"Magdala 2008; Preliminary Report", HA-ESI 125

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Anna Lena 31/12/2013Preliminary Report

From January to December2008,the second season of archaeological excavations was

conducted at the site of ancient Magdala (elMejdel; License No. G59/2008; map ref.

1986/2478). The excavation was undertaken by the Magdala Project team under the

direction of the late M. Piccirillo and S. De Luca of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum

(SBF; Fig. 1). Fieldwork was directed by S. De Luca (administration, surveying, field

photography, restoration, find drawing and drafting), with the assistance of A. Lena (find

processing, database, photography), A. Faggi (surveying), A. Ricci (surveying and

drafting), M. Forgia (surveying, pottery drawing), B. Steri (surveying), R. Cestari (pottery

drawing), D. Zanetti (photography) the SkyView Company (aerial photography), and A.

Shbat, A. Elias and A. Arsheed.

From January to December2008,the second season of archaeological

excavations was conducted at the site of ancient Magdala (elMejdel; License No.

G59/2008; map ref. 1986/2478). The excavation was undertaken by the Magdala

Project team under the direction of the late M. Piccirillo and S. De Luca of the

Studium Biblicum Franciscanum (SBF; Fig. 1). Fieldwork was directed by S. De

Luca (administration, surveying, field photography, restoration, find drawing and

drafting), with the assistance of A. Lena (find processing, database, photography),

A. Faggi (surveying), A. Ricci (surveying and drafting), M. Forgia (surveying,

pottery drawing), B. Steri (surveying), R. Cestari (pottery drawing), D. Zanetti

(photography) the SkyView Company (aerial photography), and A. Shbat, A. Elias

and A. Arsheed.

All figures, plans and photographs are copyrighted to S. De Luca, the Magdala

Project.

The excavation mainly focused on the eastern area of the Franciscan compound.

The unusually low level of the lake (c. 5 m under the upper red line) made it

possible to reach the pavements of the pools (D1, D3, C3, E11, E22, M31) and to

investigate the extended water supply and sewage network.

Soundings were carried out in the Water Tower (A1), to clarify how it functioned

and its relationship to the aqueduct and to the water basins (A5, B5); in the

aquarium(E27) and in the adjacent room (E28); in another room (E19) and

conjoining spaces (E16–E18); due to the large amount of squared bricks (20×20

cm) of the bessales type and several fragments of tubuli found on the surface, as

well as vertical spaces for tubuli inside the walls, Rooms E18 and E19 can now be

interpreted as a caldarium of a bath; in the adjacent room (E31) where traces of

burning on the basalt flagstones suggest the presence of a furnace opening

(praefurnium); and in Areas G and I, where a residential quarter was identified.

The pottery classification of the site follows the typology set out byS. Loffreda

(2008a–c) and a detailed report of the Magdala excavations appeared recently

(De Luca 2010–2013).

Pool C3

The excavation of the pool (Fig. 2) confirmed the two building phases of Complex

Volume 125 Year 2013

Magdala 2008

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C that had already been identified in the 1970s. The bottom of the pool consists of

wellworked chiseled basalt slabs; the southern part of the pavement was

originally covered with a mosaic, of which a few traces survived. Near the spot

where the change in the pavement is visible, there is also a seam in the masonry

of the eastern and western walls, indicating a later restoration work. The basin of

the pool was enlarged in the second building phase and a drainage channel,

connecting the conduit (C14; Fig. 3), was opened in the southeastern corner. The

iconography of the mosaic discovered in C6 (Fig. 3), the traces of white tesserae

mosaic in C7 and C12, the runningwater pool, the remains of earlier masonry

reused as a bench in C10–C12 and the remains of clay bricks for a floating floor

(suspensurae) in C7, suggest that Complex C was part of a thermal bath that was

in use, with some adaptations, at least from the first half of the first century CE,

before the First Revolt, until the fourth century CE.

Pool D3

This stepped pool was restored (Fig. 4). The earliest phase corresponds to a

north–south wall (W345), which was partially dismantled at the level of the

pavement, although four higher courses were preserved and covered by the

steps.

The paving slabs (L346) were laid contemporary with the construction of W345,

whereas the northern wall (W348) and the western sidewall (W347) of the pool

partially covered it and therefore, belong to the second building phase.

Hence, the pool was enlarged in the second phase toward the north with the

construction of W348 and restricted on the east with W347.

Moreover, in a later stage the uppermost three rows of W347 were rebuilt with

wellhewn squared blocks, arranged in the headers and stretchers building

technique. The findings from the pool, which include a bronze tool (specillum),

unguentaria and a bone hairpin, attest to its use, with successive adaptations,

from the Late Hellenistic to the Late Roman periods, when the caldarium and

tepidarium in E19 underwent restoration.

Columned Building D1

Several soundings were carried out in the controversial columned building D1,

misinterpreted as a synagogue, to clarify its function and its connection with other

buildings.

It was possible to attest that the original use of the structure was in some way

connected to water. In a later phase, it was transformed into a water reservoir,

also by raising the pavement, probably for manufacturing activities. The water was

supplied via some rectangular openings inclined toward the interior of the building;

the best preserved are visible in the southern wall (W1200) that belonged to the

first phase and was built of perfectly smoothed blocks in courses of varying

height. The western sidewall (W1199) was equipped with similar openings, which

at a later stage were roughly enlarged. In the earliest phase, the supplying

drainage system consisted of a sluice gate that regulated the water flow toward

the discharge conduit D8.

Stepped Pool E2E7

Although the absence of certain pavements and the plundering of masonry make

it difficult to “read” the layout of the rooms and interpret their function, the

soundings in E2 (Fig. 4) offered significant contributions. Remains of stone

pavements with traces of mortar were unearthed in the central sector at an

elevation of 207.89 m; in the southern sector traces of mosaic bedding were

visible along with several midsized tesserae in black, white and red hues; in the

northern sector, an older lower pavement was exposed; at the same level to the

east was a small covered channel, overlooking a sixstep basin that broadensup



at the fourth step into a rectangular basin (1.0×1.8 m). The pavement was partially

covered by a partition wall (W985), aligned north–south.The southern side of this

basin (W986) was built of worked stones arranged in regular rows and connected

with W985, while the northern side (W988), corresponding to the southern wall of

E6, was roughly built of unworked polygonal stones arranged in irregular

courses. Wall 988 is later than the flight of stairs because its foundations were

adapted to the steps, reducing their size and precluding their use. Therefore, it is

possible to imagine an original basin with steps, oriented west–east, which was in

use before the middle of the first century CE, judging by the Late Hellenistic–Early

Roman assemblage from the fill of grayish clayey mud. Later, the basin was

reduced in size and no longer in use; eventually, it was completely obliterated with

the resetting of the walls during the Middle Roman period.

Pool E11

This room (Fig. 4) consists of two levels. The lower one is the proper stepped pool

and the upper level could have been the undressing room (apodyterium). To the

east, a stone plastered bench runs along a narrow corridor that widens out toward

the south into a plastered pavement with a small basin.

The uppermost fill layers in the pool were excavated down to the fourth step of the

staircase in 1975 by V. Corbo and S. Loffreda; these consisted of an

abandonment level that contained findings from the Byzantine to the ‘Abbasid

periods (sixth–ninth centuries CE).

Beneath a debris buildup layer, a level of collapse was identified, overlain with

several mixed potsherds and a quantity of square bricks for suspensurae and

fragments of clay tubuli, coming from the adjacent E19. The collapse, which

extends from southwest to northeast, consisted of a covering basalt slab, a well

hewn quadrangular block, several building blocks and a basalt column. Moreover,

the pertaining disruption layer contained fragments of colored plaster, mortar and

several shattered glass panes.

The collapse, which is ascribed to an upper floor, covered a levelof abandonment

that contained a large quantity of common pottery, e.g., amphorae, cooking pots,

and lekythoi, dating up to the fourth century CE, while the associated coins extend

no further than the third century CE.

Several articles of toilette, such as bone hairpins, a bronze handle for a glass

aryballos, a bronze spoon, a gold granulated earring, complete clay

unguentariaand a wooden comb, were found on the pavement, in association with

coins that provide a chronological range extending from the first century BCE to

Caracalla (198–217 CE).

The earliest building phase corresponds to the remains of a north–south wall,

razed to floor level, which was incorporated in the lowest step and in the masonry

of the basin’s southern side. The western wall (W995; preserved height 2.44 m)

clearly shows two different building techniques: the upper courses are of well

worked squared blocks, alternately arranged lengthwise and widthwise, placed on

top of the remains of a preexisting structure, built of roughly worked calcareous

stones.

The flight of steps leading to the pool, which shows a gradual narrowing toward

the west, was conditioned by the presence of some earlier structures.

The pavement of the pool (210.03 m) consisted of seven squared masonry

blocks; in the western sector, two large squared basalt blocks were laid down

forming a sort of step that led to a deep basin (0.62×1.62 m; 210.35 m), with a

nonpaved bottom.

The presence of two large basalt corbels, in situ, on top of the western wall, leads

us to offer the existence of a small balcony.

Few minor traces of hydraulic and colored plaster are still visible, in situ, on the

eastern side of the basin and, together with the fragments collected in the mud



that filled the pool, suggest that the sides were decorated.

Water flows into the pool from a natural source, via two underground trickles that

enter through two openings in the western wall, where some remains of limestone

bedrock are preserved and incorporated in the welldressed masonry. Before

reaching the pool, the water was apparently filtered in a stepped reservoir (E7)

excavated in the eastern side of E2E7. The pool was connected to the water

collector (E12) through a stone squared conduit, provided with an outstanding

mensula (small table), which flows in the southeastern corner of the southern wall

(W997).

Water Collectors E12, E21

Room E12 (Fig. 4) consists of two levels: the upper one has a pavement of

flagstones covered with mosaics, now totally destroyed, and the lower level is a

large underground water channel. This channel is unfortunately interrupted in the

west by a blockage of large blocks and its top is blocked by the collapse of the

original covering. The northern edge of this water conveyor was built as a wall and

topped with a Ushaped pipe of hydraulic mortar, which runs west–east close to

the mouth of the E11 conduit and then enters into the western wall of E19

(caldarium).

Several fragments of clay unguentaria, fragments of colored plaster and a

second/third century coin were found atop the upper pavement. The mud fill of the

lower channel contained early Roman potsherds, a complete fritillustype

ungentarium, in association with a coin of Pilatus and fragments of marmoridea

(plaster with marble appearance).

E12 was connected in a later phase to Water Collector E21, through an additional

duct along the western wall (W998) of the caldarium, and though E13 and E12,

which seem to have been a kind of water collector, as attested by the different

branches coming out from it. E21 is connected to E13 through an opening in the

western side, to the caldarium in E19 through a covered channel penetrating

below its southern wall (W525), and into the main conduit E20.

Pool E22

This is a large underground basin (Fig. 3) with a fountain (nymphaeum?), divided

into two nearly rectangular parts by a segmental arch; its entrance is presently

placed south toward the Channel E20, whose covering at this point is stepped.

The perimeter wall of E22 is built of dressedstones in alternate courses.

At least two building phases were identified in the complex design of the

structures.

The good workmanship of the arch, supporting a double line of elongated basalt

covering blocks, consists of worked stones, well finished and arranged in rows in

the intrados and in the southern face.

From the southern entrance hall of the pool, two steps under the span of the arch

lead to a basin, which has a plastered bench against its western side. The same

plaster was also applied to the surface of the pillars of the arch and on the

northern wall of the basin, indicating the same building phase. Here, masonry

remains of an earlier stage were identified in the northwestern corner. The

masonry of the basin’s eastern side (width 1.1 m, height 2.10 m), although less

accurate than the western side, carries the thrust of the arch. This wall was

partially dismantled in the southern room to build a covered conduit that runs in

the southern sector of the adjacent room (E22a). The latter, although altered, was

connected to the water network as shown by the presence of three rectangular

outlets now visible in the northern and eastern sides.

In the northern wall of E22, water flows out from the spout of a fountain with a Y

shaped clay tube (fistula; 209.30 m). The jet of water was forced out due to the

pressure of a cascade vertical system. The water of this fountain came from a



covered conduit that was partially encompassed in the southern wall of the

caldarium with suspensurae (E19).

This fountain, which turned the pool into a kind of nymphaeum, might have been

fed by the Ushaped Channel in E12.

The pavement of the basin (average elevation 208.88 m), lightly sloping to east,

consists of irregular basalt blocks and rubble that were originally coated with

hydraulic plaster.

Concerning stratigraphy, three strata were identified.

Stratum III (209.60– 209.80 m): a level of abandonment, consisting of an

accumulation of very fine and dusty clayey soil with few ceramic inclusions, dating

from the Late Roman to the Islamic periods.

Stratum II: A hard packed conglomerate layer of nonworked stones, including

cobblestones, pebbles, limestone and basalt flakes, bonded with light mortar, was

discovered only in the entrance hall. This layer, which was bound by a barrier of

blocks and stones before the arch, closed up the earlier entrance from south and

raised the pavement of the entrance hallup to the level of the most recent

entrance. The findings give a terminus post quem of the Late Roman period.

A layer of waste, containing fragments of ochre, reddish, pearlwhite, and

turquoise green painted plaster that was probably used for decoration with stripes

and floral patterns, was identified in the basin. In addition, a few pieces of egg

anddart stucco were collected. The same context yielded a group of rare wooden

findings, exceptionally preserved in the watersaturated mud, including pieces of

bars, planks and muntins with nails, joints and wedges. These wooden pieces,

which may have been parts of a trellis for false ceilings, were placed in

overlapping horizontal strips that apparently crossed and ended a little below in

long and very thin panels. A mat of intertwined canes and vegetable materials,

such as vineleaves, thin canes, olive branches and palm, bound by lime mortar

has been found in several places between woods and frame. The mortar

contained lake sand, small shells, fruit stones and vegetable frustules.

Stratum I: The collapse of the wooden structure covered a layer of abandonment

(thickness 0.5–0.6 m) where several findings were found, including glass

aryballoi, soft limestone vessels, a fishhook, crampirons, blades, nails, faunal

remains and a remarkable assemblage of pottery dating from the end of the

Hellenistic to the end of the Early Roman periods. Among the forms to be noted

are Kefar Hananya type globular cooking pots, Pent10 (Loffreda 2008a:184–185),

Pent11 (Loffreda 2008a:185–186), and Pent12 (Loffreda 2008a:186–187),

cooking bowls, Teg12 (Loffreda 2008a:204–205), and Teg14 (Loffreda

2008a:206–207), two intact unguentaria, amphorae, Anf12 (Loffreda 2008a:125–

126), and Anf13 (Loffreda 2008a:126–127), stone vessels, and Herodian oil lamps

(Loffreda 2008a:42–45). Moreover, the mud fill contained an extraordinary group

of wooden vessels, including a plate, a small cup and two rounded cups, which

have been transferred, together with the comb from E11, to Pisa to be

consolidated and restored at the Centro di Restauro del Legno Bagnato del

Cantiere delle Navi Antiche.

Therefore, the homogeneous pottery assemblage from this stratum testifies to a

phase of use preceding the sudden destruction that occurred before the end of

the first century CE and is ascribed to the violent conquest of Magdala by Titus

and Vespasianus.

Basin M31

This is a rectangular basin (1.20×2.25 m), whose northern, eastern and southern

walls (height 2.1 m) were built of irregular masonry stones and placed against the

last southern pillars of the aqueduct. The western wall is formed by the eastern

side of the pillars and their intercolumniation.

A basalt rectangular corbel jutting out 0.3 m from the eastern side toward the



interior of the basin seems to indicate that the basin, which may have served as a

water reservoir, was roofed. The use of hydraulic plaster to coat the inner

wallsconfirms that the function of M31 was connected with water.

The excavation in the basin exposed beneath a hard packed limylayerwith few

AbbassidAyyubid potsherds, a collapse of long basalt slabs laying along the short

side of the basin. The collapse (thickness 0.6–0.8 m) covered a layer of moist

grayish and coarse soil, containing a large quantity of yellowish lightclay pottery.

The assemblage includes more than fifty cylindrical mugs (height 20 cm) with a

pinch body along the upper quarter and with a high neck and a lightly everted lip.

This clay type is known from Early Islamic contexts and is ascribed to the Khirbet

elMefjar production.

A small handle is joined to the bottom of the mug and due to its position it appears

not to have any holding function, but could have been used to hang the

mugupside down.

The tall mugs could have equipped a kind of a wooden wheel for lifting water—a

noria; considering the contiguity between M31 and the Late RomanByzantine

aqueduct, this is the most reasonable hypothesis.

The Harbor

Wall 317 (Figs 4, 5: View 11) has been revealed along the eastern closing wall of

the large quadriporticus F (FC). Built of polygonal stones in horizontal rows with

rock filling, it was bound with very tenacious mortar; the surface was coated with a

lime layer, analogous to that of FC. Excavations to the west of FC have shown

that a lower foundation (W332) had existed prior to FC (Fig. 5: View 22).

The walls of the structure were thus over 3.6 m thick. Exploration in the east part

of Channel E20 allowed the analysis of masonry in the northern corner of the

quadriporticus, as built of large lithic elements and the revealing of the FC’s

foundations that were built of large stones with a central boss and drafted

margins, which protruded c. 0.5 m from the face of the FC. This structure was

covered by the construction of W317, which also caused the flattening of the

bosses.

The quadriporticus, judging by the material discovered in the deep soundings,

should be assigned to the Late Hellenistic period, namely the Hasmonean era.

The area west of W317 was affected by a collapse of blocks, lying from west to

east and ascribed to the collapse of the FC’s upper structure.

The purpose of Sounding F18 (see Fig. 5; View 22) was to understand the

function of W317. The following layers (see Sarti et al. 2013) have been verified in

the sounding, below the surface:

I) Whitish beaten earth and rubble (L325), leveled over the upper horizon where,

amongst the finds, a Constantius II coin (350–361 CE) was found;

II) A collapse layer (L329) below Layer I is composed of worked stones mostly

dressed, rubble and several fragments of colored plaster, especially in proximity

to the wall. The coins retrieved from the collapse dated from Alexander Jannaeus

to Herod the Great;

III) A layer of lime sand with pebbles and shell remains, which is characterized by

the absence of any ceramic or other anthropogenic remains. The sediments’

surfaces follow the west–east direction in the south and north sections, and

south–north direction in the east section;

IV) A cobble pavement (L331) of various sized natural pebbles placed in

correspondence with W317. Potsherds from the Hellenistic–Early Roman periods

were discovered in the ballast, as well as two coins from the first century CE. The

ballast’s surface, slanting from west to east, was partially affected by the collapse

of roughlyhewn lime blocks before being buried;

V) A dark clayey layer, containing preRoman material (L401), before both L331

and apparently W317 were placed.



Wall 317’s surface was coated with two different plaster layers; the lower was

rough plaster with grayish hydraulic mortars and the upper consisted of smooth

lime.

Many pieces of colored plaster in red, yellow and greenish hues were uncovered

in the collapse (L329), and the façade’s elevation of W317 seems to have been

decorated with plaster panels imitating marble.

Some parallelepipedshaped basalt blocks (length 0.7 m), which were

incorporated in the stonework of W317, bore holes (diam. 14 cm).The degree of

smoothness in the holes shows wear, probably due to the extensive friction with

metal rings, ropes or chains. These blocks were used for the mooring of boats;

several comparisons can be mentioned, e.g., in Moregine (suburb of Pompei),

Caesarea Maritima, Rujm el Bahr, Leptis Magna, and Portus. Two of the blocks

have been found broken, but four others are still in situ, in the pier (W317).

This arrangement of the wharf, dating back to the Early Roman period, replaces

an earlier anchorage that is evinced by a big mooring stone inserted in the

eastern side of the perimeter wall (W282) of the quadriporticus that encompassed

the Roman pier. A sixth mooring stone in situ is found in the southeastern corner

of the adjacent impressive building (E32, E33, E35). The masonry preserved in

this corner consists of ashlars with bosses and dressed margins, set in alternating

rows and typical of the Hasmonean period.

A casemate buttresses the substructure of the eastern wall (W355) of this

monumental building, to the north of the quadriporticus; more than 10 m of W355

had been exposed to date toward the north (Fig. 6).

We can reasonably presume that this edifice was a Hasmonean lookout tower,

similar to the ones around the Dead Sea, e.g., Rujm elBahr, Khirbat Mazin and

Qasr etTurabeh.

The quay seems to date to the Early Roman period and, probably, was no longer

in use after the Late Roman period because of a natural blockage of silt,

limestone and sand, as were identified in Layers I–V (see above).

What needs to be still clarified is the chronological and functional relationship

between this dock and the breakwater, discovered in 1960 by the “Link

Expedition” (Fritsch and BenDor 1961), and is now buried under sand. It should

be noted that the breakwater is chronologically different and located, at a distance

from our dock toward the lake, at a different altitude, and is now buried under

accumulation of lakewater sediments.

The Area South of W317

A trench (2×8 m) at the southeastern corner of Quadriporticus F made it possible

to identify a whitish layer (thickness in excess of 1 m), severely disturbed by roots

and almost entirely consisting of extremely compact limy material (L351). This

layer yielded a large number of bricks (imbrices and tegulae) together with Late

Byzantine potsherds and several fragments of glass. The potsherds included an

African terra sigillata dish decorated with the emperor, dressed in tunic and

holding a long scepter between two small palms in his right hand. This type

corresponds to Form ARS 104C (variant of Stamp 230; Hayes 1972:104, C23)

that, according to Hayes, dates back to 550–625 CE. The 47 coins recovered

from this layerare severely corroded, mainly dating to the Byzantine period, with a

bronze 3solidi exagium of the fourth–fifth centuries CE.

Five meters from the southeastern edge of FC, Layer 351 covered a flight of three

stairs, built in W317 and contemporary with it; therefore, it should be considered

as part of the port structure, which continues southward in the direction of Area M,

beyond the boundary of the quadriporticus. The stairs led to the landing area and

from there, maybe through arcades, of which elements have been discovered in

the collapse, it might have been possible to access the eastern porticus.



De Luca S. 2010. La città ellenisticoromana di Magdala/Taricheae. Gli scavi del

Magdala Project 2007 e 2008: relazione preliminare e prospettive di indagine.

Liber Annuus 49: 343–562.

De Luca S. 2012. Scoperte archeologiche recenti attorno al Lago di Galilea:

contributo allo studio dell‘ambiente del Nuovo Testamento e del Gesù storico. In

G. Paximadi, M. Fidanzio, eds. Terra Sancta: archeologia ed esegesi. Atti dei

convegni 20082010 (ISCAB Serie Archeologica 1). Lugano. Pp. 16–111.

De Luca S. and A. Lena. 2013. The Harbor of the City of Magdala / Tarichaee on

the Shores of the Sea of Galilee, from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine Times:

New Discoveries and Preliminary Results. In Harbors and Harbor Cities in

the Eastern Mediterranean from Antiquity to Byzantium Recent Discoveries

& New Approaches (Istanbul, 30.5–1.6.2011). Istanbul.

Fritsch C.T. and BenDor I. 1961. The “Link Expedition” to Israel. BA 24:50–59.

Hayes J.W. 1971. Late Roman Pottery. London.

Loffreda S. 2008a. Cafarnao VI: Tipologie e contesti stratigrafici della ceramic

(1968–2003). Milano.

Loffreda S. 2008b. Cafarnao VII: Documentazione grafica della ceramica (1968–

2003). Milano.

Loffreda S. 2008c. Cafarnao VIII: Documentazione fotografica degli oggetti

(1968–2003), Milano.

Sarti G., Rossi V., Amrosi A., De Luca S., Lena A. Morhange C., Ribolini A.,

Sammartino I., Bertoni D. and Zanchetta G. 2013. Magdala Harbour

Sedimentation (Sea of Galilee, Israel), from Natural to Anthropogenic

Control. Quaternary International 303:120–131.

1. The Franciscan compound, aerial view.

http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Images//59-08-1.jpg



2. Area C, aerial view.

3. Areas A, B, C, plan.

4. Area E, plan.






Web Site Development by teti-tu

5. Areas E and F, eastern side, plan and views.

6. The Hasmonean building, E32, E33, E35, lookingsoutheast.

Copyright Legalicy to The Israel Antiquities Authority | Credits | גרסה עברית

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