Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition Chapter 2 The Nature and Measurement of Crime.

Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition

Chapter 2Chapter 2

The Nature and The Nature and

Measurement of CrimeMeasurement of Crime

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller

© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.2

Categories of offenses and offenders

Offenses against the person: Homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and assault.

Offenses against property: Burglary, arson, embezzlement, larceny/theft, and auto theft.

Offenses against the public order: Drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, and prostitution.



Offenses against the person

The most serious penalties are reserved for these offenses. Motivations include: Interpersonal disputes Instrumental violence Group violence Chronic violent offenders Political violence Rape and sexual assault Robbery



Offenses against property

Burglary is different from larceny/theft. Motor vehicle theft involves only

automobiles and trucks. Arson involves fires that are purposely set.



Offenses against property

Burglary vs. larceny/theft

Burglary involves the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft.

Larceny/theft involves the unlawful taking of another person's property.



Offenses against public order

Some offenses involve no discernable victim.

Victimless crimes involve consensual interactions or behaviors.

Behaviors include: vagrancy, disorderly conduct, and liquor law violations.



Measurement of crime

Not all offenses are reported.

Offenses that occur but are not reported are called the dark figure of crime.




A crime may not be reported for several reasons…

An offense may be so subtle that it is never known to have happened.

An offense may not be perceived as such.

The offender is a family member, friend, or acquaintance.




A crime may not be reported for several reasons…

The victim believes the offense to be too trivial to report.

The victim fears reprisal. The victim feels antipathy toward the

police.



Measurement of crime The Dark Figure of Crime

A metaphor that describes offenses that go unreported to police and criminal justice officials and is never quantified.



Measurement of crime The Dark Figure of Crime




The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

The most extensive and useful measure of crime available.

More than 17,500 city, county, and state law enforcement agencies voluntarily report crime data to this program.

The program collects data on over 94% of the US population.



The Uniform Crime Reports

FBI Classification of Offenses



In a multiple-offense situation, the law enforcement agency must determine which offense occurs highest in the violent crime/property crime hierarchy and record that offense.

The Uniform Crime Reports

The Hierarchy Rule




Sources of error in the UCR…

Unintentional

Intentional




Changes to the UCR

In 2006, the FBI discontinued the Crime Index as it was found to poorly indicate the crime rate within jurisdictions.

The FBI still calculates crime rates for individual offenses, violent offenses, and property offenses.




Changes to the UCR

Violent crimes Murder and non-

negligent manslaughter

Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated

assault

Property crimes Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle

theft Arson




What is meant by crime rate?

The number of Crime Index offenses divided by the population of an area, usually given as a rate of crimes per 100,000 people.

Calculating the crime rate





CrossCurrents Measurement of crime

The danger zone

The FBI compiles the UCR so that the statistics can be used for administrative purposes, criminal justice research, and community planning.

Do you agree with criminologists and the FBI that the UCR statistics should not be used to compile popular rankings?



The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Constructed to to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior.



The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) NIBRS Group A Offenses Arson Assault offenses Bribery Burglary/breaking and

entering Counterfeiting/forgery Destruction/damage/

vandalism of property Drug/narcotic offenses Embezzlement Extortion/blackmail Fraud offenses Gambling offenses

Homicide offenses Kidnapping/abduction Larceny/theft offenses Motor vehicle theft Pornography/obscene

material Prostitution offenses Robbery Sex offenses, forcible Sex offenses, non-forcible

rape Stolen-property offenses Weapon law violations




NIBRS Group B Offenses

Liquor law violations "Peeping tom" Runaway Trespass of real property All other offenses

Bad checks Curfew/loitering/vagrancy violations Disorderly conduct Driving under the influence Drunkenness Family offenses, nonviolent



Measurement of crime Victimization surveys

A method for trying to ascertain the level of unreported crime.

Victimization surveys ask victims of crime about their experiences.




Self-report studies

Individuals are asked to identify the types of offenses they have committed over the study period.


What part of the crime picture do reporting methods miss or obscure?

Corporate crime Organized crime Drug sales Prostitution and gambling





Measurement of Crime Measuring white-collar and corporate crime is difficult for several reasons...

The UCR and NIBRS primarily reflect street crime.

White-collar and corporate crime typically fall within federal jurisdiction.

Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is done by regulatory agencies and professional associations.



Fear of crime

According to Joel Best, perceptions of violence are constructed not by official measures of crime, but by the media, which can distort and sensationalize particular incidents.



Fear of crime

Only the direct consumers of crime statistics are affected by crime-measuring limitations.

Government funding agencies, law enforcement departments, and the media are concerned with understanding the crime picture.

Where does fear of crime come from? Is it justified?



CrossCurrents Fear of crime

The social security check phenomenon

Although the elderly might fear crime more than younger people, they actually experience less crime.

Why would the elderly fear crime more than younger people?



Fear of crime

Patternlessness

Pointlessness

Deterioration of society

Best’s three popular conceptions that compose the idea of random violence...



QuestionsQuestions

What are the three major types of offenses?

What is the dark figure of crime?

Calculate a crime rate.

Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition Chapter 2 The Nature and Measurement of Crime.

Documents

e john randolph fuller

criminal justice

pearson higher education

upper saddle river

offenders offenses

categories of offenses

measurement of crime

sexual assault robbery