MaggiePrutznalFlipbook

Protein Synthesis

by: Maggie Prutznal

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nuclear membrane

Cell membrane

d

d

d

dribosomes

Eukaryotic

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nuclear membrane

ribosomes

nbjfdsfdsChromosomes

These are chromosomes (colored bodies) located in the nucleus and mitochondria of cells. Everyone has 46 chromosomes from their parents. Inside the chromosomes are DNA molecules.

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C A G C T A C T

GGG TT C AA

C

G

A

T

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Thymine

DNA Molecule

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C A G C T A C T

GGG TT C AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C A G C T A C T

GGG TT C AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C A G C T A C T

GGG TT C AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C A G C T A C T

GGG TT C AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C A G C T A C T

GGG TT C AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C A G C T A C T

GGG

TT C AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C A G C T A C T

GGG

TT C AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C AG C T

A C T

GGG

TT C

AA

RNA Polymerase

The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the Promoter region, splitting the hydrogen bonds

and synthesizing RNA nucleotides.

mRNA strand

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C AG C T

A C T

GGG

TT C

AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C AG C T

A C T

GGG

TT C

AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C AG C T

A C T

GG

G TTC

AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C AG C T

A C T

GG

GTT

CAA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C AG C T A C T

GGG

TTC AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C AG C T A C T

GGG

TTC AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C AG C T A C T

GGG

TTC AA

RNA Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C AG C T A C T

GGG

TTC AA

RNA PolymeraseRNA

Polymerase

A T

AT C

G

A

T

G T T

A AC

C A G C T A C T

GGG TT C AA

DNA binds together again and we are left with a single strand of mRNA. The termination sequence signals the polymerase to stop, while the coding region is the main part of the gene that codes for amino acids.

Nucleus

=

Nucleus

mRNA exits a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm

ribosomes

Nuclear pore

Nucleus

=

Cytoplasm

ribosomes

mmRNA

Ribosome

Large subunit

Small subunit

A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA

Start CodonStop codon- tells RNA to stop

A codon is simply a group of 3 nucleotides.

Builds proteins made up of rRNA

The start codon signals the mRNA strand to attach to the ribosome.

mRNA strand


U A C

tRNA comes in with an anitcodon complementary to the corresponding codon.

tRNA

Amino acid


U A C


U A C


U A C


U A C


U A C


U A C

A G U


U A C

A G U


U A C

A G U


U A C

A G U


U A C

A G U


U A C

A G U


U A C

A G U


U A C A G U


U A CA G U


U A C

A G U


U A C

A G U


U A C

A G U


U A C

A G U


UA

C

A G U


UA

C

A G U


UA

C

A G U


UA

C

A G U


A G U


A G U


A G U


A G U


A G U


A G U


A G U

Peptide bond forms


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A

tRNA keeps coming in and the amino acids continue to form peptide bonds. After the bonds form, tRNA “falls off.” This process continues until the stop codon is reached.


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U

U C A


A G U U C A


A GU U C A


AG

U U C A


AG

U U C A


AG

U

U C A


AG

U

U C A


AG

U

U C A


AG

U

U C A


AG

U

U C A


AG

U

U C A


AG

U

U C A


AG

U

U C A


GU

U C A


U C A


U C A


U C A


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C A

CG U


U C ACG U


U C A CG U


AU CCG U


AU C

CG U


A

UC

CG U


A

UC

CG U


A

U

C

CG U


A

UC

CG U


A

UC

CG U


AU

C

CG U


AU

C

CG U


AU

C

CG U


AU

C

CG U


A

UC

CG U


A

UC

CG U


A

UC

CG U


A

UC

CG U


A

UC

CG U


A

UC

CG U


AC

CG U


AC

CG U


AC

CG U


A

CG U


A

CG U


CG U


CG U


CG U


CG U


CG U


CG U


CG U


CG U


CG U


CG


G


We finally have a chain of amino acids put together through dehydration synthesis forming a polypeptide chain. This chain breaks off the ribosome which falls off the mRNA strand. We now have a protein, however, it has no function yet in chain form!

Finally, we have the final protein folded up in its tertiary structure!

Protein Synthesis Essay

Protein synthesis is the process within a cell when new proteins are made. The first step in protein synthesis is transcription. In transcription, a strand of single-stranded mRNA is copied from the DNA sequence in a gene. In fact, the word transcribe means to put thought, speech, or data in print, so just like pieces of information are copied and passed on, the same happens in protein synthesis. It is important to know that transcription occurs in the nucleus of a cell. Located inside the nucleus are strands of DNA (found in the chromosomes with chromosome meaning “colored bodies”). To begin, the enzyme, RNA polymerase


comes in, binds at the promoter region, and splits the double helix DNA strand which resembles a twisted ladder, into single- strands. Then, one of the strands is used as a template as RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the template. This all happens in the coding region or the main part of the gene that codes for amino acids. The termination sequence signals the polymerase to stop. Obviously, RNA polymerase uses RNA instead of DNA, but there are other differences such as uracil is found in RNA that replaces the nitrogen base thymine, RNA is single-stranded, and RNA is made of ribose sugar. Once everything is matched up on the template and complementary strand, the molecule, mRNA is created,


meaning messenger RNA. The single strands of DNA bind together again and the mRNA strand breaks off the template strand. The new strand of mRNA moves out of nucleus, exiting a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm of the cell.

Next, the second part of protein synthesis is translation. “Translation is the process of converting the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into a language that is understood by protein-making machinery (ribosomes). This language is made up of amino acids.” So, this process occurs in the ribosomes when the start codon signals the mRNA to attach to the ribosome. A ribosome is the organelle that is responsible for building proteins made up of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and a ribosome also consists of


two parts; a large subunit and a small subunit. The ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and convert it into an amino acid sequence. The mRNA is read in codons (a set of three nucleotides) as every codon codes for one amino acid. It all begins at the start codon composed of the nucleotide sequence “AUG” called methionine, when tRNA (transfer RNA) comes in with an amino acid and anticodon. An anticodon, then, is simply a group of three nucleotides complementary to the codon on the mRNA strand. The amino acid forms a peptide bond with the adjacent amino acid, as the tRNA “falls off.” This process continues as the amino acids are put together through dehydration synthesis until the ribosome reaches the stop codon (UGA), signaling the end when the last tRNA falls off. The end

Protein Synthesis Essayproduct is a polypeptide chain. In other words, we have a protein chain as the protein monomer is an amino acid. The chain breaks off the ribosome and falls off the mRNA strand. However, this chain has no function until it folds into the secondary and final tertiary structure. Finally, we have a globular shaped protein!

MaggiePrutznalFlipbook

Education

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