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Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms Survey of Angiosperms — using APG system ‘Basal angiosperms’ • ANA ( ‘ basal families ’ ) • magnoliid complex • monocots Eudicots or tricolpates (3 pored pollen) • ranunculids • caryophyllids • rosids • asterids
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Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Apr 12, 2020

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Page 1: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliophyta - AngiospermsSurvey of Angiosperms — using APG system

‘Basal angiosperms’• ANA (‘basal families’)• magnoliid complex• monocots

Eudicots or tricolpates (3 pored pollen)• ranunculids• caryophyllids• rosids• asterids

Page 2: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

We will begin our survey of angiosperms by examining the ‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic!

We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm group’ - at the end of the semester

Basal Angiosperms

These include all those shown here except the eudicots which are the bulk of dicots

Page 3: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

What are basal angiosperms?

Basal Angiosperms

polypetalyhypogynyactinomorphic

(1) Charles Bessey’s order Ranaleswith most of the dicot basal angiosperms

Magnolia = primitive

and (2) monocots

Page 4: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

What are basal angiosperms?

Basal Angiosperms

Exhibit a suite of primitive character states

1. Many parts at each whorl

Page 5: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

What are basal angiosperms?

Basal Angiosperms

Exhibit a suite of primitive character states

1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpels

Drimys Winteraceae

Page 6: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

What are basal angiosperms?

Basal Angiosperms

Exhibit a suite of primitive character states

1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpels3. Follicle fruits

Leaf-like follicles

Page 7: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

What are basal angiosperms?

Basal Angiosperms

Exhibit a suite of primitive character states

1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpels3. Follicle fruits

Laminar stamens in yellow waterlily

4. Laminar stamens

Page 8: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

What are basal angiosperms?

Basal Angiosperms

Exhibit a suite of primitive character states

1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpels3. Follicle fruits 4. Laminar stamens 5. Tracheids, no vessel elements

Page 9: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

What are basal angiosperms?

Basal Angiosperms

Exhibit a suite of primitive character states

1. Many parts at each whorl2. Separate, unsealed carpels3. Follicle fruits 4. Laminar stamens 5. Tracheids, no vessel elements 6. Pollen grains single pored,

apertured, furrowed; nottriaperturate, tricolpate

Lilium (monocot)uniaperturate

Page 10: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

The ‘ANA’ group forms a basal grade (paraphyletic)

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Name derived from initials of members

Page 11: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

*Amborellaceae (order Amborellales)

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Amborella trichopoda — only 1 species from New Caledonia

* = know this family or group!

Page 12: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

*Amborellaceae (order Amborellales)

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

• dioecious (unisexual) evergreen shrub with no vessels

Page 13: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

*Amborellaceae (order Amborellales)

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

• dioecious (unisexual) evergreen shrub with no vessels• P 5-8 A ¥ G 0 male

• perianth spiralled – tepals• laminar stamens• apocarpic, not sealed• fruits 1 seeded, drupe-like

• P 5-8 A 0 G 5-6 female

Page 14: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Question: would the “first angiosperm” have had features like

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Amborella?

Page 15: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Answer: not necessarily

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Amborella features could be derived later (over last 100my +)

Read required paper: Sauquet et al. 2017

Page 16: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Answer: not necessarily

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Amborella features could be derived later (over last 100my +)

The ancestral flower of angiosperms and its early diversification.

Page 17: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Austrobaileyaceae: 1 species of tropical Australian evergreen liana

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

P ¥ A ¥ G ¥• spiralled tepals; laminar stamens; fly pollinated; apocarpic - berries

Page 18: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Illiciaceae

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

• aromatic shrubs/vines, used in anise liquers

• Asian tropics and subtropics & disjunct in Eastern North America

Illicium Schisandra + Kadsura

Page 19: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Illiciaceae

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

P ¥ A ¥ G ¥• spiralled tepals, not sealed carpels, 1 seeded follicles

Japanese anise

Schisandra

Page 20: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Trimeniaceae: Trimenia with 5 spp. (Australasian trees, shrubs, vines)

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

P ¥ A ¥ G 1• spiralled tepals; filamentous stamens; berry with one ovule

Page 21: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Biogeographical distributions of the A A members of ANA support old notion that tropical Australasia was center of originof extant angiosperms

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Liberty Hyde Bailey

Page 22: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal AngiospermsNymphaeales: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge

• worldwide distribution except arid regions

• little biogeographic structureDistribution of Nymphaeaceae - water lilies

• water lilies and relatives

Page 23: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

• floating or submersed leaves

• air cavities in tissue

• mucilaginous coverings

• lack of vessels

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms*Nymphaeaceae – water lilies

8 genera with specialized ecological aquatic niche

Page 24: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Obvious ecological convergence in floating aquatics is the rule! Check out live aquatic plant display in Birge lobby.

Nuphar variegatum -yellow waterlily= basal angiosperm

Nymphoides peltata -water gentian= asterid dicot

*Nymphaeaceae – water lilies

Page 25: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Order Nymphaeales once included all these 3 genera

Nuphar Nelumbo

Ceratophyllumall are unrelated!

= ANA = eudicot

= basal angiosperm

*Nymphaeaceae – water lilies

Page 26: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Nymphaea odorata - water lily

CA 4-¥ CO ¥ A ¥ G (¥) • showy flowers with strong scent attracting animals• many parts at each whorl• laminar stamens

*Nymphaeaceae – water lilies

Page 27: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

• showy flowers with strong scent attracting animals• many parts at each whorl• laminar stamens• superior, syncarpic pistil !

CA 4-¥ CO ¥ A ¥ G (¥)

*Nymphaeaceae – water lilies

Page 28: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal Angiosperms

Nuphar variegata -yellow pond lily • petaloid sepals, petals reduced

*Nymphaeaceae – water lilies

Page 29: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal AngiospermsAmazonian Victoria with peltate leaves

Page 30: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal AngiospermsCabombaceae - 2 genera often placed in Nymphaeaceae

Brasenia shreberi - water shield • small clonal floating aquatic• peltate leaves• wind pollinated

Page 31: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal AngiospermsCabombaceae - 2 genera often placed in Nymphaeaceae

Cabomba - fanwort • submersed and floating leaved• dimorphic leaves• insect pollinated

Page 32: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

‘ANA’ Basal AngiospermsMolecular phylogeny - secondary increase in floral structures

Don Les & al. 1999

Page 33: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal AngiospermsRemainder of basal angiosperms (except monocots & hornwort)

• = Magnoliids (monophyletic)

Page 34: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

• tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves)

• aromatic - ethereal oils

Magnoliid Basal AngiospermsRemainder of basal angiosperms (except monocots & hornwort)

• tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves)

• aromatic - ethereal oils (“ranalian” smell)

• beetle or fly pollination common

• tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves)

Page 35: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales)

• tropical or warm temperate trees or shrubs with large, pinnate netted, stipulate leaves• flowers large and solitary

Magnolia grandiflora

Page 36: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales)

• perianth = tepals spirally arranged

P ¥ A ¥ G ¥

p

p

p

• androecium of laminar stamens

aaa

• gynoecium of many separate pistils or carpels

gg

g

Page 37: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales)

• fruits of one flower = ‘cone’ or ‘aggregate’ of follicles

• dehiscent along one suture, derived from one carpel (leaf)

P ¥ A ¥ G ¥

Magnolia grandiflora

Page 38: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales)

• fruits of one flower = ‘cone’ or ‘aggregate’ of follicles

• dehiscent along one suture, derived from one carpel (leaf)

P ¥ A ¥ G ¥

Page 39: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales)

Liriodendron - tulip tree, yellow poplar - samara (winged) fruits

Page 40: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Annonaceae (Magnoliales) - custard apples

• large, woody pantropical family

• perianth in 3 sets of three tepals

P 3+3+3 A ¥ G ¥

Page 41: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Annonaceae (Magnoliales) - custard apples

• large, woody pantropical family

• perianth in 3 sets of three tepals

• fruits aromatic, aggregates of one carpeled berries

P 3+3+3 A ¥ G ¥

Annona

anon, cherimoya, custard-apple

Page 42: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Annonaceae (Magnoliales) - custard apples

• Asimina triloba: paw-paw

• native to eastern North America

• flowers fly pollinated; fruits banana-like

P 3+3+3 A ¥ G ¥

Ohio paw-paw fair

Page 43: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal AngiospermsMyristicaceae (Magnoliales) - nutmeg

• Myristica fragrans - nutmeg, mace• mace from aril• nutmeg from

seed

Page 44: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal AngiospermsLauraceae (Laurales) - cinnamon, laurel

• aromatic trees or shrubs

• 3 merous flowers

P 3+3 A 3-¥ G 1

cinnamon

Page 45: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal AngiospermsLauraceae (Laurales) - cinnamon, laurel

• aromatic trees or shrubs

• 3 merous flowers

P 3+3 A 3-¥ G 1

• fruit 1 seeded berry or drupe

avocado

Page 46: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal AngiospermsPiperaceae (Piperales) - pepper, pepperomia

• herbs, vines, shrubs, epiphytes, cordate leaves, bi- or unisexual

P 0 A 3+3 G 1

PeperomiaPiper

Page 47: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger

• climbing or rhizomatous herbs, cordate leaves

• aromatic, medicinal compounds [“well born” family]

Aristolochia clematis

Page 48: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger

CA (3) CO 0 A 6-¥ G (4-6)• calyx corolloid

• petals absent

• fly pollination

• inferior, syncarpicA. hirta

hypanthium

A. lindneria

A. grandiflora

Page 49: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger

• Asarum canadensis -wild ginger

• creeping rhizome, paired leaves, flowers basal

• rhizome makes candied ginger

• North American Indians used for contraceptive

Page 50: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger

• 3 petals reduced to scales

CA (3) CO 0 A 6-¥ G (4-6)

Page 51: Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms‘basal angiosperms’ - those groups that are now shown to be the first diverging – paraphyletic! We will look at the monocots - a ‘basal angiosperm

Magnoliid Basal Angiosperms*Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger

• 3 petals reduced to scales

• seeds with arils, dispersed by ants

CA (3) CO 0 A 6-¥ G (4-6)


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