Copyright © 2011-2014 by Mark Brandt, Ph.D. Major Metabolic Pathways Notes: Only regulatory enzymes are shown. Red enzyme name and arrow = predominantly catabolic process Blue enzyme name and arrow = predominantly anabolic process Green compound name = branch-point compound Blue compound name = amino acid or ammonium Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I NH 4 Mitochondrial Matrix Cytoplasm Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Dihydroxy- acetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate kinase L-Lactate Phosphofructo- kinase FADH 2 CO 2 CoA-SH GTP NADH NAD + CoA-SH GDP + P i FAD CoA-SH NAD NADH NADH CO 2 Acetyl-CoA cis-Aconitate Isocitrate α-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Citrate synthase Isocitrate dehydrogenase + α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase + Tyrosine Phenylalanine Heme Propionyl-CoA Glutamate Isoleucine* Methionine Valine Threonine* Histidine Proline Glutamine Glutaminase NH 4 Glutamine Glutamine synthetase NH 4 + HCO 3 Carbamoyl phophate Pi Leucine* Lysine Phenylalanine* Tryptophan* Tyrosine* Glutamate dehydrogenase or Aminotransferase Acetoacetyl-CoA Ketone bodies Isoleucine* Leucine* Threonine* Fatty acids Cysteine Glycine Serine Threonine* Tryptophan* Pyruvate carboxylase Pyruvate dehydrogenase CO 2 + ATP CO 2 NADH + Pyruvate NAD + H 2 O ADP + P i ATP Alanine NAD Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate Asparagine Aspartate β-oxidation Electron transport ATP synthase Ornithine Ornithine Arginine Urea Fumarate Aspartate Arginino- succinate Citrulline Citrulline Malate NADP NADPH Malic enzyme Oxaloacetate Pyruvate Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase Aspartate Fumarate Citrate lyase Acetyl-CoA Citrate Citrate Fatty acids Cholesterol HMG-CoA Reductase Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Amino acids Transcription Translation Proteins Ubiquitin conjugation, Proteolysis Amino acids Glucose Glycogen Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Ribulose-5-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Ribose-5-phosphate NADP NADPH Serine Glycine + Glycerol Glycerol phosphate + Fructose CO 2 + Hexokinase Glucokinase Glucose-6- phosphatase Fructose bisphosphatase NADP NADPH Glycogen Phosphorylase Glycogen synthase Glutamine Aspartate Serine hydroxymethyl transferase N 5 , N 10 Methylene THF Glycine synthase Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II Ribose-5-phosphate pyrophosphokinase PRPP Glutamyl amidotransferase Nucleotides Replication and Transcription Nucleic acids Nucleases O 2 NADH + Membrane lipids and Triacyl glycerols Glycine H H Protein folding Post-translational modifications H HCO 3 Cytoplasm Mitochondrial Matrix