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Table of Contents
1. Preamble
............................................................................................................................
2
2. History of Earthquakes in Indo-Pak Subcontinent
....................................................... 3
3. Major Earthquake in Indo-Pak Subcontinent
...............................................................
4
3.1. Rann of Kutch earthquake 1819
................................................................................
4
3.2. Kangra earthquake 1905
..............................................................................................
5
3.3. Gujarat earthquake 2001
.............................................................................................
6
3.4. Balochistan earthquake 1935
.......................................................................................
7
3.5. Uttarkashi earthquake
1991.........................................................................................
8
3.6. AssamTibet earthquake
1950.....................................................................................
9
3.7. Balochistan earthquake 1945
.....................................................................................
10
3.8. Kashmir Earthquake 2005
........................................................................................
11
3.9. Pakistan earthquake 2011
..........................................................................................
12
3.10. Pakistan earthquake 2013
...........................................................................................
13
4. References
.........................................................................................................................
15
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MAJOR EARTHQUAKES IN INDO-PAK SUBCONTINENT
1. Preamble
Plate tectonics cause many of the physical features that we see
on earth today like volcanoes
and earthquakes, but also other geologic features like faults. A
geologic fault is a fracture in
the earths crust causing loss of cohesion and accompanied by
displacement along the fracture.
At the Earths surface, rock will break (brittle behavior) when
put under large amounts of stress.
Deep within the earth, however, rocks flow plastically (ductile
behavior). The force, or stress,
exerted on the rock may cause a change in shape or volume of the
rock, called strain.
Because rocks can flow when they are deep within the earth, they
are considered ductile.
They pass the point of ductile behavior closer to the earths
surface, where the rocks behave
more brittle. When rocks pass from this ductile state to a
brittle state, the rocks may break
along a surface called a fault. The sudden release of stored
strain energy causes an
earthquake.[1]
Hence Earthquake can be defined as:
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the
result of a sudden release
of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The
seismicity, seismism or seismic
activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of
earthquakes experienced over a
period of time.[2]
The shaking during an earthquake is caused by seismic waves.
Seismic waves are generated
when rock within the crust breaks, producing a tremendous amount
of energy. The energy
released moves out in all directions as waves, much like ripples
radiating outward when you
drop a pebble in a pond. The Earths crust near tectonic plate
edges are forced to bend,
compress, and stretch due to the internal forces within the
earth, causing earthquakes.
Fig-1: Movement during an earthquake
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2. History of Earthquakes in Indo-Pak Subcontinent
The most disappointing observation is that despite a written
tradition extending beyond 1500
B.C. we know very little about Indian earthquakes earlier than
500 years before the present,
and records are close to complete only for earthquakes in the
most recent 200 years. This
presents a problem for estimating recurrence intervals between
significant earthquakes, the
holy grail of historic earthquake studies. Certainly no
repetition of an earthquake has ever been
recognized in the written record of India and the Himalaya,
although great earthquakes in the
Himalaya should do so at least once and possibly as much as
three times each millennium. The
strain rate within the Indian plate is observed to be less than
3 ns/yr (Bilham and Gaur, 2000)
and the renewal time for earthquakes in the sub-continent may
exceed many thousands of years,
rendering it unlikely that earthquakes will have repeated during
the time of written records.
In contrast, trench investigations indicate that faults have
been repeatedly active both
on the subcontinent (Sukhija et al., 1999; Rajendran, 2000) and
within the Himalayan
plate boundary (Wesnousky et al., 1999). The excavation of
active faults and
liquefaction features is likely to play an important role in
extending the historical
earthquake record of Indian earthquakes in the next several
decades. [3]
Fig-2: Map Showing Locations of Major, Significant Earthquakes
and Tsunamis
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3. Major Earthquake in Indo-Pak Subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating
earthquakes. The major reason for the
high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that the
Indian plate is driving intoAsia at a
rate of approximately 47 mm/year. The following are of major
earthquakes in Indo-Pak.
3.1. Rann of Kutch earthquake 1819 [4]
Location
The 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake occurred on 16 June. The
earthquake caused an area of
subsidence to that formed the Sindri Lake and a local zone of
uplift to the north about 80 km
long, 6 km wide and 6 m high that dammed the Puram River. This
natural dam was known as
the Allah Bund ("Dam of God") 23.0N 71.0E
Fig-3: Locations of Rann of Kutch earthquake 1819
Magnitude
It had an estimated magnitude ranging from 7.7 to 8.2 on the
moment magnitude scale and a
maximum perceived intensity of XI (Extreme) on the Mercalli
intensity scale.
Ground Acceleration
The maximum estimated acceleration is 0.7 g from collapse of
very small structures near
Vondh and Bhachau.
Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
The Kutch District of modern-day Gujarat lies about 400 km from
the plate boundary between
the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, but the current
tectonics is still governed by the effects
of the continuing continental collision along this boundary.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1819_Rann_of_Kutch_earthquake¶ms=23.0_N_71.0_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_collision
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During the break-up of Gondwana in the Jurassic, this area was
affected by rifting with a
roughly west-east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the
area has undergone shortening,
involving both reactivation of the original rift faults and
development of new low-anglethrust
faults. The related folding has formed a series of ranges,
particularly in central Kutch. The focal
mechanism of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse
faulting on reactivated rift faults.
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake was caused by movement on a
previously unknown south-
dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift
structures.
Damages
As many as 15670buildings were reported to have been demolished
by the earthquake. At least
people are estimated to have been killed and 130,870 domestic
animals were also lost. There
was also major damage to the network of hillside aqueducts that
fed water to the affected area.
3.2. Kangra earthquake 1905 [7] [5]
Location
The 1905 Kangra earthquake occurred in the Kangra Valley and the
Kangra region of Himachal
Pradesh in India on 4 April 1905. Its Epicentre lies 3.9
kilometers south of Pathyar (H.P.),
India 32.10o N, 76.40o E
Fig-4: Locations of Kangra earthquake 1905
Magnitude
The earthquake measured 7.8 on the surface wave magnitude
scale.
Ground Acceleration
The peak ground acceleration for 10% probability in 50 years
comes around 0.7 g.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_mechanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangra_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangra_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
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Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
The continued thrusting towards the south resulting from the
collision of the Indian and
Eurasian plates produced the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and the
Main Boundary Thrust
(MBT), besides uplifting the Himalaya. The present deformation
front is at the foot of the
Siwalik hills of India and Nepal marked by Himalayan Frontal
Fault (HFF).
Damages
As many as 100,000 buildings were reported to have been
demolished by the earthquake. At
least 20,000 people are estimated to have been killed and 53,000
domestic animals were also
lost. There was also major damage to the network of hillside
aqueducts that fed water to the
affected area. The total cost of recovering from the effects of
the earthquake were calculated
as 2.9 million (1905) rupees.
3.3. Gujarat earthquake 2001 [6] [8]
Location
The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on 26 January, India's 52nd
Republic Day. The picentre
was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in
Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District
of Gujarat, India 23.6N 69.8E.
Fig-5: Map Showing Locations Gujrat Earthquake (2001)
Magnitude
The earthquake reached 7.70 on the moment magnitude scale.
Ground Acceleration
The predicted maximum ground acceleration and ground velocity in
the epicentral region of
the Gujarat earthquake are estimated to be 0.800.95g and 4055
cm/sec respectively.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicentrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chobari&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhachauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talukahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale
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Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
The collision process of the Indian plate with the Eurasian
plate is still underway at a rate of
45 mm year1, induced an anticlockwise rotation of the plate.
Damages
The final death toll in Kutch was 12,300. Bhuj, situated only 20
kilometres (12 mi) from the
epicenter, was devastated. Considerable damage also occurred in
Bhachau and Anjarwith
hundreds of villages flattened in Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj &
Bhachau. Over a million structures
were damaged or destroyed, including many historic buildings and
tourist attractions. The
quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight schools, two
hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj
and partly destroyed the city's historic Swaminarayan temple and
historic fort as well Prag
Mahal and Aina Mahal. In Ahmedabad, Gujarat's commercial capital
with a population of 5.6
million, as many as 50 multi-storied buildings collapsed and
several hundred people were
killed. Total property damage was estimated at $5.5 billion and
rising. In Kutch, the earthquake
destroyed about 60% of food and water supplies and around
258,000 houses 90% of the
district's housing stock.
3.4. Balochistan earthquake 1935 [9]
Location
The 1935 Balochistan earthquake occurred on 31 May 1935 at 3:02
am at Quetta, Balochistan,
British India (now part of Pakistan). The quake was centred 4.0
kilometres South West of Ali
Jaan, Balochistan, British India 29.5N 66.8E
Fig-6: Map Showing Locations Balochistan earthquake 1935
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhujhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhachauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjar,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir,_Bhujhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prag_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prag_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aina_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioners_Province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Jaanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Jaanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1935_Balochistan_earthquake¶ms=29.5_N_66.8_E_
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Magnitude
The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.7.
Ground Acceleration
The results of the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of
Quetta for the return period of 500
years indicate a PGA ground motion of 4.8 m/s2.
Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
Quetta and its neighbouring towns lie in the most active seismic
region of Pakistan atop the
Chaman and Chiltan faults.
Damages
Most of the reported casualties occurred in the city of Quetta.
Initial communiqu drafts issued
by the Government estimated a total of 20,000 people buried
under the rubble, 10,000 survivors
and 4,000 injured. The city was badly damaged and was
immediately prepared to be sealed
under the military guard with medical advice. All the villages
between Quetta and Kalat were
destroyed.
3.5. Uttarkashi earthquake 1991
The 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake occurred on 20 October 1991 in
the Uttarkashi and Gharwal
regions of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It occurred within
the main thrust system of the
Himalayas 30.780N 78.774E.
Magnitude
The earthquake measured 7.0 magnitude.
Fig-7: Map Showing Locations Uttarkashi earthquake 1991
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quettahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaman_Faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communiqu%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarkashihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1991_Uttarkashi_earthquake¶ms=30.780_N_78.774_E_type:event_region:IN-UL
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Ground Acceleration
The mean peak ground acceleration at Tehri for the epicenter
estimated using the composite
source model is 494 98 cm/s2 for the E-W component and 970 327
cm/s2 for the N-S
component while for the epicenter are 542 83 cm/s2 and 778 273
cm/s2 respectively. [10]
Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
Uttarkashi lies in the main Alpine Himalayan belt, one of the
most earthquake prone regions
of the world. Crustal instability in this belt is ascribed to
the movement of the Indian plate
towards the Eurasian plate at the rate of about 50mm per year.
Besides several local faults, two
prominent thrusts tending northwest to southeast, from the
conspicuous tectonic features.
Damages
The earthquake caused strong ground shaking in the district of
Uttarkashi, Tehri, and Chamoli
in the state of Uttar Pradesh (Figure 1). Official information
indicates that population of about
307,000 in 1,294 villages were effected; 768 persons died while
5,066 were injured. In addition
the earthquake claimed 3,096 head of livestock. As many as
42,400 houses were damaged. The
roads between Uttarkashi and Gangotri were disrupted.[11]
3.6. AssamTibet earthquake 1950 [12]
Location
The 1950 AssamTibet earthquake also known as the Assam
earthquake or Medog earthquake,
occurred on August 15. The epicentre was located near Rima,
Tibet 28.5N 96.5E. It was the 10th largest earthquake of the 20th
century.
Fig-8: Map Showing Locations AssamTibet earthquake 1950
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Regionhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1950_Assam%E2%80%93Tibet_earthquake¶ms=28.5_N_96.5_E_
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Magnitude
The magnitude of Assam-Tibet Earthquake was recorded as 8.6 on
Richter Scale.
Ground Acceleration
Damage to roads, railways, bridges and buildings was extensive
and the estimated acceleration
on alluvium in the epicentral region was 0.5 g.
Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
This earthquake was caused by a motion of the Asian plate
relative to the eastern flank of the
Indian plate where the NE Assam block is imparted a tendency of
rotation with fracture lines
being developed along its periphery.
Damages
It was felt over an estimated area of 3 million km2 in India,
Burma, East Pakistan, Tibet and
China and caused some 1500 deaths. The earthquake had severe
effects on topography and the
regime of rivers: Riverbeds had considerably silted up and many
had permanently changed
their courses, adding the effects of floods to those of shaking.
Aerial reconnaissance revealed
that 10,000 km2 of hill area were affected by landslides. The
spread of aftershocks activity
extended from about 910 to 97Eand 24to 33Nwith the epicenter of
the main shock near the
eastern margin. Damage to roads, railways, bridges and buildings
was extensive.
3.7. Balochistan earthquake 1945 [12]
Location
The 1945 Balochistan Earthquake occurred in British India on 28
November 1945. The
earthquake's epicenter was 97.6 kilometers south-southwest of
Pasni in Balochistan and a
tsunami caused damage along the Makran coastal region 24.5N
63.0E
Fig-9: Map Showing Locations Balochistan Earthquake 1945
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasni_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makranhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=1945_Balochistan_earthquake¶ms=24.5_N_63.0_E_
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Magnitude
The Earthquake was of moment magnitude of 8.1 and a maximum
perceived intensity of X
(Intense) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.
Height of Waves
This Earthquake produced 12-15 m high sea waves. The ground
acceleration was 0.6g during
that earthquake.
Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
Balochistan, that forms the Western boundary of the Indian
plate, is also absorbing immense
pressure from the Arabian plate in the south that is subducting
under the Eurasian plate in
the Makran Subduction zone. The Indian plate, being such a huge
land mass, has a lot of inertia
that means that it has still not stopped moving and is still
slowly grinding into the Eurasian
plate. This one is in slow-motion, though. As a result the
Tibetan plateau continues to rise and
Mount Everest keeps getting higher by approximately 4
millimeters each year
Damages
Along the Makran coast of Pakistan, the tsunami reached a
maximum run up height of 13 m
(40 feet). Its waves destroyed fishing villages and caused great
damage to port facilities. More
than 4,000 people died from the combined effects of the
earthquake and the tsunami, but most
deaths were caused by the tsunami.
3.8. Kashmir Earthquake 2005 [14]
The 2005 Kashmir earthquake occurred at 08:52:37 Pakistan
Standard Time on 8 October in
the Kashmir region of South Asia. It was centered in
Pakistan-administered Kashmir , near the
city of Muzaffarabad. Its epicenter was located in the north of
Muzaffarabad about 19-20 km
and in the east of Balakot tehsil of district Mansehra 342935N
733744E. Its hypocenter
was located at a depth of 16 km below the surface.
Magnitude
It registered a moment magnitude of 7.6 making it similar in
size to the 1906 San Francisco
earthquake, the 1935 Quetta earthquake, the 2001 Gujarat
earthquake, and the 2009 Sumatra
earthquakes.
Ground Acceleration
It is found that he PGA near the epicenter was more than 1g.
Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
This earthquake resulted from the seismic activity resulting
from the collision of Indian plate
and Eurasian plate, because of northwestward motion of Indian
plate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabadhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=2005_Kashmir_earthquake¶ms=34_29_35_N_73_37_44_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Quetta_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sumatra_earthquakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sumatra_earthquakes
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Fig-10: Kashmir Earthquake in 2005
Damages
Its main impact zone was in AJK and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province
of Pakistan. An area
(mostly mountainous and rugged terrain) of about 30,000 sq. km
approximately was affected
by this earthquake. It damaged about 6,440 km roads. It damaged
50-70 % of services like
power, water and sanitation etc. Approximately 400,153 houses,
6,298 schools and 796 health
facilities were damaged and destroyed. UN 2006. Approximately
100,000 people were dead,
around 138,000 people were seriously injured and 3.5 million
people were displaced in this
earthquake.
3.9. Pakistan earthquake 2011
The 2011 Pakistan earthquake was a magnitude Mw 7.2 earthquake
that had its epicenter 45
kilometers west of Dalbandin inBalochistan.[2] The epicenter is
located in a sparsely populated
area. The United States Geological Survey reported the
earthquake took place on January 18,
2011 at 20:23:17 UTC (on January 19 at 01:23 AM local time) at
28.838N, 63.974E.
Magnitude
The magnitude of earthquake was recorded as 7.2 and it was felt
with Mercali intensity MM
IV in Islamabad, MM IV Karachi, MM IV in Muscat, MM IV in Delhi,
MM III in Kabul, MM
III in Dubai, and MM III Abu Dhabi.
Ground Acceleration
The Peak Ground Acceleration near the epicenter was estimated as
0.34g to 0.65g
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalbandinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Pakistan_earthquake#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Surveyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercali_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat,_Omanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi
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Fig-11: Epicenter of Pakistan Earthquake 2011
Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
This major earthquake occurred as a result of normal faulting
within the lithosphere of the
subducted Arabian plate. Arabian-plate lithosphere is subducted
beneath the Eurasia plate at
the Makran coast of Pakistan and Iran, and becomes progressively
deeper to the north. The
subducted Arabian plate is known to be seismically active to
depths of about 160 km.
3.10. Pakistan earthquake 2013 [15]
Location
The 2013 Pakistan earthquake took place on 24 September. Its
epicentre was 66 kilometres
(41 mi) north-northeast of Awaran in the province of
Balochistan, southwestern Pakistan
26.971N 65.520E.
Magnitude
This recorded moment magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 on
Richter scale and intensity was
IX (Intense) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.
Ground acceleration
The ground acceleration near the epicenter was recorded as 0.6g
to 0.65g.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicentrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=2013_Pakistan_earthquake¶ms=26.971_N_65.520_E_&title=Pakistan+earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale
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Fig-12: Epicenter of Pakistan Earthquake 2011
Plates Movements/ Fault Lines
This earthquake in south-central Pakistan occurred as the result
of oblique-strike-slip type
motion at shallow crustal depths. The location and mechanism of
the earthquake are consistent
with rupture within the Eurasia plate above the Makran Trench
subduction zone. The event
occurred within the transition zone between northward subduction
of the Arabian plate beneath
the Eurasia plate and northward collision of the India plate
with the Eurasia plate.
Damages
As of 11 October, the Balochistan Provincial Disaster Management
Authority (PDMA)
estimates at least 30,000 families (200,000 people) have been
affected in Awaran, Kech,
Kharan, Panjgur, Washuk and Gwadar districts. Awaran and Kech
districts have been hit the
hardest and are therefore prioritized for humanitarian response.
Over all 825 were dead and
700 were injured.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike-sliphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Rupturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makran_Trenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Plate
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2015
3. ROGER BILHAM: Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 4, N. 2/3,
April/June 2004, Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) and
Geological Sciences, University
of Colorado, Boulder, CO, U.S.A.
4. John M. Eidinger, ed. (2001): Gujarat (Kutch) India M7.7
Earthquake of January 26, 2001.
Reston, VA: ASCE,
5. Utsu, T. R. (2002), "A List of Deadly Earthquakes in the
World: 1500-2000", International
Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology, Part A,
Volume 81A (First ed.), Academic
Press, p. 702,
6. S.K.Singh1, Kamal and B.K. Bansal: Instituto de Geofisica
UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria,
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