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Friedrich KarlFriedrich Karlvon Savignyvon Savigny
(1779(1779--1861)1861)
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LAWAS THE LIFE ANDLAWAS THE LIFE AND
THE SPIRIT OF THETHE SPIRIT OF THE
PEOPLEPEOPLE
During the time the conductof the people was governedby nothing more than the
different categories of thefolk soul.
rationalerationale:: greatgreat dealdeal ofof thethe peoplespeoples obluaticsobluatics(beliefs,(beliefs, longings,longings, usages,usages,
traditions,traditions, idiosyncracies,idiosyncracies, arts,arts,customscustoms andand eveneven superstitious)superstitious)havehave moralmoral suasionsuasion andandsignificancesignificance.. InIn thethe coursecourse ofof timetimetheythey were were expressexpress inin rulesrules andandregulationregulation..
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DuringDuring thethe developmentdevelopment ofof thethe lifelife
andand cultureculture ofof thethe peoplepeople aa greatgreat manymany ofofthemthem werewere eithereither discardeddiscarded oror improvedimproved..
ThoseThose thatthat havehave survivedsurvived thethe interactioninteraction
ofof humanhuman relationsrelations andand institutionsinstitutions andand
havehave permeatedpermeated thethe peoplepeople inin commoncommon
eventuallyeventually solidifiedsolidified intointo thethe volksrechtvolksrechtoror kautusankautusan..
Thus,Thus, forfor historicalhistorical juriprudents,juriprudents, thethe
folkfolk sou
lsou
l becamebecame nono longerlonger aametaphysicalmetaphysical theorytheory oror idea,idea, butbut aa
storiedstoried andand documenteddocumented being,being, AA
historicalhistorical andand naturalnatural realityreality embodyingembodying
thethe willwill andand spiritspirit (geist(geist oror diwa)diwa) ofof aa
peoplepeople..
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ForFor historicalhistorical schoolschool ofof jurisprudencejurisprudence
thethe lawlaw isis consideredconsidered asas aa revelationrevelation andand
developmentdevelopment ofof thethe nationalnational spiritspirit.. ThisThis
means,means, ofof course,course, thatthat thethe lawlaw isis regardedregarded
asas havinghaving aa certaincertain historicalhistorical justificationjustification
sincesince itit isis inin directdirect relationrelation toto thethe nationalnational
lifelife andand developmentdevelopment ofof thethe peoplepeople..
HoweverHowever thisthis doesdoes notnot necessarilynecessarily meanmeanthatthat thethe spiritspirit ofof nationalismnationalism isis anan
importantimportant aspectaspect ofof thethe doctrinedoctrine ofof thethe
historicalhistorical schoolschool asas toto thethe naturenature ofof thethe
lawlaw.. ForFor whilewhile itit isis akinakin toto thatthat ofof
patriotismpatriotism inin thatthat itit thrivesthrives uponupon thethenormalnormal attachmentattachment ofof aa personperson toto hishis
homeland,homeland, therethere isis alwaysalways thethe dangerdanger thatthat
itit maymay becomebecome idolatrousidolatrous worshipworship ofof thethe
nationnation asas ifif werewere divinedivine..
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BASICBASIC FOCIFOCI OFOF THETHE HISTORICALHISTORICAL JURISPRUDENCEJURISPRUDENCE
In the framework of the historical view of the natureof the law, two important points stand out .
11.. TheThe statestate isis regardedregarded asas thethe highesthighest expressionexpression ororpersonificationpersonification ofof thethe volkgeist volkgeist oror diwadiwa ofof thethepeoplepeople..
22.. TheThe lawlaw isis foundfound andand notnot deliberatelydeliberately mademade..
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Relationship that existed among the people.
Relationship that existed among the people.
11.. VerticalVertical oror personalpersonal relationshiprelationship-- ExistedExisted inin thethe familyfamily oror clanclan.. ThisThis waswas
duedue toto thethe factfact thatthat thethe earliestearliest formform ofof
socialsocial livingliving isis familyfamily
22.. CommunalCommunal typetype ofof relationshiprelationship-- SeveralSeveral familyfamily groupsgroups formedformed
temporarytemporary alliancesalliances forfor certaincertain
purposespurposes :: toto wardward offoff somesome commoncommondanger,danger, toto pursuepursue somesome commoncommon
interest,interest, oror toto performperform somesome commoncommonritualritual obligationobligation..
- The relationship naturally tended
toward common interest.
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1. Jurisprudents1. Jurisprudents
. Jurists. Jurists
3. Legislator3. Legislator
TheThe firstfirst twotwo groupsgroups followfollow thethe evolutionevolution andand progressprogress ofof thethe
folkfolk--soulsoul byby legallegal historicalhistorical researchresearch.. ThisThis meansmeans thatthat thethe objectobject ofoflegallegal researchresearch isis orientedoriented toto thethe obloaticsobloatics ofof thethe peoplepeople..
AllAll thethe threethree groupsgroups areare engagedengaged inin thethe formulationformulation ofof thethe
technicaltechnical legallegal precepts,precepts, vizviz..,, legallegal rules,rules, legallegal principles,principles, legallegalconcepts,concepts, andand legallegal standardsstandards..
AsAs aa whole,whole, thesethese specialistspecialist becomebecome thethe agencyagency oror thethe
instrumentalityinstrumentality ofof thethe peoplepeople forfor thethe articulationarticulation andand communicationcommunicationofof thethe lawlaw..
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SIMILARITY BETWEENLEGAL ORDERS OFSIMILARITY BETWEENLEGAL ORDERS OF
DIFFERENT PEOPLESDIFFERENT PEOPLES
Historical jurisprudence is confronted with the task of
reconciling its concept of the nature of the law with the
phenomenon that in some groups of people there is amarked or discernable degree of degree of similarity and
sometimes even uniformity in some legal orders. This
reconciliation is necessary because historical
ju
rispru
dence posits the view that the law is exclu
sive toa particular group of people. In solving the problem,
there is need to consider separately the historical and the
jurisprudential reasons.
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A. Historical Reason
A community or society of men which has advanced up the
ladder of socio-political development cannot be pure, racially or
otherwise. For in the process of development of a people many
factors or, as the anthropologist would put it, many trait-
complexes have been assimilated by the people.
BB.. JurisprudentialJurisprudential ReasonReason
The precepts of justice and fairness are said to be
permanent in all men everywhere since they are said to beimpressed or implanted in the human heart and mind. Furthermore,
they are supposed to be basic or identical for all peoples. The
precepts of justice and fairness ought therefore to explain the
resemblance or similarity in some aspects of the legal orders of
different peoples.
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VALUEVALUE OFOF THETHE HISTORICALHISTORICAL DOCTRINEDOCTRINE OFOF THETHE LAWLAW
1. The organic connection of the law with the life and spirit of the peopleemphasizes the view that for law there is no absolute cessation. The law is
therefore, subject to the same changes and varieties that happen or occur tothe other aspects of the life of a people.
22.. HistoricalHistorical evolutionevolution servesserves veryvery wellwell asas aa guideguide toto legallegal thoughtthought .. Thus,Thus,
comparativecomparative studystudy ofof thethe legallegal institutionsinstitutions inin orderorder toto discoverdiscover theirtheir
similaritiessimilarities andand differences,differences, forfor theirtheir ownown good,good, isis traceabletraceable toto historicalhistoricaljurisprudencejurisprudence..
3. The historical doctrine of the nature of the law is also valuable and
significant to policy planners and government functionaries.
44.. TheThe historicalhistorical viewview ofof thethe naturenature ofof thethe lawlaw highlightshighlights thethe pointpoint thatthat rulesrules
andand regulationsregulations governinggoverning humanhuman conductconduct cancan betterbetter survivesurvive thethe tensionstensions ofof
socialsocial andand politicalpolitical existenceexistence andand whenwhen theythey areare inin accordanceaccordance withwith thethe
kindredkindred consciousnessconsciousness andand convictionconviction ofof thethe peoplepeople toto whomwhom suchsuch rulesrules andand
regulationregulation are,are, afterafter allall addressedaddressed..
ConfirmatoryConfirmatory provisionsprovisions inin thethe CivilCivil CodeCode whichwhich citedcited thethe historicalhistorical viewview ofof
thethe naturenature ofof thethe lawlaw..
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Article 10 CCArticle 10 CC
In In casecase ofof doubtdoubt inin thetheinterpretationinterpretation oror applicationapplication ofoflaws,laws, itit isis presumed presumed thatthat thethelawmakinglawmaking bodybody intendedintended rightrightandand justicejustice toto prevailprevail..
-- ThisThis isis thethe legallegal expressionexpression forfor thethe profoundprofound sensesense of,of, andand lovelove for,for,righteousnessrighteousness andand justicejustice ofof thethe peoplepeople.. ThisThis nationalnational sensesense oror traittrait
isis treasuredtreasured inin thethe followingfollowing sawikainsawikain oror sabisabiofof thethe peoplepeople::
11.. IlubogIlubog manman atat dagnandagnan angang katwiran/katwiran/ ayay pilitpilit itongitong lulutanglulutang
(( RightRight thoughthough sunksunk andand weightedweighted // WillWill neverthelessnevertheless riserise toto
thethe surfacesurface..))
22.. ItiIti lintedlinted isutisut taklintaklin daguitidaguiti nalapnalap--itit..
(( RightRight isis thethe bulwarkbulwark ofof thethe weak)weak)
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Articles 19 through 36 CCArticles 19 through 36 CC- Express the Pilipino folkway concerning human relations, about
which we hear so much about today.
-- basicbasic principleprinciple thatthat areare toto bebe observedobserved formform thethe rightfulrightful
relationshiprelationship betweenbetween humanhuman beingsbeings andand forfor thethe stabilitystability ofof socialsocial
orderorder..
-- TheThe underlyingunderlying themetheme ofof thesethese articlesarticles isis thatthat everyevery personperson mustmust
actact withwith justice,justice, givegive everyoneeveryone hishis duedue andand observeobserve honestyhonesty andand
goodgood faithfaith inin thethe exerciseexercise ofof theirtheir rightsrights andand inin thethe performanceperformance ofoftheirtheir obligationsobligations..
-- ThisThis sensesense ofof traittrait isis indicatedindicated inin thethe followingfollowing sawikainsawikain oror sabisabi ofof
thethe peoplepeople::
11.. MahalagaMahalaga angang puringpuring pataypatay // SaSa
masamangmasamang puringpuring buhaybuhay..(It(It isis betterbetter toto bebe deaddead withwith honor/honor/
thanthan toto bebe alivealive inin dishonordishonor..))
22.. MasiraMasira manman sasa pamimilak/pamimilak/ huwaghuwag
lamanglamang sasa pangungusappangungusap..
(It(It isis betterbetter thatthat richesriches areare lost/lost/ thanthan
toto breakbreak oneone wordword..))
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ArticlesArticles 198198 throughthrough 211211-- HasHas historicalhistorical viewview onon thethe naturenature ofof thethe lawlaw onon
thethe systemsystem ofof absoluteabsolute communitycommunity ofof propertyproperty
betweenbetween spousesspouses.. ItIt isis thethe systemsystem thatthat isis
traditionaltraditional withwith thethe FilipinoFilipino peoplepeople andand inin
consonanceconsonance withwith theirtheirdiwadiwa..
-- ItIt isis nearernearer toto thethe idealideal ofof familyfamily unityunity andand isis
moremore inin harmonyharmony withwith thethe traditionaltraditional onenessoneness
ofof thethe PilipinoPilipino familyfamily..
Articles 216 through 222-- HasHas somethingsomething toto dodo withwith thethe
treatmenttreatment ofof thethe familyfamily asas aa domesticdomestic
institutioninstitution..
-- ReflectsReflects thethe soulsoul andand spiritspirit ofof thethe
PilipinoPilipino peoplepeople onon familyfamily solidaritysolidarity..ItItcontainscontains alsoalso thethe PilipinoPilipino folkwayfolkway ofof
thethe familyfamily homehome asas aa symbolsymbol ofof filialfilial
lovelove andand cherishedcherished memoriesmemories
Articles 252 through 254Articles 252 through 254-- DepictsDepicts thethe PilipinoPilipino folkwayfolkway ofof thethe familyfamily council,council, servingserving asas anan
advisoryadvisory bodybody withwith anan overridingoverriding influenceinfluence inin familyfamily mattersmatters..
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Article 9Article 9
NoNo judge judge oror courtcourt shallshalldeclinedecline toto renderrender judgmentjudgmentbyby reasonreason ofof thethe silence,silence,obscurityobscurity oror insufficiencyinsufficiency ofofthethe lawslaws.. ((66))
-- TheThe proposedproposed provisionsprovisions inin thethe draftdraft
provideprovide thatthat ifif thethe provisionsprovisions ofof thethe
lawlaw dodo notnot solvesolve aa disputeddisputed pointpoint orormattermatter inin litigation,litigation, thethe folkwaysfolkways shallshall
governgovern..-- InIn itsits absence,absence, thethe folklorefolklore oror paniniwalapaniniwala ofof thethe peoplepeople onon justicejustice
andand equityequity maymay serveserve asas guidesguides toto judicialjudicial determinationdetermination..
--A
ndA
nd inin thethe fu
rtherfu
rther eventevent thatthat thethe pointpoint atat issu
eissu
e inin thethe litigationlitigationremainsremains unsettledunsettled thenthen thethe folkfolk--sayingsaying oror sawikainsawikain ofof thethe peoplepeople
maymay bebe utilizedutilized asas furtherfurther guidesguides toto adjudicativeadjudicative determinationdetermination..
FromFrom thethe foregoingforegoing provisionsprovisions ofof thethe lawlaw itit indicatesindicates thatthat withwith
oror withoutwithout modificationsmodifications thethe historicalhistorical doctrinedoctrine ofof thethe naturenature ofof thethe
law,law, asas thethe lifelife andand spiritspirit ofof thethe people, people, isis valuablevaluable andand practicablepracticable inin
thethe legallegal orderingordering..