Mahamud of ghazni and mohammad of ghur

Mahmud of Ghazni and Mohammad of Ghur

Lesson - 2

The name Turk was first applied to a clan of tribal chieftains who founded the nomadic Göktürk Empire (“present Turkey"). These nomads roamed in the Altai Mountains in northern Mongolia and on the steppes of Central Asia. The Göktürks were ruled by Khans whose influences extended during the sixth to eighth centuries from the Aral Sea to the Hindu Kush

Cities of Ghazni and Ghur

• In the 9th century Arab Empire started disintegrating and

declined.

• Two kingdoms emerged prominent, the two cities of Ghazni

and Ghur which are in present day Afghanistan.

•The rulers of these two kingdoms invaded and plundered the

Indian Subcontinent in the 11th and 12th centuries.

•By the 10th and 11th century the North India had disintegrated

into many small kingdoms which gave huge advantage to these

rulers.

•These attacks were done to finance their ambition of expanding

their empire.

Mahmud of Ghazni ( AD 971-1030)

•After the decline of Abbasid dynasty Subuktigin a Turkish noble acquired the adjoining parts of Ghazni.•His son Mahmud wanted to achieve the glory of the greatest conqueror of the world.•He had heard about the wealth of the Indo- Gangetic plains.•He attacked and plundered North India 17 times from AD 1001 to 1025.•He believed in the jihad (holy war which will lead to heaven) and plundering the region.•He looted the rich temples and trade centers e.g Siestan and Multan.•He also fought with the rulers of Ghur to establish is superiority.

LIST OF INVASIONS

•In AD 1001 he attacked Punjab, Ujjain, Gwalior, Kalinga, Kanauj and Delhi.•He also attacked and raided rich cities and towns like Nagarkot, Multan, Alwar, Thaneshwar, Mathura and Somnath.

SOMNATH TEMPLE

When Mahmud’s army was advancing to plunder the Somnath, the Hindu inhabitants were so sure that the iron lingam would save them that they stood calmly. But killing and plundering took place. 50,000 people were killed, 1300 kg of gold and millions of dinars were looted.

Mahmud was a successful general and a conqueror who never suffered defeat.Apart from war , he was a patron of art , architecture and literature.

His capital Ghazni was adorned with many beautiful buildings, mosques, libraries, a museum and a university.In his court scholars like Al-Beruni and Persian poet Firdausi received his patronage.Firdausi wrote the great epic – Shahnama. Al-Beruni spent 10 years and wrote a book describing India called Tahqiq-i-Hind.

DEATH OF MAHMUD OF GHAZNI

•Before Mahmud died he annexed Punjab.•He died in AD 1030.His death brought an end to his empire and the frequent raids to the Indian sub-continent.•He was truly a warrior more than a man of faith.•He used the wealth plundered from the temples to protect his empire from the expanding kingdoms of Central Asia.

Mohammad of Ghur

• After a gap of 150 years in AD1175 Mohamad of Ghur a turkish ruler of a small kingdom in Afghanistan attacked the Indian sub-continent.•He was also called Mohammad.Ghori.•The invasion laid the foundation of the Turko-Afghan rule in India.

•Mohammad Ghori attacked the five Rajput kingdoms.-

•The Rathore of Kanuaj•The Chuahans of Delhi and Ajmer.•The Solankis of Gujarat •The Parmaras of Malwar•The Chandellas of Bundlekhand

MOHAMMAD GHORI’S CONQUEST

•In AD 1175, he captured Multan.•Later he defeated the Solanki of Gujarat.•He conquered Peshawar, Sialkot and Punjab•In the First Battle of Tarain Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan but he narrowly escaped from being killed.•In the Second Battle of Tarain he defeated Prithviraj.•Later he also defeated Jaichand of the ruler of Kanuaj in AD 1198•The Second Battle of Tarain put an end to the Rajput Dynasty.

Qutb-ud-din Aibak

• Mohammad Ghori appointed his faithful

general Qutb-ud-aibak as the governor over

his territory.• Qutb-ud-din – aibak further defeated the

empires of Mathura, Gwalior, Bundelkhand

and Malwa.•Another general Bakhtiar Khalji conquered

Bengal and Bihar.

DEATH OF MOHAMMAD GHORI

•Mohammad Ghori died while trying to suppress the

revolt of the Khokhars.

•He did not have any son, so his governors became

independent rulers.

•Fight for power broke out among these governors

and Qutb-ub-din aibak asserted his supremacy.

•This is laid the foundation of the Turko-Afghan rule in

India.

Mahamud of Ghazni Mohammad GhoriTo loot and plunder India

To set up an empire.

Did not appoint governors

Appointed faithful generals who continued to expand the kingdom

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

CAUSES OF THE

SUCCESS OF INVASION

There were number of reasons that led to the defeat of the Rajputs.

1.Weak war machinery- Slow moving

elephants Vs guerilla warriors.

2. Jealousy and hatred- Prithviraj

Chauhan and Jaichand

3.Feudatory nature of the society – no

standing army.

4.Fighting between the feudal lords.

5.Lacked vigour and determination.

6.No outstanding leader.

Impact of the raids.

•Intermingling of cultures. –lot to give and take

between Hindu and Muslim culture.•Sharing of knowledge.•Composite culture- manifested in architecture,

language, music and food.•Migration of large number of people-soldiers,

traders, workers.•Laid the foundation of the slave dynasty.

RECAPMAHMUD OF GHAZNI

(1001-1025)

BACKGROUND• Rise of empire in central

Asia• Encouraged Persian culture

even though he was Turk.• Looted and plundered India

to accumulate resources.• Patronized art, architecture

and literature.- Al-beruni and Firdausi.

• Not interested in building an empire in India.

AREAS OVERRAN•Siestan, Multan and important trading centers in lower Indus. •Rich temples of north-west.•Punjab, Ujjain, Kalinga, Kanauj, Delhi, Gujarat.

Mohammad of Ghur(1175-1206)

CAMPAIGN •Fought five rajput kingdoms- Rathors,Chauhans, Solankis, Paramars, Chandellas•Fought two battles at Tarain against Prithviraj Chauhan-won the second battle.•Appointed Qutb-ud-din-aibk as governor of indian provinces.•Killed by rebels in 1206

CONSEQUENCES•Turkish rule extended to

Ganga-Yamuna –Doab•Suppression of Rajputs and

other smaller kingdoms.•Delhi Sultanate established

by Aibk after Mohammad

Ghori.

•Intermingling and

emergence of Indo- Islamic

culture.