA222.1.2.g PARABOLIC ANTENNA232.1.2.f OMNIDIRECTIONAL
ANTENNA252.2 IE3D262.4.1INTRODUTION262.2 IE3D FEATURES263.DESIGNING
PROCESS283.1 GETTING STARTED WITH IE3D283.2 MICRO STRIP PATCH
ANTENNA WITHOUT SLOT333.1SIMULATION IN
IE3D39CONCLUTION39REFERECNCES39
PROJECT OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Satellite communication and Wireless communication has been
developed rapidly in the past decades and it has already a dramatic
impact on human life. In the last few years, the development of
wireless local area networks (WLAN) represented one of the
principal interests in the information and communication field.
Thus, the current trend in commercial and government communication
systems has been to develop low cost, minimal weight, low profile
antennas that are capable of maintaining high performance over a
large spectrum of frequencies.In this project we design a
microstrip inset feed patch antenna at 2.3 MHz frequency,and
simulate it with IE3D software and again simulate this antenna
inserting a slot in between the patch and compare the
characteristics of both the antennas such as Directivity, Gain,
S-Parameters and its 2D and 3D current distribution.IE3D is a
full-wave, method-of-moments based electromagnetic simulator
solving the current distribution on 3D and multilayer structures of
general shape. It has been widely usedin the design of MMICs,
RFICs, LTCC circuits, microwave/millimeter-wave circuits, IC
interconnects and packages, HTS circuits, patch antennas, wire
antennas, and other RF/wireless antennas.We have designed the
dipole antenna array using IE3D simulation for selection of an
appropriate result for future development.
1.2BACKGROUND
The invention generally relates to a microstrip patch antenna
inserting a slot in the patch.A microstrip feed line patch antenna
is designed for 2.3GHz center frequency havesuccessfully been built
and Measurement show that the half power beam width (HPBW) is 60
degree with VSWR lower than 1.5, and return losses equal to -33.6dB
at center frequency.
1.3AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This project aims for the better
performance of the communication process, such as directivity
pattern enhancement. It is an object of the invention to provide a
slot in between the patch offers multiple operational frequencies
and has a compact volume. And for increasing Directivity and Gain
of the antenna.
1.4METHODOLOGY
We first started off by gathering a thorough information about
microstrip antenna, patch antenna and slot antenna and their uses.
Then we design a microstrip inste feed patch antenna and providing
a slot in between the patch which increases the Gain and
Directivity of an antenna.
THEORY
2.1ANTENNA
The antenna is mainly intended to be used for reception of a
signal transmitted from an unmanned aircraft, and can be used in
many applications in communication systems such as satellite
technology and military applications.An antenna is a transducer
designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic.
2.1.1ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
An antenna is a device that is made to efficiently radiate and
receive radiatedelectromagnetic waves. There are several important
antenna characteristics that should be considered when choosing an
antenna for your application as follows:
Antenna radiation patternsAntenna
GainDirectivityPolarizationEfficiencyBandwidthTransmission and
Reception
2.1.1.a ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERNS
An antenna radiation pattern is a 3-D plot of its radiation far
from the source. Antenna radiation patterns usually take two forms,
the elevation pattern and the azimuth pattern. The elevation
pattern is a graph of the energy radiated from the antenna looking
at it from the side as can be seen in Figure3a .The azimuth pattern
is a graph of the energy radiated from the antenna as if you were
looking at it from directly above the antenna as illustrated in
Figure 3b. When you combine the two graphs you have a 3-D
representation of how energy is radiated from the antenna in Figure
3c.
Figure 3. (a) Generic Dipole Elevation Pattern (b) Generic
Dipole Azimuth Pattern (c) 3-D Radiation Pattern.
2.1.1.b ANTENNA GAIN
Antenna gain is the ratio of surface power radiated by the
antenna to the surface power radiated by a hypothetical isotropic
antenna:This gain is most often referred to with the units of dBi,
which is logarithmic gain relative to an isotropic antenna. An
isotropic antenna has a perfect spherical radiation pattern and a
linear gain of one.
The surface power carried by an electromagnetic wave is:
The surface power radiated by an isotropic antenna feed with the
same power is:
Substituting values for the case of a short dipole, final result
is:
= 1.5 = 1.76 dBi
dBi simply means decibels gain, relative to an isotropic
antenna.
2.1.1.c DIRECTIVITY
The directive gain of an antenna is a measure of the
concentration of the radiated power in a particular direction. It
may be regarded as the ability of the antenna to direct radiated
power in a given direction. It is usually a ratio of radiation
intensity in a given direction to the average radiation
intensity.
2.1.1.d POLARIZATION
Polarization is the orientation of electromagnetic waves far
from the source. There are several types of polarization that apply
to antennas. They are Linear, which comprises, Vertical, Horizontal
and Oblique, and circular, which comprises, Circular Right Hand
(RHCP); Circular Left Hand (LHCP), Elliptical Right Hand and
Elliptical Left Hand. Polarization is most important if you are
trying to get the maximum performance from the antennas. For best
performance you will need to match up the polarization of the
transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna.
Note: Clockwise rotation of the Electromagnetic wave is
right-hand polarization; counterclockwise rotation is left-hand
polarization
2.1.1.e EFFICIENCY
In electromagnetic, antenna efficiency or radiation efficiency
is a figure of merit for an antenna. It measures the electrical
losses that occur throughout the antenna while it is operating at a
given frequency, or averaged over its operation across a frequency
band. It is expressed as a percentage, where 100% (or 1.0) is
perfectly lossless and 0% (or 0.0) is perfectly lossy.
Antenna efficiency is the ratio between its radiation resistance
and its total resistance:
Antenna efficiency can also be expressed as the ratio between
its input power and its radiated power:
2.1.1.f BANDWIDTH
The range of frequencies within which the performance of the
antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a
specified standard.
2.1.2 ANTENNA TYPES
There are many different types of antennas. Antennas most
relevant to designs at 2.3GHz that are further detailed are as
follows:
MICRO STRIP ANTENNAPATCH ANTENNASLOT ANTENNADIPOLE
ANTENNADIRECTIONAL ANTENNAHORN ANTENNAOMNIDIRECTIONAL
ANTENNAPARABOLIC ANTENNA
2.1.2.a MICRO STRIP ANTENNA
In its most basic form, a Microstrip patch antenna consists of a
radiating patch on oneside of a dielectric substrate which has a
ground plane on the other side as shown in Figure 3.1.The patch is
generally made of conducting material such as copper or gold and
can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines
are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate.
Fig. Micro strip patch antenna
In order to simplify analysis and performance prediction, the
patch is generally square, rectangular, circular, triangular,
elliptical or some other common shape as shown in Figure.For a
rectangular patch, the length L of the patch is usually 0.3333 <
L < 0.50 , where 0 is the free-space wavelength. The patch is
selected to be very thin such that t Set Graph Parameters.Change
the Vector Size to 2 and click OK. Now you can more easily see the
vectorelectric current distribution on the surface of the antenna.
This current distribution isshown in Figure 27.
33) In the MGRID View Window, Select Process Pattern
Calculation. The PatternCalculation Info. Window pops up. In this
window, you can enter the patterncalculation information such as
the number of angles, frequency, excitation sources,and
terminations (if any). The software automatically uses 37 angle
points for Phi and37 angle points for Theta. Since we have only one
frequency point, it is alreadyselected and we dont have to do
anything else. Press OK and the software starts tocalculate the
radiation pattern.34) After pattern calculation is complete, a new
window pops up. Press DefineExcitation. The pattern calculation
information window pops up again and allowsyou to choose the
excitation source or specify termination impedances for
differentports if you are simulating a multiple port structure. In
this case, none of these is thecase, so simply press OK. The
Pattern View software is invoked. In this software,you can plot the
radiation patterns and examine different radiation parameters such
as radiation efficiency, gain, etc. The Pattern Views main window
is shown in Figure28.
35) Select the Display 3D Pattern item. The 3D Pattern Selection
window popsup. Select True 3D as the Pattern Style and dBi
(Directivity) as the Scale Style asshown in Figure 29. Press OK and
the 3D pattern will appear as shown in Figure 30;the 3D pattern
shows the general shape of the pattern but you cannot easily see
theco-pol and cross-pol components. That is why we will also plot
the 2D patterns in theE- and H-planes. Also note that the antenna
is radiating only in the upper hemisphereas seen from its 3D
radiation pattern. This is caused as a result of the presence of
theinfinite ground plane underneath the patch that isolates the
lower half space.
36) Select the Display 2D Pattern item. The 2D Pattern Display
window popsup. In this window, you can choose the 2D plane, in
which you want to plot thepatterns. Furthermore, you can choose the
type of plot (polar or Cartesian) as well asthe type of the pattern
(gain or directivity). Select the E-theta and E-phi componentsat
Phi=0 and 90. Choose Polar Plot as the plot style and dBi
(Directivity) as thescale style and click OK (as shown in Figure
31).
37) The two-dimensional radiation pattern will be shown as seen
from Figure 32.38) You can see other parameters of the antenna such
as gain, efficiency, etc. in thissoftware. Select Edit Pattern
Properties to view the summary of radiationparameters of the
antenna such as gain, efficiency, 3dB beamwidth, directivity,
andmismatch losses. Note that IE3D is using a different efficiency
definition from theIEEE standard definition. IEEE standard
definition of efficiency is the ratio of theradiated power to that
of input power, whereas IE3D uses the ratio of radiated powerto the
incident power. In this case, mismatch loss is also considered as a
factor thatreduces the antenna efficiency, whereas the IEEE
definition does not consider themismatch loss as a source of
inefficiency. If the antenna is well matched, these twodefinitions
yield the same final result.