Maize , legume and forage seed systems in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia : Current status, bottlenecks and strategies for improvement Rubyogo J.C. et al. CIAT Africa RISING East and Southern Africa Research Review and Planning Meeting, Arusha, Tanzania, 1-5 October 2012
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Maize, legume and forage seed systems in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia: Current status, bottlenecks and strategies for improvement
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Maize , legume and forage seed systems in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia : Current status, bottlenecks and strategies for improvement
Rubyogo J.C. et al. CIAT
Africa RISING East and Southern Africa Research Review and Planning Meeting,
Arusha, Tanzania, 1-5 October 2012
BACKGROUND • Hundreds of varieties (maize & legumes) with good traits
released. • Several seed system models are implemented to disseminate
improved maize, legumes
• Seed systems actors: Govt Orgs (MoA) /NARS, Farmers Orgs, NGOs: • Decentralized e.g. QDS and non inspected quality seed of improved
varieties • Centralized: in partnership with private sector (positive results
for maize hybrid but not legumes )• Relief/subsidized
• Despite the efforts, variety ?(legume) dissemination is limited/unreliable! why?
Objectives of Seed Systems Assessment (SSA)
i. To take inventory of public released varieties for the last 15 years and their current level of seed availability and dissemination
ii. To assess the seed systems with regard to production capacity e.g. scale and seed access to different farmers categories, particularly women & small scale farmers.
iii.To identify bottlenecks in seed systems including policies
iv. To identify strategies to strengthen seed systems particularly increase seed access to women & small scale farmers.
Process : national stakeholders workshops and ground truthing interactions with actors
1. Status of the seed sector in each country reviewed;
2. Seed systems challenges/constraints/bottlenecks identified
3. Potential interventions suggested.
Participants: Reps of Govt (policy makers)-NARS (breeders); NGOs;
FOs; Input suppliers & seed companies,
Nbr of released varieties VS. their use in Zambia
Crop Nbr of varieties released Number of varieties disseminated in 2011 (Certifed +QDS)
1996-2011 2006-2012
Maize (Hybrid) 154 73 74
Maize (OPV) 18 9 6
Beans 18 12 8
Ground nut 8 3 2
Cowpea 2 1 2
Soybean 20 8 7
Pigeon pea 1 0 0
Nbr of Released varieties VS. their use in Tanzania
Crop Nbr of varieties released Number of varieties disseminated in 2011 (certified and QDS)
1996-2011 2006-2012
Maize (Hybrid) 45 11 3
Maize (OPV) 16 5 9
Beans 11 5 7
Ground nut 5 5 ?
Cowpea 1 0 ?
Soybean 2 1 ?
Pigeon pea 3 0 2
Seed production scheme/grades
Country Certified Quality declared Seed Informal
Malawi Yes No Yes
Tanzania Yes Yes Yes
Zambia Yes Yes Yes
Quality Declared Seed ( QDS) : QSDS is produced by a registered smallholder farmer that conforms to the specified quality standards for crop species concerned and which has been subject to the quality control measures prescribed/relaxed in the regulations e.g. only 10-15% of areas under seed production is inspected
Price differentials between QDS and certified seed of crops under study– the case of Tanzania in 2011
Government support programs – case of Zambia (Maize)
Current seed supply coverage (Certified +QDS) in Zambia
Crop Total seed demand (TSD) in MTs
Certified and QDS Seed produced (MTs)
actual seed supply /TSDCoverage (%)
Maize 25,200 75,000 (excess/export)
300%
Gnut 21,560 759 3.5
Beans 5950 259 4.3
Soybean 3100 1104 35.6
cowpea 300 276 92.0
Pigeon Pea - -
Malawi: Beans (5%), Gnut (5.5%)Tanzania : Beans (2%), Gnut (1.5%), Pigeon Pea (1.0%)Research: is this amount enough to inject seed of new variety in the community?
What are major bottlenecks and strategies ?Major areas of concerns
Bottlenecks Strategies
Seed policies
1. Current seed policies are favorable to legumes integration e.g. lack of interest of private
1. Support research farm to produce early generation
2. Strengthen (training & minimum equipment) decentralized seed enterprises/business supported mainly by FOs- and linked to NGOs and local government
3. Engage government to expand legumes to government subsidies (Zambia and Malawi) !!
Production of early generation of seed
Very limited or no production of breeder, pre- basic & basic seed
1. Understand farmer seed variety preferences 2. Support research farms to undertake seed
production as an seed enterprise 3. License private producers
What are bottlenecks /strategies (contd)?Major areas of
concerns Bottlenecks Strategies
Production of certified, QDS and locally accepted quality seed
Inadequate availability especially for legumes
1. Support the expansion of QDS targeting women seed entrepreneurs as business
2. Encourage FOs /researchers to link on farm variety test to local seed production of pre-released varieties (additional amount of seeds)
Marketing and dissemination
1. Inadequate information on varieties
2. Seed availability (Production, producers and amount)
3. Inadequate number of seed outlets
1. Develop a catalogue of released varieties and make it widely available (web of MoA, National Seed Agencies
2. Build partnership with local service providers (NGOs, FOs and local Govts) to carry out demos/field days, open days etc.
3. Embed small packs of legumes in maize packs (seed companies are willing)
1
2
3
4 Certified seeds 2 (large and small packs) using market and non market channels
Farmers
Quality seeds by local seed producers (individual or groups –supported by Development partners (GOs, NGOs-CBOs etc)