Monopole Edward Olszewski Electromagnetism The Maxwell Theory Compact Notation Minimal Coupling (Quantum Mechanics) The Dirac Monopole Magnetic Monopoles and Dyons in Grand Unified Theories Montonen–Olive Duality Superstring Theory Primer Magnetic Monopoles in String Theory References Appendix . . . . . . Magnetic Monopoles: from Dirac to D-branes Edward Olszewski April 27, 2012
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Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Magnetic Monopoles: from Dirac toD-branes
Edward Olszewski
April 27, 2012
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Euler equation (inhomogeneous): δF = −∗d∗F = j
δF =−∇ · E dt ++ (−∂tE +∇× B) · dx
je =jeµ dxµ = −ρedt + Je · dx
Bianchi identity (homogeneous): dF = −ddA = 0
dF =∇ · Bdx1 ∧ dx2 ∧ dx3+
+12(∂tB +∇× E)iϵijkdt ∧ dx i ∧ dx j
=0
Lagrangian density: L = −14
FµνFµν − jµe Aµ
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Minimal Coupling
pµ = −i∂µ → −i(∂µ − igeAµ) ,
where ge is the electric charge.
Schrödinger equation: i∂tψ =− 12m
(∇− igeA)2ψ
(A,V , χ + geVψtime independent)
Compactify the range of χ, i.e. χ and χ+ 2πe correspond
to the same gauge transformation (e ≡ couplingconstant).
Gauge Transformation: ψ → e−igeχψ
A → A −∇χ ≡
≡ A − ige
eigeχ∇e−igeχ
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Wu-Yang construction
A NS
= (±C2
− gm
4πcos θ)
eϕ
r sin θ
= ±C2
dϕ− gm
4πcos θdϕ
F = −dA → B =gm r4πr2
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Electric Charge Quantization
Sincee(−ige
∫ 2π/e0 dχ) = 1 ,
then
ge2πe
= 2πne ne ∈ Z
ge = ne e
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Magnetic Charge Quantization
To remove the string singularity set
gm
4π=
C2.
Since
dχ = −(AN − AS) = −Cdϕ = −gm
2πdϕ
e(−ie∫ 2π
0dχdϕ dϕ) = eiegm = 1
gm = nm2πe, nm ∈ Z
gegm = 2π Dirac monopole (nm = ne = 1)
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary
I The existence of a single magnetic charge requiresthat electric charge be quantized.
I The quantities e(−igeχ) are elements of a U(1) groupof gauge transformations. If electric charge isquantized, then χ = 0 and χ = 2π/e (where e is thecoupling constant) yield the same gaugetransformation, i.e. the range of χ is compact. In thiscase the gauge group is the circle group U(1). In thealternative case when charge is not quantized andthe range of χ is not compact, i.e e → 0, the gaugegroup is the real line R1. Magnetic monopolesrequire a compact U(1) gauge group.
I Mathematically, we have constructed a non-trivialprincipal fiber bundle with base manifold S2 and fiberU(1), for the case nm = 1.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary
I The existence of a single magnetic charge requiresthat electric charge be quantized.
I The quantities e(−igeχ) are elements of a U(1) groupof gauge transformations. If electric charge isquantized, then χ = 0 and χ = 2π/e (where e is thecoupling constant) yield the same gaugetransformation, i.e. the range of χ is compact. In thiscase the gauge group is the circle group U(1). In thealternative case when charge is not quantized andthe range of χ is not compact, i.e e → 0, the gaugegroup is the real line R1. Magnetic monopolesrequire a compact U(1) gauge group.
I Mathematically, we have constructed a non-trivialprincipal fiber bundle with base manifold S2 and fiberU(1), for the case nm = 1.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary
I The existence of a single magnetic charge requiresthat electric charge be quantized.
I The quantities e(−igeχ) are elements of a U(1) groupof gauge transformations. If electric charge isquantized, then χ = 0 and χ = 2π/e (where e is thecoupling constant) yield the same gaugetransformation, i.e. the range of χ is compact. In thiscase the gauge group is the circle group U(1). In thealternative case when charge is not quantized andthe range of χ is not compact, i.e e → 0, the gaugegroup is the real line R1. Magnetic monopolesrequire a compact U(1) gauge group.
I Mathematically, we have constructed a non-trivialprincipal fiber bundle with base manifold S2 and fiberU(1), for the case nm = 1.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary
I The existence of a single magnetic charge requiresthat electric charge be quantized.
I The quantities e(−igeχ) are elements of a U(1) groupof gauge transformations. If electric charge isquantized, then χ = 0 and χ = 2π/e (where e is thecoupling constant) yield the same gaugetransformation, i.e. the range of χ is compact. In thiscase the gauge group is the circle group U(1). In thealternative case when charge is not quantized andthe range of χ is not compact, i.e e → 0, the gaugegroup is the real line R1. Magnetic monopolesrequire a compact U(1) gauge group.
I Mathematically, we have constructed a non-trivialprincipal fiber bundle with base manifold S2 and fiberU(1), for the case nm = 1.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Fibre Bundles
I The gauge group of electromagnetism is the realnumbers, R, under the group operation of addition orits compact equivalent the circle, U(1). Attach a copyof this group to each point of spacetime. Thismathematical structure is a principal fiber bundle.
I The gauge groups corresponding to other forces innature are obtained by substituting for the gaugegroup of electromagnetism another appropriate Liegroup.
I For the remainder of this presentation the focus willbe on the gauge groups SU(N) and G2, which maybe relevant to Grand Unification, e.g.SU(3)× SU(2)× U(1) is a subgroup of SU(5); thenon-compact version of E8 breaks down to SU(3)through G2.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Fibre Bundles
I The gauge group of electromagnetism is the realnumbers, R, under the group operation of addition orits compact equivalent the circle, U(1). Attach a copyof this group to each point of spacetime. Thismathematical structure is a principal fiber bundle.
I The gauge groups corresponding to other forces innature are obtained by substituting for the gaugegroup of electromagnetism another appropriate Liegroup.
I For the remainder of this presentation the focus willbe on the gauge groups SU(N) and G2, which maybe relevant to Grand Unification, e.g.SU(3)× SU(2)× U(1) is a subgroup of SU(5); thenon-compact version of E8 breaks down to SU(3)through G2.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Fibre Bundles
I The gauge group of electromagnetism is the realnumbers, R, under the group operation of addition orits compact equivalent the circle, U(1). Attach a copyof this group to each point of spacetime. Thismathematical structure is a principal fiber bundle.
I The gauge groups corresponding to other forces innature are obtained by substituting for the gaugegroup of electromagnetism another appropriate Liegroup.
I For the remainder of this presentation the focus willbe on the gauge groups SU(N) and G2, which maybe relevant to Grand Unification, e.g.SU(3)× SU(2)× U(1) is a subgroup of SU(5); thenon-compact version of E8 breaks down to SU(3)through G2.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Fibre Bundles
I The gauge group of electromagnetism is the realnumbers, R, under the group operation of addition orits compact equivalent the circle, U(1). Attach a copyof this group to each point of spacetime. Thismathematical structure is a principal fiber bundle.
I The gauge groups corresponding to other forces innature are obtained by substituting for the gaugegroup of electromagnetism another appropriate Liegroup.
I For the remainder of this presentation the focus willbe on the gauge groups SU(N) and G2, which maybe relevant to Grand Unification, e.g.SU(3)× SU(2)× U(1) is a subgroup of SU(5); thenon-compact version of E8 breaks down to SU(3)through G2.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
The Yang–Mills–Higgs Lagrangian
L = −14
Fµν · Fµν +12
DµΦ · DµΦ− V (Φ ·Φ) ,
whereFµν = ∂µAν − ∂νAµ − ie Aµ ∧ Aν .
Higgs field Φ - scalar transforming in the adjointrepresentation of the gauge group so that
DµΦ = ∂µΦ− ie Aµ ∧Φ .
Fµν = F aµνTa
Aν = AaµTa
Φ = ΦaTa
Note: H · G ≡ HaGb 2Tr(TaTb) = HaGa
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
V (Φ ·Φ) is a potential such that the vacuum expectationof Φ is non-zero. When a specific form of V (Φ ·Φ) isrequired we use
V (Φ ·Φ) =λ
8(Φ ·Φ− v2)2 .
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Montenon - Olive Conjecture
Mass (ge, gm) SpinHiggs 0 (0, 0) 0
Photon 0 (0, 0) 1W± v e (e, 0) 1M vg (0, g) 0
Table: The gauge group SO(3)
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Langrangian Density (V = 0)
Witten Effect: Lθ = − θe2
32π2 ∗ Fµν · Fµν =θe2
8π2 Ei · Bi
Traditional: Ltrad = −14
Fµν · Fµν =12(Ei · Ei − Bi · Bi)
Consider U(1) gauge transformations about Φ:
δAµ = DµΦ
Let η be the generator of infinitesimal gaugetransformations. Since
physical quantities require ei2πη = 1eigenvalues of η η = n, (n ∈ Z )
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
By Noether’s theorem η =∂L
∂∂0Aαµ
δAαµ
Therefore η =ge
e+θegm
8π2
Consequently (nm = egm/4π) ge = n e − θ
2πnm e
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
SL(2,Z )
Defineτ =
θ
2π+ i
4πe2
θ → θ + 2π τ → τ + 1
(e → gm ≡ 4πe
τ → −1τ
θ = 0)
τ → aτ + bcτ + d
a,b, c,d ∈ Z , ad − bc = 1
(n
nm
)→
(a −bc −d
)(n
nm
)
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Magnetic Charge gm =4πe
nm
Electric Charge ge = ne − nmθ
2πe
Mass of Dyon M2 ≥ v2(g2e + g2
m)
L =14
Fµν · Fµν −θe2
32π2 Fµν · ∗Fµν −12DµΦ · DµΦ
≡− 132π
Im(τ)(Fµν + i ∗ Fµν) · (Fµν + i ∗ Fµν)
− 12DµΦ · DµΦ
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary
I Quantum corrections would be expected to generatea non-zero potential V (Φ) even if one is absentclassically and should also modify the classical massformula. Thus there is no reason to think that theduality of the spectrum should be maintained byquantum corrections.
I The W bosons have spin one while the monopolesare rotationally invariant indicating that they havespin zero. Thus even if the mass spectrum isinvariant under duality, there will not be an exactnumber of matching states and quantum numbers.
I The proposed duality symmetry seems impossible totest since rather than acting as a symmetry of asingle theory it relates two different theories, one ofwhich is necessarily at strong coupling where wehave little control of the theory.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary
I Quantum corrections would be expected to generatea non-zero potential V (Φ) even if one is absentclassically and should also modify the classical massformula. Thus there is no reason to think that theduality of the spectrum should be maintained byquantum corrections.
I The W bosons have spin one while the monopolesare rotationally invariant indicating that they havespin zero. Thus even if the mass spectrum isinvariant under duality, there will not be an exactnumber of matching states and quantum numbers.
I The proposed duality symmetry seems impossible totest since rather than acting as a symmetry of asingle theory it relates two different theories, one ofwhich is necessarily at strong coupling where wehave little control of the theory.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary
I Quantum corrections would be expected to generatea non-zero potential V (Φ) even if one is absentclassically and should also modify the classical massformula. Thus there is no reason to think that theduality of the spectrum should be maintained byquantum corrections.
I The W bosons have spin one while the monopolesare rotationally invariant indicating that they havespin zero. Thus even if the mass spectrum isinvariant under duality, there will not be an exactnumber of matching states and quantum numbers.
I The proposed duality symmetry seems impossible totest since rather than acting as a symmetry of asingle theory it relates two different theories, one ofwhich is necessarily at strong coupling where wehave little control of the theory.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary
I Quantum corrections would be expected to generatea non-zero potential V (Φ) even if one is absentclassically and should also modify the classical massformula. Thus there is no reason to think that theduality of the spectrum should be maintained byquantum corrections.
I The W bosons have spin one while the monopolesare rotationally invariant indicating that they havespin zero. Thus even if the mass spectrum isinvariant under duality, there will not be an exactnumber of matching states and quantum numbers.
I The proposed duality symmetry seems impossible totest since rather than acting as a symmetry of asingle theory it relates two different theories, one ofwhich is necessarily at strong coupling where wehave little control of the theory.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary (continued)
I The N = 4 Super Yang-Mills theory solves the firstproblem because of exact quantum scale invariance(V = 0). It also solves the second problem becauseadditional particles are added to the spectrum.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Summary (continued)
I The N = 4 Super Yang-Mills theory solves the firstproblem because of exact quantum scale invariance(V = 0). It also solves the second problem becauseadditional particles are added to the spectrum.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Do we really need the Higgs field?Assume an extra dimension Let A5 = Φ. AssumeV = 0.
L =− 14
Fµν · Fµν +12
DµA5 · DµA5 ,
= −14
F MN · F MN (M,N = 0 . . .5)
where
Fµ5 = ∂µA5 − ie Aµ ∧ A5
The Higgs field becomes a component of the Yang-Millspotential in the extra dimension.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Do we really need the Higgs field?Assume an extra dimension Let A5 = Φ. AssumeV = 0.
L =− 14
Fµν · Fµν +12
DµA5 · DµA5 ,
= −14
F MN · F MN (M,N = 0 . . .5)
where
Fµ5 = ∂µA5 − ie Aµ ∧ A5
The Higgs field becomes a component of the Yang-Millspotential in the extra dimension.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
Do we really need the Higgs field?Assume an extra dimension Let A5 = Φ. AssumeV = 0.
L =− 14
Fµν · Fµν +12
DµA5 · DµA5 ,
= −14
F MN · F MN (M,N = 0 . . .5)
where
Fµ5 = ∂µA5 − ie Aµ ∧ A5
The Higgs field becomes a component of the Yang-Millspotential in the extra dimension.
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
to be continued ...
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
References
G. HOOFT,Nuclear Physics B, 276 (1974).
C. MONTONEN and D. OLIVE,Phys. Lett. 72B, 117 (1977).
J. A. HARVEY,Magnetic Monopoles, Duality, and Supersymmetry,hep–th/9603086.
E. A. OLSZEWSKI,Particle Physics Insights 5, 1 (2012).
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
.. monopole SU(3) Root System
H1
H2
(12 ,
√3
2 )(−12 ,
√3
2 )
(12 ,−
√3
2 )(−12 ,−
√3
2 )
(1,0)(−1,0)
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
.. monopole G2 Root System
H1
H2(1
2 ,√
32 )
(1,0)
(0, 1√3)
(12 ,
12√
3)
Monopole
Edward Olszewski
ElectromagnetismThe Maxwell Theory
Compact Notation
Minimal Coupling (QuantumMechanics)
The DiracMonopole
MagneticMonopoles andDyons in GrandUnified Theories
Montonen–OliveDuality
SuperstringTheory Primer
MagneticMonopoles inString Theory
References
Appendix
. . . . . .
References
I G. HOOFT, Nuclear Physics B, 276 (1974)
I C. MONTONEN and D. OLIVE, Phys. Lett. 72B, 117(1977)
I J. A. HARVEY, Magnetic Monopoles, Duality, andSupersymmetry,hep–th/9603086
I E. A. OLSZEWSKI, Particle Physics Insights 5, 1(2012)