Mahwah: A Case Study in Sustainable Cities By Peter Russo A Project Presented to the FACULTY OF THE M.A.S.S Program RAMAPO COLLEGE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS SUSTAINABILITY STUDIES Copy Right 2012 Peter Russo
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Mahwah: A Case Study in Sustainable Cities
By
Peter Russo
A Project Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE M.A.S.S Program RAMAPO COLLEGE
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS SUSTAINABILITY STUDIES
Copy Right 2012 Peter Russo
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Abstract The Township of Mahwah has a rich history, dating back to the Native Americans that
first inhabited the area. They lived in a manner that we would consider sustainable
today by only using the natural resources they needed, in respect of nature. As the
European settlers began to develop the area, such sustainable practices became a thing
of the past. Just as the Native Americans had a vision of sustainability, today’s residents
are beginning to share a common vision of sustainability. Through sustainable planning
and education, a more concerted effort can be made to achieve our common goals.
The case study reveals that efforts are being made by the Environmental Commission of
Mahwah to create a Sustainable Addendum to the current Master Plan. This type of
addendum will allow for the implementation of sustainable ordinances. The ordinances
will allow the residents to measure the effectiveness of the addendum and recommend
further improvements to the Master Plan. In addition to the addendum, steps are being
taken to become certified by Sustainable Jersey. The combination of these objectives
will ensure that the Township of Mahwah is taking the first steps towards becoming a
truly sustainable city.
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Table of Contents Abstract iii Introduction 1 Methodology 3 Chapter 1: A Brief History of Mahwah 6 1.1 Native Americans 6 1.2 An Early View of Sustainability 6
Chapter 3: Development of a Sustainable Master Plan 3.1 Water Resources 14 3.2 Land Resources 14 3.3 Sustainable Development 15 3.4 Resource-Based Development 15 3.5 Energy Efficiency 16 3.6 Green Building Development 16 3.7 Environmental Quality 17 3.8 Community Education 17
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3.9 Sustainable Jersey Certification 17
Chapter 4: Water Conservation 18 4.1 Existing Resources 18 4.2 Potable Sources 18 4.3 Water Protection 18 4.4 Water Ordinance 19
Swamp Brook, Fox Brook, Fyke Brook, Darlington Brook, Ramsey Brook, Sparrow Bush
Creek, Ho-Ho-Kus Brook, Bear Swamp Lake, Cannon Ball Lake, Silver Lake, and Valentine
Brook.
4.2 Water Supply
The Township relies on ground water supplies as a primary source of drinking
water. The goals for managing the water resources are to protect the health, safety and
welfare of Mahwah residents, ensure a supply of safe and healthful drinking water, and
to protect the ground water resources that provide water to potable water supply wells.
There are 17 Public Community Water Supply wells and 10 sub-watersheds located in
the Township. Currently, Mahwah purchases 30% of its water from United Water.
4.3 Water Protection
The two main targets for ground water protection are:
1) To maintain water quality at high standards set by appropriate agency/to
improve water quality by 20% by 2020
a. Prepare and adopt stream corridor protection ordinance
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b. Prevent pollutants from reaching the waterways by regulating
source of local water pollutants
2) Decrease the annual rate of municipal, residential, commercial, and
industrial water use by 20% by 2020.
a. Prepare and adopt a water conservation ordiance
b. Provide information and guidance to residents and local business
owners on rain water collection and landscaping for water
conservation
c. Provide information and guidance to residents and local business
owners on reusing storm water volumes generated for non-potable
uses such as landscape irrigation, toilets and urinal flushing and
custodial uses
d. Decrease water use is homes, business and the municipality.
Educate residents and business owners of various practices they can
use to reduce the water usage per home/business
e. Use green landscaping practices, use native plants, reduce lawn
area, and use practices that require watering and less pesticide use
4.4 Water Ordinance
The following is an example of a water ordinance for Mahwah:
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TOWNSHIP OF MAHWAH
ORDINANCE NO. XXX-XX AN ORDINANCE OF THE TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH IN BERGEN COUNTY, AMENDING THE CODE OF THE TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH, BY ADDING A SECTION ENTITLED XX-XX, WATER CONSERVATION.
WHEREAS, taking steps to ensure clean, wholesome, and adequate water supplies is a high priority in protecting the health, safety and welfare of the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH; WHEREAS, the water supplies within the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH should be protected to afford the greatest beneficial use to MAHWAH citizens and businesses, which depend on current water supplies for their livelihood, health, welfare, and economic production; and WHEREAS, the water resources associated with the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH have been threatened in the past due to drought conditions; and WHEREAS, taking steps to ensure clean, wholesome, and adequate water supplies is a high priority in protecting the health, safety, and welfare of MAHWAH citizens; and WHEREAS, the TOWNSHIP OF MAHWAH recognizes the importance of indoor and outdoor water conservation, protecting our natural resources and promoting alternative water usage methods and; WHEREAS, pursuant to N.J.S.A. 40:48-2, the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH has the power to adopt ordinances necessary and proper for the protection of persons and property, and the preservation of the public health, safety and welfare; BE IT ORDAINED by the TOWNSHIP OF MAHWAH COUNCIL of the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH in BERGEN County as follows: Section 1. The Code of the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH in BERGEN County 2012 shall be amended by the addition of Section XX-XX, entitled, “Water Conservation Guidelines”, to read as follows:
A. Water Conservation Guidelines for All Users Including Residential, Commercial, Academic, Municipal Properties and Parks & Recreation Fields. Except as may be further restricted in accordance with ( ) below, the use of water within the
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TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH, regardless of the source of water (public or private) shall consider to the following:
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1. All citizens shall be urged to observe indoor conservation measures at all times; and 2. All citizens shall be urged to limit Lawn Watering
a. Limit watering of lawns to 20 minutes three times per week when
rain is absent. b. Water during times of less evaporation at early morning or early
evening.
c. Water shrubs and flowers with a hand held hose with automatic shut off nozzle or soaker hose or drip irrigation. d. Wash vehicles with a hand held hose equipped with an automatic shut off nozzle when not using a commercial car wash. e. Restrictions identified in Section 2 shall supersede those stated in this Chapter when the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH MAYOR declares a Declaration of Water Emergency; f. In order to encourage participation in water conservation and practice the guidelines set forth in this ordinance, an email blast will be sent quarterly to emphasize the significance of conserving our natural resources. g. State of New Jersey requirements shall supersede when more stringent than TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH Water Conservation Guidelines;
B. Automatic Sprinkler/Irrigation Requirement. Per NJ P.L. 2000, c.107 (see NJSA 52:27D-123.13), operational automatic rain sensor devices are required for all sprinkler/irrigation systems installed after September 8, 2000 to ensure that watering does not occur during periods of rain.
1. In addition, all automatic sprinkler /irrigation systems installed prior to September 8, 2000 must be equipped with an operational automatic rain sensor device by October 1, 2012 making this requirement for all systems; 2. Enforcement of Rain Sensors on Automatic Sprinkler/Irrigation Systems; The automatic rain sensor requirement imposed pursuant to this section shall be enforced by the local authorized official.
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3. Penalties. A warning will be issued for a first offense, and upon the verification for a second offense, green service may be delegated. Any person or business that thereafter violates the water use restrictions imposed pursuant to this section requiring rain sensors shall be subject to the penalty provisions of the Township of Mahwah Ordinance( ).
Section 2. The Code of the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH in Bergen County 2012 shall be amended by the addition of Section ( ), entitled, “Prohibition of Certain Uses of Water During Emergency Conditions”, to read as follows:
A. Declaration of Water Emergency. A water emergency may be declared:
1. Upon action by Declaration of the Mayor of the Township of MAHWAH: a. Whenever the Municipal Engineer in his or her professional judgment finds that emergency conditions exist within the Municipality, he or she shall recommend to the MAYOR of TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH that a water emergency be declared. Said recommendation shall contain findings which specify which water use restrictions, if any, contained in Section ( ) below are appropriate. Factors which the Municipal Engineer may consider in making said recommendation include, but are not limited to, the following:
1. Lack of precipitation for an extended time period; 2. Below-average water levels in municipal streams or other surface water bodies; 3. Declaration of a water emergency by the Governor; 4. Declaration of a water emergency by a surrounding municipality or municipalities; 5. Designation by the New Jersey Department of Environmental of a drought watch or drought warning condition; 6. Below-average water levels in wells monitored by the United States Geological Survey, New Jersey Geological Survey or other wells monitored by agencies of the United States or New Jersey; or 7. Evidence of low or dirty water yields in private wells in the Municipality.
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9. Declaration of a water emergency resulting from infrastructure failure or any other Safe Drinking Water emergency issues.
b. Upon receiving such a recommendation, the MAYOR of the TOWNSHIP OF MAHWAH may accept the Municipal Engineer’s recommendation and findings, or any portion thereof, and declare a water emergency in the Municipality. c. Upon declaring a water emergency the water use restrictions as stated below or as defined by the State of New Jersey, if more stringent, shall take affect until the declaration has been lifted.
B. Water Use Restrictions. Upon declaring that a water emergency exists in the Municipality in accordance with Section ( ):
1. All citizens shall be urged to observe voluntary indoor conservation measures; and
2. Water uses and restrictions including but not limited to the below may be included in a Water Emergency Resolution:
a. The watering of all plant growth, except commercially grown food crops, sod at commercial sod farms and golf courses and nursery stock at nurseries or retail outlets;
b. The washing of vehicles, except for emergency vehicles and by a commercial enterprise whose primary function is car washing, regardless of whether the operation is mobile or stationary or in those instances where a threat to public health may exist;
c. The washing of driveways, sidewalks, decks, patios or paved areas; d. The serving of water in restaurants, clubs, or eating places unless specifically requested by patrons;
e. The use of fire hydrants by fire companies for testing fire apparatus and for fire department drills except as the Municipal Fire Chief deems necessary in the interest of public safety; f. The use of fire hydrants by municipal road departments, contractor, and all others, except as necessary for fire fighting or protection purposes;
g. The use of water for all outdoor recreational purposes;
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h. The washing of outside of dwellings, buildings, or other structures, except windows;
i. The operation of any ornamental fountain or other structure making a similar use of water except as necessary to preserve or support fish and aquatic life;
j. The washing of streets via a street sweeper, except in those instances where Reclaimed Water for Beneficial Reuse (RWBR) is authorized under a valid New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NJPDES) Permit.
k. Any other water use activity specified by the MAYOR of the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH in the resolution required by Section ( ) above which is reasonable under the circumstances considering the nature and extent of the water emergency.
3. The following restrictions may be imposed on the water uses stated in
Section ( ):
a. Limiting all outdoor usage which is not strictly prohibited by this subsection to the hours of 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. or between 5:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m.
b. The watering of any single area shall not exceed thirty minutes per day.
c. Any other restriction specified by the MAYOR of the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH which is reasonable under the circumstances considering the nature and extent of the water emergency.
4. Any water use restriction imposed pursuant to this subsection may be
amended by the MAYOR of the TOWNSHIP of MAHWAH to add, alter, or delete any restriction in subsection at any time during the water emergency.
5. Any water use restriction imposed pursuant to this subsection shall apply
equally to both users on privately owned wells and users served by a public water system, currently a private water purveyor.
6. Nothing in this subsection shall be read so as to prohibit, restrict or limit
water usage where a bona fide health emergency exists.
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C. Duration of Water Emergency. Whenever the Municipal Engineer in his or her professional judgment finds that the emergency drought conditions in the Municipality have abated, he or she shall recommend to the MAYOR of the TOWNSHIP OF MAHWAH that the water emergency cease. Upon such a recommendation to cease, the MAYOR may declare the water emergency ended and the water use restrictions identified in Section ( ) inapplicable. D. Notice. Reasonable attempts shall be made to notify citizens and residents of the Municipality of the existence of a water emergency, the restrictions imposed, and the penalties for violations. E Enforcement of Water Use Restrictions. The water use restrictions imposed pursuant to this section shall be enforced during a water emergency by the local authorized official. The local authorized official shall enforce violations of the water use restrictions regardless of the source of the water.
F. Penalties. After a warning for a first offense in accordance with Section ( )of this section, any person or business that thereafter violates the water use restrictions imposed pursuant to this section shall be subject to the penalty provisions stated in the MAHWAH ordinance, section 1-5.
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5 Community
5.1 Self-Reflection
When I first entered the program, I was expecting everyone to be “preaching
from their soapbox” but found it wasn’t the case. This had been my view of
environmentalism and I really didn’t know anything about sustainability. I found
sustainability to be the calmer, more rational side of environmentalism. I think it was a
natural evolution of theories and practices that has begun to be embraced by the
mainstream. Perhaps I’m being overly optimistic but I think we’re making progress. I
found that Walker’s( 2005) work helped put my project in perspective. He said that
sometimes our learning comes about as a result of self-reflection and that most people
will take a critical look at their behavior, but living in community seems to accelerate the
process. I believe my own perspective on sustainability has changed, based on my
research. I think Walker’s(2005) theory is essential to getting the community involved
with Mahwah’s efforts to achieve certification with Sustainable Jersey. In spite of my
optimism, Quinn and Dalton’s (2009) work is a little more grounded. They found that
people’s natural reactions towards sustainability include things like “It’s
transformational. It’s revolutionary. It hasn’t been done before in this way”. From what
I’ve learned so far in my brief experience dealing with local politics, these are common
responses. These are also the same types of responses I received from my own company
when trying to engage upper management about sustainable solutions.
I’ve mentioned community in each section because it is the basis of my research.
As its own category, I researched why a community effort is necessary for sustainable
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actions to be successful. Glaser etal. (2010) looked at the idea of having a relational
community. It is one that is less concerned with their shared social and geographical
space and more interested in individuals accepting responsibility for the well-being of
their fellow citizens. In theory it sounds wonderful. In reality, I find it’s often difficult for
neighbors who live within 50 feet of each other to even be civil to each other, let alone
willing to accept responsibility for the well-being of their fellow citizens.
5.2 Leadership
What I’ve found in my professional experience is that strong leadership skills are
what hold a team/organization together and motivates employees to be productive. I
believe these same traits are needed to be a leader in the sustainability movement,
especially to be an effective “change-agent”. For that reason, I researched leadership
ideals that would translate to sustainable communities. Quinn and Dalton’s( 2009 )
study notes that a leader must set a direction, create alignment, and maintain a
commitment to the task at hand. I agree with this theory but have not been able to
identify the local leaders in my own project. Besides having titles, I haven’t actually met
anyone that I could confidently say I would consider a leader. Polhmann (2007)
continues with this theory by saying that social well-being is supported by a vibrant
economy and sustained by a healthy environment. Again, another idea that is good in
theory but it’s easy to lead in times of prosperity. The challenge of being a leader for a
sustainable community, especially in our current economy, is that people are much less
willing to accept change or take risks when there is more to lose. Mahwah was
presented with an excellent opportunity to place solar panels on various municipal
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buildings, utilizing government subsidies, but chose not to. They listened to the
proposal, nodded politely, and simply said no. They only asked superficial questions and
then ended the conversation. I’m still looking for that leader.
5.3 Whole-Systems Approach
As a category in my research, I viewed policy in terms of zoning since it is one of
the main issues at the municipal levels. I found Register’s(2006) work on zoning to be
timely, considering the rash of weather related anomalies we’ve faced in recent years.
He noted that zoning is simply a means of letting people know what they can build and
where and the types of activities they’re allowed to do. He continues by saying that
many of the ecological and social disasters of ill-conceived and poorly applied zoning can
be corrected by planning walkable distances within a city/town, creating inspiring
pedestrian environments, using three-dimensional thinking, looking at whole-system
patterns for long-term results. Locally, we’ve had a blizzard, 4 major floods, a major
hurricane, and a snow/ice storm/weeklong power outage all within the past 11 months.
It was during these “occurrences” that our planning failures became evident. If we fail to
address these “issues”, even though they are likely to happen again in the near future,
can we possibly be planning for a sustainable future? The city of Berkley, as per Register
(2006 ), added an “eco-amendment” to their Master Plan to ensure their critical needs
were being addressed. I don’t think we’re at that point yet in Mahwah but it is
something to keep in mind.
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5.4 Accountability
I found accountability to be the most difficult category to research. It’s easy to
say that we all need to be accountable for our actions but our efforts to follow-thru are
often in shades of grey. Ross (2011) noted that communities treated as dumping
grounds for waste disposal are a world apart from those with access to fresh air, open
space, and clean water. This is true within the borders of Mahwah. The people who live
in the Stagg Hill section are still being exposed to the toxins Ford dumped there 40+
years ago. The EPA keeps coming back to order more small clean-ups. The local
government has not been as engaged with the issue as I would like. At the same time,
people are living in the Rio Vista sub-division/gated community that lies within 3-4 miles
of Stagg Hill. It’s possible that their water is also contaminated or will be in the future
but other than that, they are not exposed to the same dangers. In this case, within the
town I’m researching, Ross is absolutely correct.
In terms of accountability, we normally blame the government for whatever
goes wrong. Register (2006) found that when people blame the city for environmental
damage, they fail to realize that the same number of people in a suburban context
would cause even more damage. They don’t understand the connection between the
arrangement of services and the density of population, adding dense, diverse
communities in with the sprawling suburbs. This is yet another example of why we need
to educate the community on the basics of sustainable planning and policy.
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5.5 The Greening Effect
I always thought that recycling my household waste was a noble effort. I was
doing my part. Sometimes I’d drag the can of recyclables down to the curb, waiting for
that large truck, the one with smoke billowing from its exhaust, to come for my things.
As per Owen (2003), recycling makes you feel good. But he warns that having people
believe that their practice of separating their garbage will have some impact on the
world’s problems is not a good idea. We’ve been trained to think this way. I know from
speaking with DPW members from my own town that our local recycling center is a
money maker. The community loves it because it is well-organized and you’ll never be
turned away, even if you live in another town. You feel good when you leave, like you
did your part to save the world. The DPW feels great when you leave because you just
handed them money. It’s a nice feel-good story but I wonder if it’s just an excuse for
someone to jump back in their gas-guzzler because they think they did their good deed
for the day – sort of like offsetting your carbon footprint.
I’m still looking for a positive message but I keep finding more problems and
failures. Mazmanian and Kraft (2009) point out that focusing on sustainability draws
attention to the failure to incorporate into the building blocks of our economic activity
in society. Their point is duly noted but I believe we’ve known this since the Lenni
Lenape Indians over-hunted the area, depleting the wild animal population in effort to
make more money from the fur trade.
Sustainable communities can be successfully developed if the plan includes key
aspects such as housing, transportation, education, community, policy, and energy. My
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Literary Review has gone in many different directions during the last few months. As my
Mahwah project stalled, my Paramus project picked-up steam and it gave me some new
ideas on how to approach Mahwah. After meeting with the Environmental Commission
recently, my work has taken me in a new direction. While my main goal will remain to
develop the best practices necessary for Mahwah to become certified by Sustainable
Jersey, I will also focus my energy on writing the two ordinances previously described.
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6 Next Steps
6.1 Sustainable Jersey
During the last two years, Mahwah began to take steps towards the goal of
certification. Some of its accomplishments include:
• Creation of a Green Team
• Launched a refrigerator/freezer upgrade program
• Wrote a revision to the Sustainability Master Plan
• Created an Environmental Commission
• Conducted an energy audit for one building
• Conducted an inventory and upgrade of all buildings
• Recommended/approved an anti-idling ordinance
• Built a recycling depot
6.2 Personal Connection
I will continue the work that began in my case study after I graduate. It will
include field study of Mahwah, study of archival and government documents, media
reports, town plans, Zoning laws, participation in local town meetings and other public
events and a demographic study of the town. I will use this data to identify trends,
historical and political influences on current polices, zoning issues, and community
interest and level of interaction with town matters. This will provide insights on the
socio political climate of Mahwah, public opinion and details about the town’s
commitment to change. Further, I will interview town officials and other local leaders to
understand the complex debates on sustainability initiatives in Mahwah. I will also
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conduct a comparative study of Mahwah’s town plans with other towns in New Jersey.
This will provide me the opportunity to examine the sustainability indicators identified
by neighboring towns and their short/long term goals.
I chose to conduct my research on Mahwah for two reasons. The first being that
I believe it will be a value contribution to the community, including Ramapo College.
Mahwah began as a farming community and transformed itself into a successful
manufacturing town, eventually becoming an affluent suburb. Unfortunately, the story
is not that simple. As with any type of change or development at the community level,
there were conflicts. These conflicts started during the pioneer days and continue today.
Mahwah has had a diverse background of people from Native Americans to European
settlers. They have ranged economically from rich to poor. Some lived simple lives in the
mountains, while others in estates. Conflicts arising from race, religion, economic
hierarchy, political affiliation, and land use issues have continued to test the
communities’ resilience. These issues are not unique to Mahwah but will influence its
transition towards sustainability.
On a more personal level, I was born and raised in Mahwah. I have fond
memories’ of my childhood and enjoyed the support of the community. It was the type
of town where you didn’t need to lock your doors, you could ask your neighbors for
anything, and I considered most of my neighbors to be family. I always felt safe and
never needed anything. While I’m grateful for having been raised that way, I realize now
that I was somewhat isolated from some of the social issues that were occurring at the
time.
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The reason why I mention my personal connection to the town is that I still had a
childlike sense of what Mahwah was before I began the case study. I wasn’t aware of
the dumping that Ford did in the Ramapo Mountains, the racial conflicts, or the
commercial/residential development during the last 20 years. I’m the first to admit that
these issues were never on my radar. When I wanted to move back to Mahwah and
started began looking for a house, I was surprised by the changes that had taken place.
All but one of the farms I remembered were now gone. New developments of luxury
homes now occupied the woods that I played in as a child. There were now traffic lights
where previously there were none. I was sitting in traffic in Mahwah for the first time.
Where did all of these people come from? There has also been so much development
on Route 17 that it’s difficult to see the stars at night because of all the lights.
As I began the earliest stages of my research, I realized I needed to identify the
reasons why the town is in its current state. Just as the town has seen various types of
conflicts during periods of change, I found that I’m personally conflicted by these
changes. What concerns me is that the transition towards sustainability will depend on
people like me. Not the new “me”, the student in the Sustainability program, but the old
“me”. The “me” that was very comfortable in my life. I’m worried that the influential
people in Mahwah might not be concerned enough about the environment or the future
prosperity of the town to support a transition to sustainability.
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6.3 Variables
The variables will include demographic categories such as trends in population,
age, religious affiliation, family structure, employment, housing, and education. While
these are all important variables I’ll need to consider when making my recommendation
for Best Practices, they are simply tangible metrics. I’ll also need to consider how they
influence each other in more intangible ways like economic disparity, racial issues,
occupational opportunities, and access to environmental resources, public
transportation, infrastructure/waste management, change in political power/power
shift, and unequal access to resources. It’s important that I select the appropriate
indicators so I can measure/monitor the economic, social, and environmental conditions
that Mahwah is currently facing. I believe this approach will bring more balance to my
research. I plan to examine the relationship between indicators and how they impact
each other. As an example, I will begin by attending Town Council meetings to observe
the members of the community that choose to participate. As an example, each
resident is required to declare his or her name and address before they address the
Council. Being familiar with the town, the addresses will give me an idea of their
economic status. I will also speak with them after the meeting to learn amore about
their concerns. While this is a somewhat superficial observation, it will allow me to
immerse myself in the community issues.
The personal concerns I have about the community are beginning to shape my
research methods. I’m interested in speaking with people who are passionate about the
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town and those that have an interest in sustainability. My current interview list includes
the following but I expect it to grow as the project evolves next semester:
• Eric Fuchs – Executive Director of MEVO Earth, Member of Sustainable Mahwah
• Brian Champion – Business Administrator of Mahwah
• Richard Wolfe – Sustainable Mahwah and Environmental Committee
• Emma Spett – MEVO Coordinator
• Karin LaGreca – Board of Directors for MEVO and member of Environmental
Committee
Conclusion
Based on my literature review and the one interview I conducted thus far, I have
few findings to offer or enough data to analyze. However, the one interview I conducted
gave me some background information on the power structure within the town and
helped me identify some of the key players. I found that the motives differ amongst the
members of the Environmental Committee and Sustainable Mahwah organization, even
though the groups share some of the same members. It seems that a group such as
Sustainable Mahwah might be in a better position to accomplish the goals necessary for
certification since they have fewer boundaries to deal with and it’s comprised of more
“doers than leaders”. I look forward to working with the Environmental Commission in
the future and developing Mahwah into a more sustainable city.
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Bibliography
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Mahwah, New Jersey, 1700-1976. A.S. Barnes and Company, South
Brunswick and New York
Dunham-Jones, E., Williamson, J. (2011) Retrofitting suburbia: Urban design solutions.
Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey
Glaser, M., Bruckner, M., Bannon,C. (2010) Citizen Attachment: Building sustainable
communities. Government Finance Review, Chicago, Oct 2010, Vol. 26, Iss. 5;
pb.24, 7pgs
James, S., Lahti, T. (2004) The natural step for communities: How cities and towns can
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