Kharif Maize Stablisation (Maize Scenario in Central India) CInI and Partners
Maize Senario in Central India
Jan 20, 2015
Presentation done by Aditya Petwal (KMS Theme Anchor CInI) in Vision Convergence Workshop, on 7th and 8th June 2009 at chausala (Dahod, Gujarat), under Kharif Maize Stablisation Program.
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Kharif Maize Stablisation (Maize Scenario in Central India)
CInI and Partners
Maize : The world Scenario
• World average yield of maize is 27.8 q/ha• In terms of world acreage, India stands fifth
• International trade in corn for year 2007-08, accounted to 95.087 million tones
• Top exporters in the global market are United states with a share of 65%
• India holds sixth place by exporting 7 lakh tonnes that comes to 1 percent of India’s total production.
• USDA report quoted by karvey[1], India’s domestic consumption is estimated around 15.5 million tonnes.
[1] Karvy Comtrade Ltd SEASONAL REPORT ON Maize 2008 ; http://www.karvycomtrade.com/
Maize yields in India
• For year 2006-07, the largest area under the kharif maize is in Rajasthan (1.0 m ha), followed by Karnataka (0.94 m ha), Uttar Pradesh(0.81 m ha), Madhya Pradesh (0.86m ha)
• Maize (Corn) production has shown an average of 2.6 per cent growth rate per annum during the past 16 years
• Ninety per cent of maize is raised as a kharif crop in India
Consumption Pattern in Maize (in Percentage)
60
12
12
16Poultry and livestockindustry
Starchmanufacturers
Breweries andexports
Human consumption
Maize Senerio In Central India
• Grown in four states of Central India: Madya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.
No. Of Growing Districts
Average Area
Average Production
Average Yield
Gujarat 16 474600 Ha 809000 Tonnes
1.7 Tonnes /Ha
Rajasthan 29 1353893 Ha 2540461 Tonnes
1.8 Tonnes /Ha
M.P. 48 0.9 M Ha 0.8 M Tonnes 0.9 Tonnes /Ha
Maharashtra 30 950474 Ha 1973699 Tonnes
2.08 Tonnes /Ha
Maize Productivity in Targeted Tribal Districts
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
Banaskhanta
('0
3-'04)
Dahod (
03-0
4)
Panchm
ahal (0
3-0
4)
Sabark
hanth
a (
03 -
04)
Vadodara
(03-0
4)
Guj S
tate
Avg
Dhar
(04-0
5)
jhabua (
04-0
5)
Khandaw
a (
)3-0
4)
Kharg
ond (
04-0
5)
Dule
(03-0
4)
Jalg
aon (
03-0
4)
Nandurb
ar
(03-0
4)
Mh S
tate
Avg
Bansw
ara
(04-0
5)
Chitorg
arh
(04-0
5)
Dungarp
ur
(03-0
4)
Udaip
ur
(04-0
5)
Regional Tribal Districts
Prd
ty (
qt/
acre
)
Banaskhanta ('03-'04)Banaskhanta ('04-'05)Dahod (03-04)Dahod (04-05)Panchmahal (03-04)Panchmahal (04-05)Sabarkhantha (03 -04)Sabarkhantha (04 -05)Vadodara (03-04)Vadodara (04-05)Guj State AvgDhar (03-04)Dhar (04-05)Jhabua (03-04)jhabua (04-05)Khandwa (03-04)Khandawa ()3-04)Khargond (03-04)Khargond (04-05)MP State AvgDule (03-04)Dule (04-05)Jalgaon (03-04)Jalgaon (04-05)Nandurbar (03-04)Nandurbar (04-05)Mh State AvgBanswara (03-04)Banswara (04-05)Chitorgarh (03-04)Chitorgarh (04-05)Dungarpur (03-04)Dungarpur (03-04)Udaipur (03-04)Udaipur (04-05)Raj State Avg
Change in Area and Production for Maize in South-East M.P
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
Dhar Jhabua Khandwa Khargond
Are
a
H
ac
tare
s
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Pro
du
cti
on
(T
on
ne
s)
Area
Production
Fluctuations in Maize Yield in South Madhya Pradesh
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1999-0
0
2000-0
1
2001-0
2
2002-0
3
2003-0
4
2004-0
5
1999-0
0
2000-0
1
2001-0
2
2002-0
3
2003-0
4
2004-0
5
1999-0
0
2000-0
1
2001-0
2
2002-0
3
2003-0
4
2004-0
5
1999-0
0
2000-0
1
2001-0
2
2002-0
3
2003-0
4
2004-0
5
Dhar Jhabua Khandwa Khargond
Yie
ld
(
To
nn
es
/Ha
)
Fluctuation in Maize Yields in North Gujarat Districts
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
BANAS KANTHA DOHAD PANCH MAHALS SABARKANTHA VADODARA
Yie
ld (
To
nn
es/H
a)
Change in Area and Productions Of Maizein North Gujarat
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
BANAS KANTHA DOHAD PANCH MAHALS SABARKANTHA VADODARA
Area
(Hacta
res)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
Pro
du
cti
on
(t
on
s)
Area
Production
Change in Area and Production of Maize in South Rajasthan
020000400006000080000
100000120000140000160000180000200000
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
BANSWARA CHITTOR DUNGARPUR UDAIPUR Rajasamand
Are
a
(Ha
cta
res
)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
Pro
du
cti
on
(To
nn
es
)
Area
Production
Fluctuations in Maize Yields in South Rajasthan
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
20
06
-07
BANSWARA CHITTOR GARH DUNGARPUR UDAIPUR Rajasamand
Yie
ld (T
on
ne
s/H
a)
Change in Area and Production in North Maharashtra
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
DHULE JALGAON NANDURBAR
Are
a
(H
ac
tare
s)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Pro
du
cti
on
(T
on
ne
s)
Area
Production
Fluctuations in Maize Yields In North Maharashtra
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
19
99
-00
20
00
-01
20
01
-02
20
02
-03
20
03
-04
20
04
-05
DHULE JALGAON NANDURBAR
Yie
ld
(T
on
ne
s/H
a)
Learning of CIMMYT IFAD study
• contrast between the traditional and non-traditional maize (adoption of improved cultivars)
Seed Varieties • non-traditional areas -planted to hybrids & seed replacement is high (75-90%)• Traditional –(local maize varieties ) & {seed replacement is very low}• Composite varieties spreading- {limited to 25%} • Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan farmers are not aware of improved cultivars, • farmers prefer short duration cultivars of about 70 days over hybrids maturing in 80-
85 days • because: (1) the high probability of terminal drought,• (2) the high watch-and-ward requirement to protect the crop from bird damage• Seed use in the winter season ranged from 8.0 to 10.0 kg/ha,
Sowing and Harvesting • The crop is invariably harvested before the first fortnight in September • Sowing time ranges from the first fortnight of June to the first fortnight of July,
depending upon the onset of the monsoon
Fertilizer Application
• Farmers in this district also use meager quantities of farmyard manure (FYM).
• in Jhabua district, where tribal populations predominate and maize is grown for
subsistence. Application of nitrogenous and phosphate
• fertilizers is negligible, and zinc and pesticide use is uncommon The use of fertilizers
and FYM was higher in the non-traditional hybrid maize growing areas. The
availability and use of FYM varied from one household to another, depending mainly
on the number of farm animals reared at home
Learning of CIMMYT IFAD study
Labour Requirement• Labor accounts for half the total cost of maize cultivation and was as high as 70% in Jhabua district for
composite maize
• In traditional maize growing areas, production of local/ traditional maize varieties required 29-83 person-days/ha of family labor, while that of hybrids required 24-69 person-days/ha. The involvement of both family and hired labor was higher in non-traditional hybrid maize
Maize Yields
• Hybrid yield levels were 2 to 3 times higher than those of local varieties and 1.5 times higher than those of composites. These levels are comparable to national average yields, but are lower than the global average of 4.86 t/ha.
• Maize yields during the winter season were higher than yields during the rainy season. On average, the
• difference was up to 1.0 t/ha for hybrids and 0.5 t/ha for local varieties. During winter, maize enjoys a favorable environment of cooler temperatures and higher solar radiation, is less affected by insects pests,
• hybrids (mainly from the private sector) outperform composites in selected sites.
• Farmers in the study sites reported that local and composite cultivars tend to yield below their potential because of: (1) low seed replacement, (2) poor seed quality, and (3) non effectiveness of the recommended package of practices
Learning of CIMMYT IFAD study
Biotic and Abiotic Constraints
• Weeds during the rainy season {damage as high as 50-75%}.
• Cynodon dactylon and Echinocloa are important weeds
• Among the insect pests, caterpillars (Amsacta moorei), stem borers (Chilo partellus), and termites (Odontotermes obesus) seriously affect plant growth. Rats also severely damage maize ears.
• Drought in the rainfed regions and water logging in times of excess rainfall
• Delay sowing, in excess moisture, impedes plant growth and adversely affects production.
• For Zinc deficiency very few farmers apply zinc to their maize crop {cannot afford } {not aware of its uses}.
Learning of CIMMYT IFAD study
Economic Constraints : • Farmers tend to sell their produce less than MSP• Mostly sold in local village markets, where grain prices are 2-8% lower than those in
the nearest regulated market Reasons (1) transportation costs tend to be higher than marginal returns due to price
difference and (2) farmers tend to sell to local traders, especially if they need to pay back any
loan
Technological know-how• The technology transfer process observed to be very weak.• Farmers were not familiar with other improved maize technologies (e.g., herbicides,
pesticides, and post-harvest management). • Had no contact with village extension workers and • obtained agricultural information from local seed and agro-input merchants and/or the
radio.• Access to television is very limited
Learning of CIMMYT IFAD study
Socio-economic constraints
• Non-availability of quality seed
• Lack of knowledge of suitable technologies
• Above two account for 97% of the total estimated losses
• Low prices and
• Lack of markets appeared not to be of much significance.
• Rats and termites accounted for about 20% of total production losses.
• As technological options for controlling these biotic constraints are available, non-adoption is main constraint.
Learning of CIMMYT IFAD study
Big Question ?
•What Should be our strategy for sustainable yield enhancement which should be farmer friendly (necessarily high adoption and progressively lucrative) ..
?
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