Exposure to biological agents in school environments in Hungary with special focus on fungi Donát MAGYAR 1 ; Zsófia TISCHNER 1,2, Tamás SZIGETI 1 , Péter RUDNAI 1 , Éva CSOBOD 3 , László KREDICS 4 1 National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary 2 Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary 3 The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, REC Country Office, Szentendre, Hungary 4 University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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MAGYAR1 TISCHNER1,2, SZIGETI1 Péter RUDNAI1 Éva CSOBOD3 ... Magya… · and funded by the European Parliament) funded by DG Sanco, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate and
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Exposure to biological agents in school
environments in Hungary
with special focus on fungi Donát MAGYAR1; Zsófia TISCHNER1,2, Tamás SZIGETI1, Péter RUDNAI1, Éva CSOBOD3, László KREDICS4
1National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary2Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
3The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, REC Country Office, Szentendre, Hungary4University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
Concentration of bacteria in the air samples collected from classrooms (brown) and outdoors (green). Red line: threshold (500 CFU/m3, if above outdoor level)
Surprisingly high concentration!
School code
ResultsAirborne bacteria
Particles falling from the human body1.000.000 particulate/h (>0.5 µm) mostly bacteria
‘personal microbial cloud’ (Meadow et al. 2015)
No pathogenic bacteriawere detected.Mostly Bacillus and Micrococcus spp.
lipopolysacharides, the major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.Released from dead bacteria.Symptoms:Fever, accelerated breathing and low blood pressureThe effect is increased in the presence of tobacco smoke and NO2
Positive effects?!It can be protective against atopic / asthmatic diseasese.g. in airway remodeling (Liu 2002)
Total concentration of fungiin the air samples collected from
classrooms (blue) and outdoors (green).
School code
Fungi
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Cladosporium spp.
10930
050
100150200250300350400450500
Penicillium spp.
4800 1460
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
3a
3b
4b
outd
oor
3a
3c
4a
outd
oor
3a
4a
4b
outd
oor
3a
4a
4b
outd
oor
3a
4a
4b
outd
oor
3a
3b
4c
outd
oor
CF
U/m
3
Aspergillus spp.
CFU/m3
Concentration
of common
airborne fungi
collected from
classrooms
(blue) and
outdoors
(green).
In collaboration withUppsala University, Swenden - Dan NorbäckNational Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland Martin Täubel
Aspergillus+Penicillium spp.
Aspergillus versicolor
Trichoderma spp./ T. viridis
Cladosporium herbarum
Alternaria spp./A. alternata
classrooms
CFU
/m3
cell/
m2
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
051015202530354045
0100200300400500600700
020406080
100120140160
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
01000020000300004000050000600007000080000
01002003004005006007008009001000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
y = -0,0006x + 372,31R² = 0,0298
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000
Asp
/Pen
CFU
m-3
Asp/Pen cells mg-1
Aspergillus/Penicillium
y = -0,0053x + 3,602R² = 0,0063
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
A.v
ersi
colo
r C
FU m
-3
A. versicolor cells mg-1
Aspergillus versicolor
Common indoor fungi: no correlation between concentration of fungi in settled dust and air
y = -0,0045x + 0,4243R² = 0,0134
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
ATr
ich
od
erm
a sp
p. C
FU m
-3
T. viridis cells mg-1
Trichoderma
A soilborne fungus: no correlation between concentration of fungi in settled dust and air
y = 0,1626x + 7,6518R² = 0,1195
y = 0,1792x + 7,0433R² = 0,6386
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Alt
ern
aria
sp
p. C
FU m
-3
Alternaria alternata cells mg-1
Alternaria
Common outdoor fungi: correlation between concentration of fungi in settled dust and air
Spearman’s rho: 0,693** p 0,004
y = -0,0005x + 137,74R² = 3E-05
y = 0,0107x + 108,92R² = 0,414
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
C. h
erb
aru
m C
FU m
-3
C. herbarum cells mg-1
Cladosporium herbarum
Airborne levels of mouldsexceeded the threshold value in 41% (9) schools38% (13) classrooms.
Number of cases when theconcentration of fungal taxa exceeded the threshold level:
Alternaria; 2
Aspergillus; 2
Acremonium; 1
Penicillium; 5
Cladosporium; 4
Threshold levels were defined as the concentration (colony forming units/m3) higher than the corresponding outdoor concentration of a given fungal sp. by 50.
Although Cladosporium species are common outdoor fungi, they are able to grow in areas of condensation, where they are frequently associated with Acremonium spp.
Aspergillus section Versicolores(A. versicolor, A. sydowii)are frequent in damp buildings.
Their high concentration could be regarded as an indicator of fungal growth in schools.
Aspergillus fumigatusin composts
Penicillium spp.
common indoor and food-borne fungi.
Remnants of mouldy foods in schoolbags might be a major source of this fungus in classrooms.
uzsi
Modern buildingsdropped ceilingairductsgipsum board walls…
Visual inspection(suggested by guidelines) is not effective anymore.
mold colonies behind a gipsum board wall in a school
Conclusion
• It is important to improve microbial air quality in schools. • Modern buildings are new challange for microbiologists. • Research should focus on-the development of a new, simple methodto detect hidden mold
-risk assessment of mold exposure-following new technologies in architecture and keepenvironmental health guidelines updated
Thank you for your attention!
Acknowledgements: This work was implemented within the projects SINPHONIE (Schools Indoor Pollution and Health, initiated and funded by the European Parliament) funded by DG Sanco, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate and InAirQ(Transnational adaption actions for integrated indoor air quality management) funded by Interreg CENTRAL EUROPE.
Window vent (air intake)
A tapétarétegek alatt Chaetomium gomba telepei és háziporatkák.
A spórák kiszóródtak.
A csoportszoba fala az ereszcsatorna rossz bekötése és az alap mentén történő beázások miatt vizesedik.
4. eset
Penészgombák
(Hyphomycetes, Zygomycetes):
80 faj!
szenzitizálás
allergiás rhinitis
atópiás dermatitis
asztma
tüdőmikózis, aspergilloma,
hyperszenzitív tüdőgyulladás
humidifier fever,
SBS
BRI
A természetes szellőzés akkor hatékony, ha
egyoldali szellőzésnél a tér mélysége a belmagasság 2,5-szeresénél nem nagyobb
átszellőzésnél a tér mélysége a belmagasság 5-szörösénél nem nagyobb.
Horn V. 2017
3. eset
-Padlásajtó nyílik a
lakótérbe
-A padlásról MMVF
törmelék szóródik,
-kimutatható a
gyerekszobában
Reményné Nagy Z, Magyar D, Varró M, Nagy L, Mácsik A, Szentmihályi R, Rudnai P, Beregszászi T (2012) Iskolás gyerekek endotoxin-terhelésének vizsgálata passzív pormintavételimódszerrel. TOX'2012 konferencia, Hévíz, 2012. október 17-19.
Total concentration of airborne fungi
in Hungarian schools
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
- - -
Pe
nic
illiu
m s
pp
.
Pe
nic
illiu
m d
igit
atu
m
Pe
nic
illiu
m s
pp
. -
Asp
ergi
llus
sect
. Ve
rsic
olo
res -
Pe
nic
illiu
m s
p1
. - -
Acr
emo
niu
m s
p. - - -
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
CFU/m3
School code
Fungal taxa having concentration above threshold level
Threshold levels were defined as the concentration (colony forming units/m3) higher than the corresponding outdoor concentration of a given fungal sp. by 50.
• Isolated fungal taxa:– Acremonium sp.
– Aspergillus sp.
– A. clavatus
– A. flavus
– A. sydowii
– A. sect. Versicolores
– Beauveria sp.
– Bipolaris sp.
– Cladosporium sp.
– Eurotium sp.
– Penicillium sp.
– P. digitatum
– Phoma sp.
– Rhodotorula sp.
– Sporothrix sp.
– Talaromyces sp.
– Trichotecium roseum
– Ulocladium sp.
Long-term exposure to indoor air pollution could lead to respiratory diseases, such as allergy and asthma. Children aged 6 to 14 represent one of the most sensitive groups, spending 6-8 h daily in classrooms. Air samples were collected in 22 primary schools (34 classrooms and outdoors) in 11 towns in Hungary with a single-stage Andersen device. Two samples per classroom were taken during the lessons with closed windows and doors onto malt extract agar with 10% chloramphenicol and incubated at 25 °C for 5 days. Threshold levels were defined as the concentration (colony forming units/m3) higher than the corresponding outdoor concentration of a given fungal sp. by 50. Sporulating filamentous fungi were identified at the genus level with a Carl Zeiss Jenaval light microscope at 300×. Airborne levels of mouldsexceeded the threshold value in 9 schools (13 classrooms). Penicillium (36%), Cladosporium (29%), Alternaria (14%), Aspergillus (14%) and Acremonium (7%) spp. reached high concentrations. Many species of Penicillium are common indoors and are food-borne fungi. Remnants of mouldy foods in schoolbags might be a major source of this fungus in classrooms. Alternaria and Cladosporium are common outdoor fungi, but the latter one often grows in areas of condensation, where it is frequently associated with Acremonium spp. Aspergillus spp. (especially spp. of the section Versicolores) are frequent in damp buildings. Their high concentration could be regarded as an indicator of fungal growth in schools. The above-mentioned fungi can trigger respiratory diseases such as allergy and asthma. Other biological agents, such as bacteria in Hungarian schools are also reviewed. Based on these results it is important to improve microbial air quality in schools.