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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
magda memaniSvili
erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis
gazeTi “saqarTvelo” – 1915-1921w.w.
(afxazeTis, samaCablosa da saingilos problematika)
d i s e r t a c i a
Jurnalistikis mimarTulebiT filosofiur mecnierebaTa
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
dali CikvilaZe
Tbilisi
2011
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s a r C e v i
Sesavali ............................................................................................... 4 - 21
I afxazeTi ..................................................................................... 22 - 89
1. afxazeTi XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi
1.1. teritoria, mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri Semadgenloba.
1.2. socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba
1.3. politikuri situacia.
1. gazeT “saqarTvelos” Tvalsawieridan
danaxuli antiqarTuli moZraoba da
separatizmi afxazeTSi
2.1. enis sakiTxi
2.2. marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sakiTxi
2.3 politikuri gadatrialebebis mcdelobebi afxazeTSi
2.4.G”saqarTvelo” patrioti afxazebis Sesaxeb
2. afxazeTSi menSevikuri mTavrobis
politikis kritika
3.1. menSevikuri mTavrobis sakadro da saarCevno politikis kritika
3.2 soWis SenarCunebisaTavis arasaTanado brZola
3.3 afxazeTSi miwebis gadanawilebis politikis kritika
3. afxazeTis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli
publikaciebis statistika; daskvnebi
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II samaCablo ............................................................................................... 90 - 104
1. samaCablo XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi
2. separatizmi samaCabloSi
3. samxreT oseTis avtonomia saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi
III saingilo ................................................................................... 105 – 123
1. XX saukunis ociani wlebis saingilo
2. socialuri problemebi saingiloSi
3. religiuri brZola saingiloSi
4. saingilos istoriisa da
tradiciis asaxva
“saqarTvelos” furclebze.
daskvna
gamoyenebuli literatura
danarTi (gazeT “saqarTveloSi” 1915-21 wlebSi afxazeTze, samaCablosa da saingiloze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis nusxa)
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Sesavali
XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli presis istoria jerjerobiT
mxolod fragmentulad aris Seswavlili. samocdaaTwlianma komunisturma
akrZalvam am periodis sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis kvlevis procesi
sagrZnoblad Seaferxa, amitomac 1900-1921 wlebis qarTuli beWduri
gamocemebis kvleva Tanamedrove mecnierebisaTvis dResdReobiT didi
gamowvevaa. amocanas kidev ufro rTulad gasamklavebels xdis ori
garemoeba. pirveli am periodSi gamomavali Jurnal-gazeTebis
mravlricxovnoba-mravalgvarobaa; meore ki _ epoqis sirTule .
XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli presis mkvlevari SoTa gagoSiZe
1900-1921 wlebSi saqarTvloSi gamomavali Jurnal-gazeTebis saerTo
raodenobad 471 gamocemas asaxelebs1. aq Sedis literaturuli, dargobrivi,
rusuli da sxvadasxva enovani Jurnal-gazeTebi da, rac mTavaria, partiuli
presa. XX saukunis dasawyisi xom sxvadasxva politikuri partiis Seqmnis,
Semdeg am partiaTa danawevrebisa da axali partiebis Seqmnis periodia.
am procesis paralelurad iqmneboda, ixureboda da axla sxva
saxelebiT fuZndeboda axal-axali perioduli gamocemebi. maTgan
umravlesobas xanmokle sicocxle hqoda, rasac ver vityviT Cveni
sadisertacio kvlevis saganze yoveldRiur gazeT “saqarTveloze”,
romelic, marTalia xanmokle SeferxebebiT, magram eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi
gamodioda.
1900-1921 wlebis perioduli literaturis kvlevis meore Tanmdevi
sirTule am wlebSi mimdinare istoriuli procesebis daxlarTuloba da
swrafi cvlilebaa. magaliTad, im eqvsi wlis ganamvlobaSi, rodesac gazeTi
“saqarTvelo” gamodioda, msoflioSi moxda erTi didi omi (pirveli
msoflio omi), ruseTSi _ ori revolucia; amierkavkasiaSi _ Seiqmna erTiani
saxelmwifo, romelic Semdeg sam sxvadasxva respublikad daiSala, samive
respublikaSi xSirad xdeboda ajanyebebi, SeTqmulebebi, politikuri
gadatrialebis mcdelobebi. metic, maT Soris samxedro dapirispirebebi,
omebic ki Sedga, rac sabolood sabWoTa ruseTis mier samives okupaciiT
dasrulda.
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am procesebis dros Cveni qveyna kargavda teritoriebs. Tumca iyo
teritoriebis xanmokle SemoerTebis faqtebic. magaliTad, 1918 wels
qarTvelma generalma mazniaSvilma gagra, soWi da tuafsec ki aiRo. magram
davkargeT baTumi da samxreT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovan nawilze
saqarTvelos respublika politikur kontrols ver axorcielebda.
am urTulesi sagareo, Tu saSinao politikuri mdgomareobiT
gajerebul istoriul epoqaSi gamodioda saqarTvelos erovnul-
demokratiuli partiis perioduli organo gazeTi “saqarTvelo”.
1. mizani, amocanebi
Cveni disertacia warmoadgens 1915-21 wlebSi gamomavali saqarTvelos
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis beWduri organos _ yoveldRiur gazeT
“saqarTvelos” kvlevis mcdelobas. kerZod ki, im sagazeTo publikaciebis
analizs, romelic saqarTvelos sam regions _ afxazeTs, samaCablosa da
saingilos _ yofa-cxovrebas asaxavs.
sakvlevi Temis SerCeva orma garemoebam ganapiroba. pirveli, gazeT
“saqarTvelos” yovelmxrivi Seswavla erT disertaciaSi SeuZlebeli iyo,
radgan es yoveldRiuri perioduli organo TiTqmis eqvsi wlis
ganmavlobaSi gamodioda (sul gamosulia 1000 nomerze meti, Tu CavTvliT
1915-16 wlebSi gamomaval sakvirao damatebasac) da aSuqebda maSindeli
yofis TiTqmis yvela sferos _ politikas, ekonomikas, saerTaSriso
cxovrebas, socialur problemebs, erovnebaTaSoris konfliqtebs,
politikur partiaTa dapirispirebas, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionis
cxovrebas, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis sakiTxebs... amdenad, gazeT
“saqarTvelos” kvleva erTi, an ramdenime konkretuli kuTxis gareSe Cven
Zalebs mravalgzis aRemateboda.
meore garemoeba aris is, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi gaZlierda
saqarTvelos uZvelesi kuTxeebis _ afxazeTis, samaCablosa da saingilos
dedasamSoblosagan gancalkavebis procesi. dResdReobiT es procesi
dasrulebulia da saqarTvelo yovel Rones xmarobs ukuprocesis, anu am
regionebis SemoerTebis dasawyebad. amasaTan, samaCablosa da afxazeTis
dabrunebis imedi Tu jer kidev cocxalia, igives ver vityviT saqarTvelos
uZveles teritoriaze _ gare kaxeTze/saingiloze.
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maSasadame, SevarCieT is regionebi, romlebzec dResdReobiT ar
vrceldeba saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia da romelTa separaciis procesi XX
saukunis dasawyisSi intensiurad mimdinareobda.
rogor moxda, rom Cveni qveynis uZveles kuTxeebze nel-nela
kontroli davkargeT? ra sagareo da saSinao mizezebma Seuwyo xeli
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis rRvevas? ra iyo am procesis
gamomwvev mizezTagan garduvali, da ra Secdomebma daaCqara
saqarTvelosgan afxazeTis, samaCablosa da saingilos mowyveta?
SekiTxvebi dResac Zalzed aqtualuria, Tumca xelSeuvali, calsaxa
da martivi pasuxebi am kiTxvebze ar arsebobs. amitom, bunebrivia, Cven ar
gvaqvs pretenzia, rom is daskvnebi, rasac kvlevis manZilze mivageniT, aris
amomwuravi da yovelmxrivi. Cven mxolod is mizezebi gamovkveTeT,
romelmac, gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistTa azriT, gamoiwvia afxazeTis,
samaCablosa da saingilos “gadaqarTuleba”, anu saqarTvelosgan gamijnva.
maTgan zogi sayovelTaod cnobilia (magaliTad, ruseTis imperiis
kolonialisturi politika, regionebis rusifikacia), zogi ki _ naklebad.
Cveni yvela daskvna aris gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistTa
dakvirvebis Sedegi, maTi TvalTaxedvidan, maTi Tvalsawieridan danaxuli
procesi. bunebrivia, isini mecnierebi ar iyvnen da es sakiTxebi mecnieruli
kuTxiT ar ukvleviaT. isini iyvnen Jurnalistebi, zogjer _ Zalian
subiqeturebic, radgan politikuri partiis, kerZod ki erovnul-demokratTa
gazeTSi muSaobdnen. zogi maTgani partiis wevri iyo, zogic _ ara, magram
am ukanasknelTa msoflmxedveloba da politikuri Sexedulebac erovnul-
demokratiuli mimarTulebisa gaxldaT.
amis miuxedavad, migvaCnia, rom maTi TvaliT danaxuli problemebis
kvleva qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris SeswavlisTvis mniSvnelovania,
radgan teritoriuli mTlianobis problemis gaSuqeba gazeT “saqarTvelos”
prioritets warmoadgenda. es 1915 wlis 24 maiss gamosul gazeTis
pirvelsave nomerSi gamoCnda. am nomerSi gamoqveynda erovnul-
demokratiuli partiis erT-erTi ideologis, SemdgomSi partiis
Tavmjdomaris, gazeT “saqarTvelos” damfuZneblis spiridon kedias statia
“Cveni sityva”2.
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spiridon kedia werda: “erovnuli sxeuli magrad, mWidrod unda idges
mWidro teritoriazed, romelic erTsa da imave dros misi akvanicaa da
saflavic. ar vekrZalviT vsTqvaT, Cveni miswrafebis lursmani am akvan-
saflavis dacvaa, saqarTvelos sazRvrebis aRdgenaa... saqarTvelo yvela
qarTvelisaa, misi sazRvari yvela Cvenis sazRvaria. maS nuRa viqnebiT
gaTiSuli am Tavi da Tavi sakiTxis garSemo. fsiqologiurad SemovimijnoT
Tavi Cveni da nivTieri zRude garSemovudgaT Cvensa qveyanas”3. (xazi Cvenia
m.m.)
“saqarTvelos” kidev erTi publicisti mixeil javaxiSvili ki werda:
“Cveni winaprebi sul imis cdaSi iyvnen, rom SeeqmnaT saqarTvelos
bunebrivi strategiuli sazRvrebi da CaeketaT karebebi da gzebi momavali
artaanidan, axalqalaqidan, yazaidan, darialidan da saingilo-daRestnidan,
saqarTvelos tragedia maSin daiwyo, rodesac mtrebma es karebebi
Semoamtvries da Semosasevi gzebi gaikafes”4.
maSasadame, Cveni Sromis mizani iyo: agvesaxa, Tu rogor gaaSuqes
gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebma saqarTvelos regionebis _ afxazeTis,
samaCablosa da saingilos cxovreba, kerZod am regionebis istoriuli
samSoblodan gancalkavebis procesi. miznis misaRwevad davsaxeT Semdegi
amocanebi:
a) am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli
publikaciebis Segroveba;
b) samecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT 1915-21 wlebis afxazeTis,
samaCablosa da saingilos istoriuli sinamdvilis Seswavla;
g) mopovebuli masalebis Sinaarsobrivi analizi da sistematizacia.
2. gazeT “saqarTvelos” daarseba (fasi, perioduloba,
gavrcelebis areali)
daarseba. saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis mkvlevari
istorikosi oTar janeliZe gazeT “saqarTvelos” daarsebis iniciatorad am
partiis erT-erT liders spiridon kedias asaxelebs5. mkvlevars spiridon
kedias portreti uxvi dokumenturi masalis, maT Soris safrangeTidan
Camotanili piradi arqivis, safuZvelze aqvs Seswavlili. am masalaze
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dayrdnobiT ikveTeba gazeT “saqarTvelos” daarsebis istoriac, romelsac
Cvenc daveyrdeniT6.
spiridon kedia, romelic Tavdapirvelad socialist-federalistTa
politikur idealebs iziarebda da am partiasTan aqtiuri TanamSromlobis
gamo saqarTvelodan gaqcevac mouxda, mogvianebiT sruliad gaemijna
socializms. evropaSi Svidwliani cxovrebisa da safrangeTSi umaRlesi
ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg igi saqarTveloSi 1914 wels, pirveli msoflio
omis dawyebisTanave Camovida. spiridon kedias surda iseTi perioduli
organos daarseba, romelic romelime klass, an socialur fenas ki ar
moemsaxureboda, aramed mTlianad qarTvel ers, agreTve saqarTveloSi
mcxovreb im araeTnikur qarTvelebs, romlebic mxars uWerdnen
saqarTvelos saxelmwifobriobis aRdgenis ideas.
gazeTis daarsebisaTvis materialuri mxardaWeris Zebna man baqoSi
arsebul mZlavr qarTul koloniaSi daiwyo. “sadac moRvaweobdnen cnobili
mrewvel-mewarmeni Zmebi zubalaSvilebi, akaki xoStaria, ioseb dadiani,
T.jayeli da sxvebi. isini TavianT TanamemamuleebTan erTad did yuradRebas
uTmobdnen erovnul saqmianobas. am qalaqSi 1909 wlidan moqmedebda
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis ganyofileba,
gaxsnili iyo qarTuli skolebi, biblioTeka, Camoyalibda qarTuli
Teatraluri dasi da sxv. amasTan mniSvnelovani iyo isic, rom baqoSi jer
kidev 1908 wels Seiqmna erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis politikuri
organizacia “saqarTvelos nacionaluri partiis saxelwodebiT”.
organizaciis saprogramo moTxovnebs saqarTvelos farTo erovnul-
teritoriuli avtonomia, qarTuli eklesiis avtikefalia, demokratiuli
wes-wyobilebis damyareba da sxv. Seadgenda”7.
gazeTis daarsebis Sesaxeb spiridon kedias iniciativas baqoSi
mcxovrebi qarTvelebi mowonebiT Sexvdnen da mas finansuri daxmarebac
gauwies. rogorc istorikosi oTar janeliZe acxadebs, “es Tanxa
umTavresad stambis SeZenas moxmarda”.
“TbilisSi im droisTvis gamodioda erovnul-demokratiuli
mimarTulebis Jurnali “klde”. igi yovelkvireuli gamocema iyo 700-750-iani
tiraJiT da Tavisi arsebobis sami wlis manZilze ukve moeswro gaetexa
“uimedobiT daburuli cxovrebis tye”. Jurnalis garSemo Semokrebili iyo
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erovnul moRvaweTa mtkice jgufi revaz gabaSvilis, Salva amirejibis,
Salva qarumiZis, daviT kasraZis, daviT vaCnaZis, dimitri javaxiSvilis,
aleqsandre fronelis (yifSiZe) da sxv. SemadgenlobiT. sp. kediam axla am
jgufis wevrebs mimarTa. miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba, “kldis” bazaze
daefuZnebinaT yoveldRiuri gazeTi, romelic JurnalTan SedarebiT ukeT
moaxerxebda imave miznebis samsaxurs da “qarTuli erovnuli momavlisken
gaWril biliks” kidev ufro gaafarTovebda.
gazeTis daarsebisaTvis saxsrebis moZieba saqarTveloSic gagrZelda.
quTaisis arqimandritma nazarim am saqmisaTvis 800 maneTi gamogzavna, xolo
Tbilisis (qarTl-kaxeTis) guberniis TavadaznaurTa marSalma dimitri
ColoyaSvilma 5000 maneTi gaiRo. axali gazeTis damfuZneblebs
materialuri daxmareba gauwies agreTve TbilisSi TevzeuliT movaWre
Zmebma ZegvelaSvilebma da sxva kerZo pirebma”8. gazeT “saqarTvelos”
pirveli nomeri 1915 wels Jurnal “kldis” daxurvidan (17 maisi) erT
kviraSi, anu 24 maiss gamovida.
ase daarsda yoveldRiuri gazeTi “saqarTvelo”. 1915-16 wlebSi mas
yovelkvireuli suraTebiani damatebac hqonda, romlis gamocemac 1917
wlidan Sewyda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia
warmoadgenda erTgvar gamonakliss, radgan misi beWduri gamocema daarsda
manamde, vidre erovnul-demokratiuli jgufi partiad Camoyalibdeboda (1917
wlis marti). sxva partiebis SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT iyo _ beWduri
gamocemebis daarsebamde fuZndeboda politikuri partiebi9.
mkveTrad gamoxatuli politikuri poziciis miuxedavad, gazeTi
“saqarTvelo” viwropartiuli gamocema ar yofila. igi iyo sazogadoebriv-
politikuri da literaturuli perioduli organo, romelic aSuqebda
saqarTvelos cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos. mis xarisxs gansazRvravda
pirTa wre, romlebic redaqciasTan TanamSromlobdnen. Jurnal “kldis”
jgufis garda gazeTma Semoikriba qarTveli inteligenciis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebi, mwerlebi, publicistebi, poetebi, romelTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia Sio aragvispireli, Salva dadini, mixeil javaxiSvili,
geronti qiqoZe, sandro axmeteli, rafiel ingilo/ivanicki, daviT Ciqovani
da sxvebi. redaqciam bina daido moskovis quCaze mdebare ekaterine
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gabaSvilis saxlSi, romlis sami oTaxi mweralma qalma ufasod dauTmo
gazeTis gamomcemlebs”10.
fasi _ gazeTis fasi Tavdapirvelad 5 kapiks Seadgenda. Tumca,
pirveli msoflio omis dros Seqmnili finansuri krizisis gamo
“saqarTvelos” fasi mudmivad izrdeboda.
finansuri mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZimda saqarTvelos
damoukidebeli respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg. 1918 wlis agvistodan
“saqarTvelos” nomris fasi gaxda 50 kapiki jixurebSi da 60 kapiki
rkinigzis sadgurebze. finansuri siduxWiris gamo Seiqmna gazeT
“saqarTvelos” fondi, gazeTi mkiTxvels mouwodebda fuladi
SemowirulobebiT gadaerCinaT gamocema. (ix: “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 234).
1921 wels, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos respublikis arsebobis bolo
dReebSi gazeTis nomeri ukve 25 maneTi Rirda.
gavrcelebis areali. gavrcelebis arealis Sesaxeb, TviT
“saqarTvelos” mier gavrcelebul informacias daveyrdeniT. sareklamo
gancxadebis mixedviT, Tbilisis garda gazeTi vrceldeboda “quTaisSi,
baTumSi, siRnaRSi, TelavSi, gorSi, lagodexSi, qvemo qiziySi, zugdidSi,
kaxSi, maCxaanSi, xaSurSi, WkaduaSi, duSeTSi, fSavSi, SildaSi, eniselSi.
moskovsa da baqoSi”11.
3. redaqtorebi/perioduloba
redaqtorebi. eqvswliani arsebobis ganmavlobaSi gazeTma 4
redaqtori gamoicvla. redaqtorTa cvla ukavSirdeboda partiul
ganxeTqilebas. partiaSi yoveli ganxeTqilebis Semdeg gazeTi
“saqarTveloc” icvlida xelmZRvanels.
pirveli redaqtori iyo qarTveli poeti da dramaturgi
aleqsandre/sandro SanSiaSvili igi gazeTs 1915 wlis 24 maisidan 1917 wlis
12 aprilamde xelmZRvanelobda.
meore readqtori iyo cnobili publicisti, erovnul-demokratiuli
partiis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli grigol veSapeli (veSapiZe), romelic
redaqtoris postze 1917 wlis aprilidan 1918 wlis 15 agvistomde muSaobda.
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mesame redaqtori iyo cnobili literatori, publicisti, kritikosi
da mTargmneli geronti qiqoZe. man gazeT “saqarTveloSi” 1915 wlis 15
agvistodan 1919 wlis 18 maisamde dahyo.
ucnobi periodi, vin iyo redaqtori 1919 wlis # 133-dan 1920 wlis
ianvramde? 1919 wlis 18 maiss “saqarTvelos” rigiT mesame redaqtorma
geronti qiqoZem datova rogorc erovnul-demokratiuli partia, aseve
gazeT “saqarTvelos” redaqtoris posti. 1919 wlis nomrebi saqarTvelos
sajaro biblioTekis qarTvelologiisa da periodikis ganyofilebebSi ar
aqvT. xolo qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis
fondSi, e.w. dacul (F) fondSi Senaxuli koleqciidan 1919 wlis
“saqarTvelos” nomrebi # 133-is Semdeg aRar aris. CvenTvis ucnobia 1919
wlis #133 Semdeg gamovida, Tu ara gazeTis Semdegi nomrebi.
aq ori savaraudo versiaa: an gazeTi gamodioda, magram sajaro
biblioTekaSi ar aris Semonaxuli misi nomrebi, anda 1919 wlis 133-e nomris
Semdeg 1920 wlis ianvramde gazeTi ar gamosula. nebismier SemTxvevaSi Cven
moklebulni varT SesaZleblobas davadginoT, Tu vin xelmZRvanelobda
gazeTis redaqcias am periodSi, anu 1919 wlis maisidan dekembris CaTliT.
Tbilisis vaWar-mrewvelTa komitetis” mier Seqmnili saredaqcio
kolegia _ 1920 wlis ianvridan 9 aprilamde (an SeiZleba 15 aprilamde)
“saqarTvelos” gamoscemda “Tbilisis vaWar-mrewvelTa komitetis” mier
Seqmnili saredaqcio kolegia. amis Sesaxeb gancxadeba gamoqveynda
“saqarTvelos” 1920 wlis # 17-Si (gv: 4). swored amitom am periodis gazeTi
“saqarTvelo” aris mxolod axali ambebis, mcire sainformacio SeniSvnebis
gazeTi. axali ambebis Sinaarsic ZiriTadad Sedgenilia savaWro-
samrewvelo Tematikis prioritetiT.
abreSumi, marganeci, Tambaqo da sxva samrewvelo siaxle Warbobs
politikur, Tu nebismier sxva saxis axal ambavs. metic, me-4 gverdi
mTlianad daeTmo “savaWro samrewvelo palatis” biuletenebs, e.w. nusxebs
produqciis fasis Sesaxeb. gazeTis me-4 gverdi iqca calke gamocemad,
mieniWa calke numeracia da daerqva “vaWroba da mrewveloba”. Cveni
SefasebiT, es oTxi Tve 1920 wlis ianvaridan aprilis CaTvliT gazeT
“saqarTvelos” dacemis etapia, gamocema mkiTxvelTa farTo wres, Cveni
azriT, ver daainteresebda. P
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meoTxe redaqtori iyo spiridon kedia, romelic gamocemas 1920 wlis
agvisotdan daxurvamde, anu 1921 wlis 23 Tebervlamde uZRveboda.
“kediasaTvis, cxadia, Zneli iyo erTdroulad partiis Tavmjdomareoba,
damfuZnebel krebaSi moRvaweoba da yoveldRiuri organos redaqtoroba,
magram igi Tavdauzogavad muSaobda da yvelafers aswrebda”12.
perioduloba. 1915-16 wlebSi gazeTi “saqarTvelo” yoveldRiurad
gamodioda. kvira dRes gamodioda gazeTis Cveulebrivi nomeri da sakvirao
damateba, romelsac ufro literaturul-SemecnebiTi xasiaTi hqonda da
mravalferovani ilustraciebiT gamoirCeoda.
1917 wlidan sakvirao damatebam gamosvla Sewyvita. garda amisa,
readqciam kvira dRe dasvenebis dRed gamohyo da amitom orSabaTs
“saqarTvelo” ar gamodioda. amrigad, 1917 wlidan gazeT “saqarTvelos”
perioduloba ganisazRvra kviraSi 6 nomris (orSabaTis garda) gamocemiT.
mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo gazeTma “saqarTvelom”
ramdenjerme Sewyvita gamosvla. pirvelad 1918 wlis 1 seqtembridan 24
seqtembramde (amis gamo redaqciam mkiTxvels bodiSic mouxada. ix:
“saqarTvelo”; # 176); xolo meored _ 1920 wels. kerZod, 1920 wlis maisSi,
ivnissa da ivlisSi gazeTi ar gamosula. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom gazeTs
SeiZleboda hqonoda wyvetis kidev erTi etapi, kerZod 1919 wlis maisidan
(#133-dan) dekembris CaTvliT. Tumca, amis Taobaze dadsturebuli pasuxi
Cven ar gagvaCnia.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom 1918 wlis seqtemberSi gazeTis gamocemis pirveli
wyvetis mizezi finansuris garda sakadro problemebic unda yofiliyo. 1918
wels erovnul-demokratiul partiaSi Seqmnili dapirispirebis gamo
partiidan garicxes mixeil maCabeli da daTa vaCnaZe. es ori wevri
saqarTvelos parlamentSi erovnul-demokratiuli fraqciis wevrebi iyvnen
da, aseve partiis komitetis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen. garicxvis Semdeg
maT miemxrnen erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevrebi _ revaz gabaSvili,
vasil wereTeli, Salva qarumiZe, ivane eliaSvili, dimitri javaxiSvili da
gazeT “saqarTvelos” redaqtori grigol veSapeli.13
gazeT “saqarTvelos” redaqtorma gr. veSapelma datova gamocema.
gazeTis gamocema SeaCera misma da jer kidev Jurnal “kldeSi” momuSave
kadrebis _ revaz gabaSvili, dimitri javaxiSvili da daTa vaCnaZe _
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wasvlam. daTa vaCnaZe Jurnal “kldis” damfuZnebeli da finansuri
mxardamWeri iyo. Tumca, krizisi or-sam kviraSi moagvara “saqarTveloSi”
darCenilma TanamSromelTa jgufma. gazeTi “saqarTvelo” mxolod sami
kvira ar gamodioda.
gazeTis redaqtorebisa da Seferxebebis Sesaxeb informacias Tavi
movuyareT qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi.
cxrili 1
gazeTi “saqarTvelo” 1915 wlis 24 maisi
1921 wlis 23 Tebervali
periodi redaqtori1915 wlis 24.05 – 1917 wlis 12. 04 Aaleqsandre/ sandro SanSiaSvili1917 wlis 12. 04 – 1918 wlis 15.08 Ggrigol veSapeli/veSapiZe1918 wlis 15.08 – 1919 wlis 18.05(1918wlis 1.09- 24.09 gazeTi ar gamodis)
geronti qiqoZe
1919 wlis 18.05 -1919 wlis 12. ar viciT, gamodis Tu ara gazeTi, an _ vin xelmZRvanelobda redaqcias.
1920 wlis 01 _ 04 “Tbilisis vaWar-mrewvelTa palatis” saredaqcio kolegia.
1920 wlis 04-07 gazeTi ar gamodis.1920 wlis 08 – 19121 wlis 23.02 spiridon kedia
4. gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebi
cnobili publicistebi. gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoCenili
qarTveli mwerlebi, poetebi, istorikosebi da sxvadasxva sferos sazogado
moRvaweebi TanamSromlobdnen. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia mwerlebi _ mixeil
javaxiSvili, romelic m. adamaSvilis fsevdonimiT aqveynebda werilebs,
grigol robaqiZe (givi gollend), vasil barnovi; poetebi _ tician tabiZe,
valerian gafrindaSvili, giorgi leoniZe. cisferyanweli poeti leli
jafariZe am gamocemaSi Jurnalistad mogvevlina. igi 1918-1919 wlebSi
uZRveboda rubrikas “saqarTvelos parlamentSi”, romelSic moTavsebuli
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iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis, SemdgomSi damfuZnebeli krebis muSaobis
amsaxveli angariSebi.
gazeT “saqarTveloSi” muSaobdnen cnobili qarTvevli Jurnalistebi
da publicistebi: _ daviT kasraZe, Salva amirejibi, Salva qarumiZe, daTa
vaCnaZe, giorgi gabaSvili, giorgi gvazava, zaqaria edili, niko TavdgiriZe,
rafiel ingilo/ivanicki, mose janaSvili, ilia Wyonia, apolon wulaZe da
sxva mravali saintereso saxe, romelTa Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis
Seswavla calke kvlevis sagans warmoadgens.
bunebrivia, saqarTvelos redaqtorebi, gansakuTrebiT _ grigol
veSapeli, geronti qiqoZe da spiridon kedia _ gvevlinebian araerTi
mniSvnelovani saredaqcio werilis avtorebad. am werilebidan mravali
swored saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs mieZRvna.
afxazeTze yvelaze ufro xSirad werdnen niko TavdgiriZe da zaqaria
edili. Tumca, Zalzed sainterereso statia daba ilorsa da iloris wminda
giorgis eklesiaze “am-ber”-is fsevdonomiT gamoaqveyna arqimandritma
(SemdgomSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ) ambrosi xelaiam14; agreTve,
aRsaniSnavia grigol veSapelis saredaqcio statia “afxazeTisaTvis”15 da
grigol robaqiZis (fsevdonimiT _ giv gillend) ramdenime literaturul-
publicisturi werili.
samaCabloze gamoqeynebul werilebSi aRsaniSnavia Salva amirejibisa
da geronti qiqoZis publikaciebi, aseve, 1918 wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos” 203-
e da 207-e nomrebSi sayuradRebo statia “saqarTvelos osebi (mgzavris
STabeWdilebani)” gamoaqveyna z. edilma. saintereso samogzauri narkvevi
“mogzauris rame-rume16” ekuTvnis Jurnalists (ZiriTadi profesiiT
agronoms) apolon wulaZes. aRsaniSnavia, aseve, leli jafariZisa da daviT
kasraZis TiTo-TiTo statia saCxereSi osTa mier mowyobil rigiT meore
ajanyebaze.
saingilos problemebs yvelaze ufro xSirad aSuqebda ori
gamoCenili ingilo _ rafiel ingilo (ivanicki) da mose janaSvili, aseve
Jurnalisti _ ilia Wyonia. saingilos Sesaxeb arerTi saintereso werili
ekuTvnis zaqaria edils. calke aRniSnvas imsaxurebs spiridon kedias
apolon wulaZe gazeT “saqarTveloSi” intensiurad aSuqebda aWarisa da aWarlebis yofa-cxovrebas.
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saredaqcio statia, romelic saingiloSi qarTuli wera-kiTxvis
gavrcelebis problemas exeba17.
zemoTCamoTvlil gvarebs Soris zaqaria edili erTgvar gamonakliss
warmoadgens, radgan igi sxvebze ufro intensiurad aSuqebda samive
regionis problemebs. amasTan, yvelaze ufro xSirad saingiloze werda,
araerTi werili miuZRvna afxazeTs, xolo samaCablos Sesaxeb erTi, magram
Zalian sayuradRebo werili gamoaqveyna. radgan z. edilis publikaciebs
Cveni Sromis yvela TavSi SevxvdebiT, saWirod migvaCnia ramdenime sityva
vTqvaT mis Sesaxeb.
“zaqaria edilaSvilis werilebi, romlebic gazeT “saqarTveloSi”
qveyndeboda 1915-20 wlebSi sainteresoa bevri ramiT, maTi SeswavliT
istorikosi mkvlevari utyuar dokumentebs moipovebs aramarto
imdroindeli saingilosa da Sida qarTlis cxovrebidan, aramed ruseTis
mTeli batonobis periodSi am kuTxeebisa mier gadatanil tragedias
gvamcnobs da gvagrZnobinebs”18, ase axasiaTebs z. edils istorikosi dodo
WumburiZe wignSi _ istoriuli portretebi, dasawyisi XX saukunisa.
zaqaria edili Sida qarTlSi (sof. breTa, qarelis raioni) daibada.
igi iyo daviT sarajiSvilis stipendianti da swored misi wyalobiT
umaRlesi veterinaruli ganaTleba estoneTis q. tartus universitetSi
miiRo. Sida qarTlSi dabadebuli da gazrdili edili bedma samuSaod
saingilos sofel kaxSi gadaisrola, sadac igi ojaxTan erTad 10 weli
cxovrobda da es kuTxe ise Seiyvara, rogorc _ sakuTari. aRsaniSnavia, rom
mas imave siyvaruliT pasuxobdnen ingiloebi, rac Cans kidec saingilos
Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul mis publikaciebSi.
1916 wels igi pirveli msoflio omis erT-erT frontze Savi zRvis
sanapiro rkinigzis mSeneblobaze gaiwvies, sadac pirveli msoflio omis
damTavrebamde darCa. swored aqedan gaicno da Seiyvara man afxazeTi,
romlis Sesaxeb araerTi saintereso masala gamoaqveyna gazeT
“saqarTveloSi”.
aRsaniSnavia, rom edili im iSviaT publicistTa ricxvs miekuTvneba,
romlebic eTnikur umciresobasa daumravlesobas Soris warmoqmnili
konfliqtis gaSuqebisas damnaSaveebs ar eZeben; da Tu aseTi ramis
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aucilebloba Seiqmna, yovelTvis erovnuli umravlesobis
pasuxismgeblobiT iwyeben konfliqtis gaSuqebas.
magaliTad, rodesac afxazebma afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis avtokefalia moiTxoves, edilma mianiSna, rom isini aravis
daupatiJnia 1917 wlis martSi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
aRdgenis RonisZiebaze, rom samurzayanos marTlmadideblurma samrevloebma
ise miiRes saqarTvelos avtokefalur eklesiasTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetileba, rom amis Sesaxeb afxazebs arc ki acnobes. “yvela es swyinT
afxazebs”, werda edili.
garda amisa, edili Tavis statiebSi (maTi mniSvnelovani nawli
gamoqveynebulia qvesaTauriT _ “mgzavris STabeWdilebani”) xSirad
aqveynebda dialogebs adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. magaliTad, erT-erT
moxuc afxazTan saubris Sinaarsi z. edilma ase gadmogvca:
“_ qarTvelebma ver daimsaxureT Cveni siyvaruli…
_ romelma qarTvelebma, meTqi, gakvirvebiT SevekiTxe me,
_ CvenSi bevri qarTvelebi msaxurobdnen olqis ufrosad, ginda
boqaulad, Tu sxva ram moxeled da ai im vaJbatonebma aramcTu daimsaxures
Cveni siyvaruli, aramed Tavi mogvaZuleso19”.
zaqaria edilma moxuc afxazs auxsna, rom Cinovniki qarTvelebi
saqarTvelos arcerT kuTxeSi ar uyvardaT. “Cinovniki qarTveli, Tu mudam
rusis mTavrobis warbqveS macqerali ar iyo da yvela mis gankargulebas
zedmiwevniT ar asrulebda da xalxisken ixreboda misi saswori, maSin
udReuri iqneboda misi samsaxuri, amitom magisTana movlenam ar unda
imoqmedos Tqvenze, afxazebze-meTqi, vuTxari me.
_ ara, ara, Tqven qarTvelebi, magasac rom Tavi gavaneboT, roca Cven
osmaleTTan erTad TavisuflebisaTvis vebrZodiT ruseTs, maSin Tqven
zurgSi xmals gviSendiT. es raRa iyo, dagaviwydaT, gana?
laparakma cxare xasiaTi miiRo da aSkarad emCenoda, rom afxazebi
ukmayofiloni iyvnen qarTvelebiT da gansakuTrebiT megrelebiT, romelTac
im brals sdebdnen, rom miwa-wyali mTlaT imaT daiWireso20”, werda zaqaria
edili (xazi Cvenia) .
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sxvagan afxazeTis “turfa miwa-wylis” dampyroblebs Soris rusebs,
berZnebs, somxebsa da ebraelebis garda megrelebs da imerlebsac
asaxelebs. “yvela, visac mosvla ar dazarebia, aq mosula da dasaxlebula,
rusi, bolgarieli, albaneli, estoneli, ukraineli, germaneli, imereli da
umetesad megreli yvela eseni Semohkedlebian afxazeTs da misi turfa vel-
mindori CaugdiaT xelSi”21 (xazi Cvenia).
Cveni dakvirvebiT, z. edilis zogierTi Tvalsazrisi, erovnul-
demokratTa msofmxedvelobasTan TanxvedraSi ar aris. magaliTisTvis or
faqts moviyvanT _ man megrelebi afxazeTis miwis dampyroblebad
warmoaCina; sxvagan _ afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis
moTxovnas miesalma da maT am saqmeSi warmateba usurva kidec. (ix:
“avtokefaliis sakiTxi afxazeTSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #128; gv: 4.) amrigad,
z. edilis saxes Cvens SromaSi SedarebiT didi adgili davuTmeT, radgan am
publicists Cven sadisertacio kvlevis yvela TavSi SexvdebiT.
aranakleb sainteresoa niko TavdgiriZis, rafiel ingilos, mose
janaSvilis, Salva amirejibis, d.kasraZis, apolon wulaZis, agreTve
gazeTis redaqtorebis _ grigol veSapelis, geronti qiqoZis, spiridon
kedias _ saxeebi. Tumca, TiToeuli maTganis daxasiaTeba Zalian Sors
wagviyvanda, amitom mxolod maTi publikaciebis analiziT SemovifargleT.
ucnobi gvarebi. disertaciaze muSaobisas Segvxvda araerTi
naklebad cnobili gvari, romlebic SromaSi im mizniT mogvayavs, rom
samomavlod SeiZleba maTi vinaobis Sesaxeb romelime mkvlevarma
sagulisxmo informacia Sekribos.
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cxrili 2
afaxzeTze, samaCablosa da saingiloze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis ucnobi avtorebi
fsevdonimebi. bunebrivia, gazeTze muSaobisas araerTi fsevdonimi
Segvxvda, maTi umetesoba gauSifravia. Cven es fsedonimebic regionebze
gamoqveynebuli masalebis mixedviT davalageT. ramdenime maTganis
afxazeTiilarion xoWava “iloris skola”; 1916w; # 220; gv: 3.
samaCabloa. levaniSvili Cveni korespondentebi; d. cxinvali; 1920w; # 150; gv.4.
iason javaxiSvili
“gagris kari”. ix; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #133; gv: 1-2
i.javaxi (Cveni azriT iason javaxiSvilia)
“soWis asparezidan”; 1919w.; #237; gv. 4
javaxi (Cveni azriT iason javaxiSvilia)
korespondenciebi; soxumi; 1920w; # 4; gv.4.
a.l. (Cveni azriT,
a.levaniSvili)“didi liaxvis xeoba (mowerili ambavi)”; 1919w.; 10; gv.4.“Cveni korespondendebi cxinvali”; 1920w; # 104; gv.4.“Cveni korespondendebi; cxinvali”; 1920w; # 108; gv.4.“Cveni korespondendebi; cxinvali”; 1920w; # 110; gv.4.“Cveni korespondendebi; cxinvali”; 1920w; # 164; gv.4.“javis xeoba”; 1921weli; # 5; gv 4.
a-l (Cveni azriT,
a.levaniSvili)
“mTa oseTis samilicio raioni”; 1919w; #60; gv: 2.
a.okroSiZe “wm. abos dResaswaulis gamo”; 1917w; #44; gv: 4.al.maCabeli “mamuli samaCablo”; 1917 weli, #94, gv.4
“daba cxinvali”; 1921 weli; # 6; gv 4.
d. saZagliSvili “korespondencia qvemo niqozidan” 1917 weli, #179, gv.4vasil TedeSvili javisxeoba; 1915 weli; # 54; gv 6.
av. abesaZe “saqarTvelos Sinauri mdgomareoba ruseTTan SeerTebis dros”; 1917w; #86, gv: 2.
saingilo
g. aTanelaSvili “korespondencia saingilodan”; 1917w; #202; gv: 4g.andriaSvili “korespondencia, mahmadianTa mufti kaxSi”; 1917w; #111; gv: 4.a. maCabeli “alaznis gaRma mxare, zaqaTalas olqi”; 1918w; #164, 165, 166, 167;
gv: 4.gr.JRenti “korespondencia, zaqaTala”, 1917w; #100; gv: 4.
“korespondencia qalis gayidvis Cveuleba saingiloSi”; 1917w; #122;gv: 4
arCil yuloSvili
“werili saingilodan”; 1915w; #65; gv; 3.
barTlome xuciSvili
“sof.kaxi”; 1915w; #129; gv: 2.
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gamocnoba publicistis saxelTan da gvarTan siaxlovis gamo, Zalian
martivi gamodga. amdenad, gTavazobT Cven varaudebsac, romelic didi
albaTobiT swori gvgonia.
afxazeTi
fsevdonimebi: glexiSvili; kai; juanSer; iloreli; i-le-baRaTureli;
am-beri; in-ri; Waxraki; givi gollend; rioneli; sali; irakli; s. f. ;
megobari; galius; i.j. ; javaxi.
am fsevdonomebidan gaSifrulia am-beri (ambrosi xelaia) da givi
gollend (grigol robaqiZe). Cveni varaudiT fsevdonimebi _ i.j. da
javaxi unda ekuTvnodes iason javaxiSvilis, romelmac fsevdonimis gareSe
sakuTari saxeliT da gvariT gamoaqveyna statia“gagris kari”. ix;
“saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #133; gv: 1-2.
samaCablo
fsevdonimebi: soso; gulSematkivari; solomoni; legatus; wikeli; xion;
liaxveli; C. k-Ze; mokeTe; oboli; v. leliani; gzaT Camvleli; nikeli;
qarTleli qali; simarTle; bagrat beTaneli; vinme Toreli;
al. m-li; dav. gamrekeli; meTvalyure; i. ji-li; mejvrisxeveli
n.k.; moambe; cxinvaleli; a.l.; a-l; vefxvi.
am fsevdonimebidan gaSifrulia fsevdonimi liaxveli, romelic
ekuTvnis saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs kirions (saZagliSvils).
Cveni varaudiT, fsevdonimi al. m-li SeiZleba ekuTvnodes
aleqsandre maCabels.
fsevdonimi n.k SeiZleba ekuTvnodes niko kecxovels (SemdgomSi
cnobil botanikossa da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtors),
romelic gazeT saqarTveloSi drodadro beWdavda korespondenciebs.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi samogzauro korespondenciebi mesxeTSi (ix:
“saqarTvelo”..) am varaudis sasargeblod metyvelebs isic, rom statia,
romelsac xels n.k awers, aris korespondencia sof tyviavidan (ix:
“saqarTvelo”, 1917 weli, #148, “korespondencia/sof. tyviavi”; gv.4). tyviavi
ki, niko kecxovelis mSobliuri sofelia.
magaliTad, niko kecxovelma 1917 wels gazeT “saqarTveloSi” (#266; 267) gamoqveyna
werilebis, samogzauro narkvevebis cikli “erTi Tve mesxeTSi”.
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fsevdonimebi a.l. da a-l SeiZleba ekuTvnodes aleqsandre
levaniSvils, romelmac 1919 - 20 wlebSi gazeT “saqarTveloSi” araerTi
korespondencia gamoaqveyna samaCabloze.
saingilo
s.k-dia; Toma maRaroeli; d.k. ; meTvalyure; n-ani; qiziyeli; i. maruSiZe;
keWneli; s.d.s.
am fsevdonimebidan s. k-dia udavod aris spiridon kedias fsevdonimi,
xolo d.k. _ daviT kasraZis.
4. Sromis struqtura
Cveni Sroma Sesavlisa da daskvnis garda Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi
Tavisagan. pirveli TavSi gaanalizebulia afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili
publikaciebi, meoreSi _ samaCablosadmi, xolo mesameSi _ saingilosadmi.
Tavebi problemebis mixedviT dayofilia qveTavebad. raodenobis
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze vrcelia afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili nawili, romelic
oTxi Tavisagan Sedgeba. maTgan yvelaze moculobiTia Tavi, romelSic
vcadeT afxazeTSi mimdinare separatistuli moZraobis aRwera.
samaCablosadmi miZRvnili nawili SedarebiT mcirea, kidev ufro
mcire ki _ saingilosadmi miZRvnili nawilia. aseTi araTanabari
gadanawileba gamoiwvia regionebis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis
gansxvavebulma rodenobam.
gazeT “saqarTveloSi” afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili publikaciebi
Warbobs. amas Tavisi obieqturi mizezi aqvs: mxolod 1918 wels afxazeTSi
bolSevikTa mier sami SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma da politikuri
gadatrialebis ori mcdeloba ganxorcielda. garda amisa, 1918 wlis bolos
da mTeli 1919 wlis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTi TeTrgvardieli generlis
denikis moxaliseTa armiasa da saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro
nawilebs Soris gamarTuli dapirispirebis asparezi iyo.
aranakleb daZabuli iyo es periodi samaCabloSi. kerZod,
saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg am regionSi
bolSevikTa inspirirebiT sami ajanyeba moxda. Tumca, afxazeTisagan
gansxvavebiT samaCabloSi mxolod erTi gareSe Zala _ bolSevikuri ruseTi
gegmavda provokaciebs. afxazeTSi ki, daZabulobas erTmaneTis
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monacvleobiT iwvevda sami gareSe Zala _ TurqeTi, TeTrgvardiuli ruseTi
da bolSevikuri ruseTi.
Tavisi arsiT srulad gansxvavdeba saingilos situacia. Tuki
afxazeTisa da samaCablos mosaxleobaSi arsebobda separatistuli
ganwyoba, saingilos qarTvelebSi aseTi ganwyoba an ar arsebobda, anda
arsebobda sakmaod sustad _ isic gamahmadianebul (galekebul) ingiloebSi.
garda amisa, saingilo warmoadgenda ZaliT dapyrobil da gamahmadianebul
mxares, romelsac Tumc SemorCenili hqonda istoriuli samSoblos
mexsiereba, magram ar Seswevda Zala, rom ebrZola masTan dabrunebisaTvis.
garda amisa, disertacias boloSi danarTis saxiT davamateT Cven mier
afxazeTze, samaCablosa da saingiloze mokrebili publikaciebis reestri,
nusxa. es nusxa amomwuravi ar aris, radgan gazeT “saqarTvelos” koleqcia,
romelic saqarTvelos paralmentis erovnul biblioTekaSi inaxeba sakamod
naklulia. publikaciebis nusxas Tan axlavs CamonaTvali im nomrebisa,
romelic sajaro biblioTekaSi ar aris daculi.
Cveni Sromis danarTi, ra Tqma unda, ver Seavsebs 1900-1921 wlebis
perioduli gamocemebis Tematuri saZieblebis ararsebobiTYSeqmnil
sicarieles. Tumca, es nusxa, imeds vitovebT, gauadvilebs Sromas maT, vinc
afxazeTis, samaCablos, saingilos sakiTxebs swavlobs da imaTac, visac
XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli presa ainteresebs.
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I afxazeTiF
1. afxazeTi XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi
1.1. teritoria, mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri
Semadgenloba. ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis damxobamde, anu 1917 wlis
Tebervlamde afxazeTi oTx saboqaulod iyo dayofili. gazeT
“saqarTvelos” monacemebis Tanaxmad, romelic Tavis mxriv gazeT
“peterburgskie vedmostis” eyrdnoboda, qarTuli mosaxleobis simravliT
gamoiCeoda samurzayanos olqi, gudauTisa da kodoris olqebSi afxazuri
mosaxleobis raodenobrivi upiratesoba igrZnoboda; gumisTis olqSi ki,
berZnebi sWarbobdnen.22
1917 wlis dekemberSi afxazeTs, anu, rogorc maSin uwodebdnen
soxumis olqs, amierkavkasiis komisariatis dadgenilebiT SeuerTda gagrisa
da bzifis olqebi, romlebic 1903 wlidan mefis ruseTis gadawyvetilebiT
Savi zRvis gubernias hqonda miwerili. rogorc istorikosi oTar janeliZe
wers, “amiT afxazeTi oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli saqarTvelo-
amierkavkasiis nawilad”23. amrigad, 1917 wlisaTvis afxazeTi Sedgeboda
samurzayanos, gudauTis, gumisTis, kodoris, bzifisa da gagris olqebisgan.
eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT afxazeTi erT-erT yvelaze mravalferovan
mxares warmoadgenda. mogvianebiT gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespndenti
zaqaria edili, romelmac afxazeTSi imogzaura, dawers: “ara mgonia,
romelime kuTxe kavkasiisa ise iyves Wreli, rogorc dRes aris afxazeTi. is
wminda mozaikas warmoadgens am mxriv, yvela, visac mosvla ar dazarebia, aq
mosula da dasaxlebula, rusi, bolgarieli, albaneli, estoneli,
ukraineli, germaneli...”24 afxazeTis dampyroblad zaqaria edilma
qarTvelebic, kerZod ki, imerlebi da megrelebi daasaxela. misi TqmiT,
“yvela eseni Semohkedlebian afxazeTs da misi turfa vel-mindori CaugdiaT
xelSi”.25
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dRemde aqtualuria kiTxva, Tu ramdeni iyo me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
afxazi da qarTveli mosaxleobis raodenoba soxumis olqSi. 1993 wels
moskovSi rusi mecnierebis avtorobiT gamocemuli wignis (Белая книга
Абхазии) Tanaxmad, afxazeTSi me-19 saukunis bolodan 1926 wlamde
afxazuri mosaxleobis raodenoba 58 aTassa da 55 aTass Soris meryeobda,
xolo eTnikuri qarTvelebi daaxloebiT 25 aTasidan 67 aTasamde
gaizardnen26. am monacemebs kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba qarTveli
demografi anzor ToTaZe27. misi TqmiT, rusma mecnierebma 1886 da 1897 wlis
saojaxo siebis monacemebi daamaxinjes, radgan samurzayanos eTnikurad
qarTveli mosaxleobis, romelic 30 aTasze met suls Seadgenda, miaweres
afxazi mosaxleobis raodenobas. igive Secdoma, ufro sworad
mizanmimarTuli uzustoba iqna daSvebuli 1897 wels ruseTis imperiaSi
Catarebuli mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris dros, rodesac samurzayanos
mosaxleoba miaTvales eTnikur afxazebs, ris Semdegac afxazTa
xelovnurad gazrdilma raodenobam Seadgina 58 697, xolo eTnikuri
qarTvelebisam - 25 87528.
Tumca, 1902 wels rusi Cinovnikebis mier Sedgenili yovelwliuri
angariSgebis – mosaxleobis erovnuli, sarwmunoebrivi da wodebrivi
uwyisis Tanaxmad, romlis monacemebic qarTvel mecnierebs sandod miaCniaT,
XX saukunis afxazeTSi cxovrobda 46,4 aTasi afxazi da 51,3 aTasi
qarTveli29.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalzed saintereso statistikuri
monacemebia motanili saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ambrosi xelaias
naSromSi “statiis gamo xma “soxumidan”. avtori eyrdnoba 1895-1905 wlebSi
afxazeTis episkoposis arsenis mier rusuli sinodis oberprokurorisaTvis
gagzavnili statistikur angariSs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom episkoposi arseni
cnobili qarTvelTmoZule saeklesio piri iyo, amdenad eTnikuri
qarTvelebis raodenobas ganzrax ar gazrdida.
ambrosi xelaia werda: “mTels soxumis mxareSi ep. Arsenis
statistikis Tanaxmad (ix.sinodis kantoris aRniSnuli saqme) saxlobs orive
sqesis 78 109 suli. maTgan qarTvelia (megreli, qarTleli, imereli,
amJamindeli gali, mdinare RaliZgasa da mdinare engurs Soris teritoria.
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guruli da samurzayanoeli) 45 353 suli, danarCeni afxazebi – 24 598,
rusebi – 2745; berZnebi – 4762; somxebi – 638 da sxva erovnebisa – 1013
suli”30.
avtori sxva wyaroze (Абхазия, соч Цхумели, С-ПБ, 1906, стр.16, прим. 18)
dayrdnobiT acxadebs, rom 1906 wels soxumis mxareSi eTnikuri qarTvelebis
raodenoba 53 829-s Seadgenda31. amrigad, qarTveli mecnierebis Sromebze,
agreTve sxvadasxva araqarTuli wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom me-19 saukunis bolos afxazeTis mosaxleobis umravlesobas eTnikuri
qarTvelebi Seadgendnen
sainteresoa afxazeTis mosaxleobis sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobac.
religiaTmcodnis nugzar papuaSvilis TqmiT, “saqarTvelos erTiani
samefos dayofis Semdeg (1490-1495 ww) afxazeTSi, ise rogorc saqarTvelos
sxva ganapira kuTxeebSi, kanonikuri saeklesio wyobileba (anu,
marTlmadidebloba m.m) Seirya. misi adgili umetesad arakanonikurma
rwmena-warmodgenebma, ufro sworad gaurkvevelma religiam, adgilobrivma
paganurma (soflurma) kultmsaxurebam (warmarTobam) daikava; gavrcelda
islamic. Aase rom, am mxareSi (afxazeTSi) caristuli ruseTis koloniuri
reJimis damyarebamde religiuri qaosi iyo”32.
Ddemograf anzor ToTaZis kvlevis Tanaxmad, XX saukunis dasawyisis
afxazeTSi mosaxleobis 89,5 procenti marTlmadidebeli qristiani iyo, 3,1
procenti – grigorianeli, xolo 7 procenti - musulmani”33.
1860 wels ruseTis wminda sinodis wiaRSi Seqmnilma “kavkasiaSi
marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis aRmdgenma sazogadoebam” afxazeTis
mosaxleobis marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebaze moqceva daiwyo. am process
Sesabamis TavSi vrclad ganvixilavT. aq mxolod imas vityviT, rom
marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoeba afxazeTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan
nawls formalurad hqonda miRebuli.Aamis Sesaxeb saintereso faqti aris
motanili saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosi (xelais) zemoT
xsenebul statiaSi34. avtori aq mkiTxvels uambobs, Tu rogor miiRo
mRvdelma kereseliZem afxazeTis eiskoposisgan davaleba, rom erT dReSi
moenTla 14 afxazi, radgan es erTgvari gegmis Sesasruleblad iyo saWiro.
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1.2. socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba
mkvlevari daviT Ciataia aRniSnavs: “XX saukunis damdegs afxazeTi
warmoadgenda ekonomikurad CamorCenil agrarul mxares, sadac sustad iyo
ganviTarebuli, rogorc soflis meurneoba, aseve mrewveloba”35. garda
amisa, mkvlevari afxazeTSi am droisaTvis arsebul kapitalistur
urTierTobas axasiaTebs sami niSniT: 1) mrewveloba sustad iyo
ganviTarebuli da TiTqmis ar arsebobda fabrika-qarxnebi; 2)kapitalizmi
swrafad viTardeboda soflis meurneobaSi, gansakuTrebiT – meTambaqeobaSi;
3) TiTqmis ar arsebobda samrewvelo proletariati, samagierod
arsebobdnen sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis daqiravebuli muSebi, romelTa
eTnikuri Semadgenlobac Wreli iyo36.
msgavsad aRwers afxazeTis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas
istorikosi meri gabedavac. misi TqmiT, “axali warmoebiTi urTierTobis
formirebis procesSi wamyvan rols asrulebda qarTuli mosaxleoba, aseve
Camosuli berZnebi da somxebi... afxazebi nela ebmebodnen sasaqonlo-fulad
urTierTobebSi. ar misdevdnen vaWrobas, daqiravebul Sromas, radgan es
samarcxvino saqmianobad miaCndaT”37.
istorikosi jemal gamaxaria Tavis wignSi “qarTul afxazur
urTierTobaTa istoriidan” iSveliebs cnobili qarTveli sazogado
moRvawis, eqimis, social-demokratiuli partiis e.w. erovnuli jgufis
warmomadgenlis ivane gomarTelis Sefasebebs, romelic man 1905 wlis 19
noembers gazeT “cnobis furcelSi” gamoaqveyna saTauriT “afxazeTi
mcxovrebTa moTxovnebi”38.
ivane gomarTeli wers: “afxazebi arc meurneobas misdeven, arc xvna-
Tesvas, arc vaWrobas, arc xelosnobas,” samagierod afxaz glexs aqvs 30-60
dRiuri da zogan meti miwa. igi “moxdenilia, tanadi, lamazi. mas uyvars
cxeni, qeifi, buneba – Sroma, muSaoba ki - ara. miwa imdeni aqvs, rom
SeuZlia TviTon ar imuSaos. miwas afxazi ijariT aZlevs qarTvels, berZens,
somexs... namdvili miwis muSa afxazeTSi megrelia. yovel moZraobisa da
revoluciis dros afxazsa da megrels Soris ibadeba uTanxmoeba, radgan
pirvelia memamule, miwis patroni, meore ki – miwis muSa. revoluciis xanaSi
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megreli afxazs mosavals an ar aZlevs, an - aZlevs naklebs. socialisturi
qadageba - miwa mSromels, miwis muSaso, megrelebSi fexs ikidebs da afxazs
afrTxobs. afxazi SiSobs, vaiTu miwa megrelma wamarTvaso”39.
jemal gamaxarias TqmiT, afxazeTSi Tavad-aznaurobas, rogorc
wodebas, udidesi gavlena hqonda yvela sxva wodebaze, maT Soris
glexobazec. afxazi glexobis erTi nawili bolomde erTguli darCa Tavad-
aznaurobisa da socialuri brZolaze uari ganacxada, xolo meore nawili
“gabolSevikda”. pirveli nawili afxaz TavadaznaurobasTan erTad
proTurqul orientacias daadga, xolo meore nawili – wiTel, bolSevikur
ruseTze amyarebda imedebs. “erTi ram ueWvelia, afxazeTSi socialuri
konfliqti erovnebaTaSoris konfliqtad iqca aq arsebuli speifikuri
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gamo”, aRniSnavs jemal gamaxaria40.
afxazur-qarTuli dapirispirebis socialur niadagi gazeT
“saqarTvelos” publicistebmac SeniSnes. am Temas redaqciam arerTi
publikacia miuZRvna, romlebsac qvemoT afxazuri-qarTuli
dapirispirebisadmi miZRvnil qveTavSi ganvixilavT. manamde ki
sailustraciod movitanT 1919 wels afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi arCeul
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erTaderTi warmomadgenlis niko
TavdgiriZis Tvalsazriss. Nniko TavdgiriZe qarTvelebs (ZiriTadad megrel
glexebs) adanaSaulebda imaSi, rom socialisturi Rirebulebebis
gaziarebis gamo afxazebTan urTierToba gaifuWes. somxebSic arian
socialisturad ganwyobili jgufebi, magram somex glexs azradac ar mouva
afxaz memamules, romlis miwasac igi ijariT amuSavebs, socialisturi
Rirebulebebi Tavs moaxvios da amis gamo ijaris fuli ar gadauxados, an
miwis warTmeviT daemuqroso. “Cven mjiRiT da damuqrebiT vaSinebT yvelas
da amitom erTgul megobrebsac vkargavT. Cveni metoqeebi ki cxovrebrivi,
gonieris saSualebiT moqmedoben da kidec imarjveben”41, werda igi.
1.3. politikuri situacia.
istorikosebi meoce saukunis pirvel ocwleulis afxazeTSi oTx
gareSe politikur moTamaSes gamoyofen, kerZod: 1. mTielTa kavSirs; 2.
TurqeTs; 3. ruseTis monarqistul moZraobas, e.w. TeTrgvardielebs; 4.
bolSevikur ruseTs.
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kavkasiis mTielTa kavSiri, romelic monarqiuli ruseTis daSlis
Semdeg Seiqmna, aerTianebda kavkasiis mTis xalxTa warmomadgenlebs.
mTielTa kavSirs surda afxazeTTan siaxlove da misi SemoerTebac ki,
radgan amis Sedegad igi zRvis saSualebiT pirdapir gasasvlels gaWrida
TurqeTTan. TurqeTi ki, mTielTa kavSiris erTmorwmune da sasurveli
partniori iyo.42 meores mxriv, afxaz Tavad-aznaurobis erTi nawli
socialisturi ajanyebebis epoqaSi sakuTari privilegiebis SenarCunebis
imeds kavkasiis mTielTa kavSirze amyarebda. swored afxazi
Tavadaznaurobis am nawilma gaimarjva 1917 wlis 7-8 noembers soxumSi
gamarTul afxazi xalxis pirvel yrilobaze, romelzec Seiqmna erovnul-
politikuri organizacia afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo. yrilobaze miRebul
iqna afxazi xalxis deklaracia da konstitucia, amasTan gadawyvites
Sesvla gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSirSi.43
jer kidev afxazi xalxis pirveli yrilobis mowvevamde, kerZod
1917 wlis 20 oqtombers, separatistma afxazma Tavadma a.g SarvaSiZem qalaq
vladikavkazSi xeli moawera kavkasiis mTielTa kavSirSi Sesvlas. Ees
xelmowera TviTneburad, amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebul saqmeTa komitetTan
yovelgvari SeTanxmebis gareSe moxda. Tumca, a.SarvaSiZem xeli mTlianad
afxazeTis saxeliT ar moawera da miuTiTa mxolod “soxumis olqis mTis
xalxi – afxazebi”. (xazi Cemia m.m)
“a.g. SarvaSiZe, marTalia, warmoadgenda oficialur xelisuflebas
(afxazeTis saolqo komisari iyo. Mm.m.), magram mas ar hqonda saxelmwifo
rwmuneba raime politikuri molaparakebis sawarmoeblad. kavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi mxolod “afxazi xalxis” dasaxeleba, safiqrebelia,
ganpirobebuli iyo imiTac, rom a.g. SarvaSiZem ver gabeda Tavze aeRo mTeli
afxazeTis mosaxleobis warmomadgenloba, icoda ra im saerTo ganwyobis
Sesaxeb, romelic am sakTxTan dakavSirebiT afxazeTSi arsebobda44”.
afxazTa separatistuli jgufis mcdelobis miuxedavad, kavkasiis
mTielTa kavSiris saxelmwifo xelisufleba afxazeTze ar gavrcelebula.
marTalia, mTielTa kavSirma jer Tavi ruseTis federaciuli respublikis
Statad gamoacxada (1917 wlis dekemberi); xolo ruseTSi bolSevikebis
gamarjvebis Semdeg TurqeTis daxmarebiT sakuTari Tavis damoukidebel
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saxelmwifod ratificirebac ki moaxdina (1918 wlis maisi), magram
afxazeTis SemoerTebis sakiTxi mTielTa kavSirs arsebiTad ar ganuxilavs.
istorikos meri gabedavas dakvirvebiT, mTielTa kavSiris
politikuri gadawyvetileba iyo, rom ar gaefuWebina urTierToba
saqarTvelos erovnul sabWosTan, Semdgom ki damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
xelisuflebasTan. mTielTa kavSris warmomadgenlebis saqarTvelos
erovnul sabWosTan Sexvedrisas (1917 wlis 1-2 dekemberi) “...aRiniSna, rom
yuradReba unda mieqces sazRvris mowesrigebis sakiTxs (afxazeTTan,
oseTTan, zaqaTalaSi). aseve, mTielTa warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom
maTi mTavroba mzadaa keTilmezobluri urTierToba daamyaros
saqarTvelosTan. es keTilmezobluri urTierToba saqarTvelosa da
mTielTa mTavrobas Soris bolomde iqna SenarCunebuli.45”
TurqeTi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuri sagareo Zala iyo, romelic XX
saukunis dasawyisSi afxazeTis saqarTvelosgan gamijnvis process
asazrdovebda. 1917 wlis bolosaTvis mTels amierkavkasias demuqra ori
udidesi Zala _ erTis mxriv leninis ruseTi, xolo meores mxriv _
TurqeTi. 1918 wlis pirveli xuTi Tve amierkavkasiis seimma TurqeTTan
samSvidobo molaparakebebSi gaatara. paralelurad TurqeTi ipyrobda
saqarTvelosa da somxeTis teritoriebs. Teberval-martSi molaparakebebi
qalaq trapzonSi, xolo maisSi _ qalaq baTumSi mimdinareobda.
baTumis samSvidobo molaparakebebs afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos
warmomadgenlebic eswrebodnen. maT unda emcnoT TurqeTis mTavrobisaTvis,
rom afxazeTi Sedis amierkavkasiis erTa ojaxSi da unda darCes
amierkavkasiis SemadgenlobaSi. afxazeTis delegaciis ramdenime
warmomadgeneli farulad Sexvda TurqeTis sazavo delegaciis
xelmZRvanels halil beis, Sexvedraze saubari iyo afxazeTis miwaze im
musulmani afxazebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb, romlebic TurqeTSi muhajirobis
dros gadasaxldnen. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi TurqeTis mTavroba mzad
iyo, rom afxazeTis sabWos daxmareboda jariT da iaraRiT46.
am Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb informirebuli yofila amierkavkasis
delegaciis xelmZRvaneli a.Cxenkeli. 1918 wlis 15 maiss man acnoba
saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos: “aq arian afxazTa warmomadgenelni. sruliad
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naTlad gairkva, rom maT undaT da kidevac ganaxorcieleben TurqeTis
Tavdasxmas afxazeTze. aris gegmac, aris saamisod gamzadebuli Zalebic.
Sevecdebi xeli SevuSalo maTi am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebas”47.
Turquli desanti 1918 wels orjer _ ivnisSi da agvistoSi _ iqna
gadmosxmuli afxazeTSi. niSandoblivia, rom orjerve am procesis
iniciatorebi afxazi Tavadebi (a.v. SarvaSiZe, t.marSania) iyvnen, romlebmac
sakuTari mamulSi umaspinZles kidec Turquli armiis warmomadgenlebs.
1918 wlis agvistoSi TurqeTis mxardaWeriT daimedebulma afxazi
Tavadaznaurobis nawilma soxumSi alya Semoartya saxalxo sabWos Senobas
da gadatrialebis mowyoba scada, magram proqarTulad ganwyobilma
afxazebma xma droulad miawvdines damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobas.
gadatrialeba ar Sedga, xolo afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, rogorc kontr
revoluciuri da xalxis interesebis damRupveli, gauqmebulad gamoacxades.
Seiqmna axali sabWo, romelmac droebiTi dairqva”48. droebiTma sabWom
Turqofilebi eris moRalateebad gamoacxada, droebiTi sabWos
SemadgenlobaSi Sevida afxazeTSi macxovrebeli yvela eri.
TeTrgvardiuli ruseTi, igive moxaliseTa nawilebi. 1918 wlis
oqtombridan 1919 wlis oqtombramde TeTrgvardieli generali denikini
afxaz separatistTa jgufs aqtiurad exmareboda. afxazTa separatistulma
jgufma, romelsac TurqeTis mxridan daxmarebis imedi gaucruvda,
mokavSired TeTrgvardiuli ruseTi airCia. cnobili faqtia, rom 1918 wlis
seqtemberSi q. soWSi TeTrgvardiel general aleqseevs Sexvda afxazTa
delegacia,romelsac a. g.ServaSiZe meTaurobda ( es is ServaSiZea, romelmac
mTielTa kavSirSi Sesvlas moawera xeli da manamde proTurqul
orientacias uWerda mxars).
delegaciis wevrebma general aleqseevs sTxoves “gaeTavisuflbinaT
afxazeTi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebisagan”49. Aam droisaTvis
denikiis axalgazrda bolSevikuri ruseTis winaaRndeg brZolaSi
warmatebul etapze imyofeboda. rusul qalaq yubanSi samxreT ruseTis
mTavrobac ki iyo Seiqmnili.
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TeTrgvardielebs aRizianebdaT is faqti, rom damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos sazRvarSi Sedioda qalasi soWi, romelic rusuli kapitaliT
aRorZinebul qalaqi iyo da, amdenad, rusebs TavianT sakuTrebad miaCndaT.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam sazRvari ar Semoswia, anu soWi da gagra ar
dauTmo denikinis moxaliseTa armias.
vidre saqarTveloSi germaniis jarebi idgnen, samxreT ruseTi ver
bedavda saqarTvelosTan samxedro dapirispirebas, Tumca, politikuri
dapirispireba mimdinareobda afxazeTis droebiT sabWoSi, sadac TeTri
ruseTis mxardamWer jgufs xemZRvanelobda rusi demianovi.
“demianovis gverdiT sabWoSi monarqistuli orientaciis
gamtareblebad gamovidnen e.w. socialisturi fraqciis warmomadgenlebi,
maT mxars uWerda afxazeTis rusuli eklesiis klerikalebi, afxazeTis
“rusTa erovnuli sabWo” da afxazeTis somxoba”50.
am Zalebma gadatrialebis mowyoba 1918 wlis 9 oqtombers scades,
Tumca afxazeTis droebiTi sabWos proqarTuli orientaciis wevrebma
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxardaWeriT moaxerxes gadatrialebis Tavidan
acileba. amboxebis organizatorebi daapatimres, Seiqmna saarCevno komisia,
romelmac uzrunvelyo afxazeTis axali saxalxo sabWos arCevnebi. 1919
wlis 13 Tebervals arCeul iqna afxazeTis axali saxalxo sabWo, romelic
40 wevrisgan dakompleqtda. “sabWoSi ar iyo erTsulovneba, gansakuTrebiT
saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi da sxvadasxva partiebis warmomadgenlebs
gansxvavebuli poziciebi gaaCndaT51”.
MTeTri ruseTis agresia saqarTvelos axalgazrda demokratiuli
respublikis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gaZlierda, rac 1918
wlis 30 oqtombers TurqeTsa da antantis qveynebs Soris q.medrosSi daido
samSvidobo xelSekruleba da amierkavkasia, maT Soris saqarTvelo,
inglisis kontrols daeqvemdebara.
1919 wels denikinma aiRo jer soWi, Semdeg gagra. Mmis agresias
saqarTvelos xelisufleba amierkavkasiaSi inglisis warmomadgenlobasTan
amaod aprotestebda. inglisis mxridan saqarTvelos interesebisadmi
gulgrilobas istorikosi meri gabedava ase xnis: saerTaSoriso
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Tanamegobrobis mxardaWera TeTrgvardiuli ruseTisaTvis ganpirobebuli
iyo sabWoTa ruseTis likvidaciis surviliT. am miznis erTaderT
ganmaxorcilebel Zalad maSindeli saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba swored
denikins da mis moxaliseTa armias miiCnevda52.
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Ddenikinis agresia mxolod mas Semdeg
Sewyda, rac gaZlierebulma bolSevikurma xelisuflebam TeTrgvardielebi
daamarcxa. “1920 wlis 27 marts wiTelma armiam daikava denikinelTa
ukanaskneli dasayrdeni novorosiiski. sabWoTa xelisufleba gamocxadda
samxreT ruseTis TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze da wiTelgvardielebi
uSualod amierkavkasias moadgnen”53.
bolSevikuri ruseTi aRmoCnda is Zala, romelmac sabolood
SeZlo afxazeTis saqarTvelos teritoriidan gancalkaveba. 1921 wlamde
bolSevikebis mier afxazeTSi ori ajanyeba moewyo: pirvelad 1918 wlis 7
aprils, xolo meored _ 1918 wlis 16 ivniss. Oorive ajanyeba CaxSobil iqna:
pirvelad _ amierkavkasiis saxalxo gvardiis mier general valiko
juRelisa da da polkovnik koniaSvilis meTaurobiT; xolo meorejer _
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samxedro razmebis mier general giorgi
mazniaSvilis meTaurobiT.
istorikos meri gabedavas TqmiT, “1919 wlis maisisaTvis afxazeTSi
arsebobda 32 bolSevikuri ujredi, romelic 320 wevrs iTvlida. Ees
imdenad umniSvnelo Zala iyo, rom maT xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg aqtiuri
RonisZiebis gatareba ar SeeZloT”54. situacia Seicvala 1920 wels, rodesac
bolSevikurma ruseTma daamarcxa TeTrgvardielebi, samSvidobo
xelSekruleba gaaforma qemalistur TurqeTTan da gaasabWova azerbaijani,
ris Semdegac gasabWovebis jeri saqarTvelosa da somxeTze midga. 1920
wels kremlSi SemuSavda gegma, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTveloze sabWoTa
armiis nawilebs ieriSi eqvsi mxridan, maT Soris gagra-soWis
mimarTulebiTac unda mietanaT.
19 Tbervals ruseTis IX armiam daiwyo ieriSi afxazeTis
mimarTulebiT, rac sabolood 4 marts soxumSi SesvliTa da sabWoTa
xelisuflebis gamocxadebiT dasrulda. Aamrigad, 1921 wlis Teberval-
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martSi ganxorcielda saqarTvelos, maT Soris afxazeTis ZaldatanebiTi
gasabWoeba.
afxazeTis proqarTulma Zalebma moqmedeba jer kidev saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde daiwyes. 1918 wlis 9 Tebervals afxazeTis
saxalxo sabWos wevrebi TbilisSi Sexvdnen saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos
aRmaskomis wevrebs. Sexvedraze daisva afxazeTis damoukideblobis sakiTxi,
romelsac saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo ar daeTanxma. zepiri SeTanxmebiT
gadawyda, rom “afxazeTis saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mowyobis sakiTxi
unda gadaewyvita afxazeTis damfuZnebel krebas. SeTanxmebaSi
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo afxazeTis farTo Sinagani avtonomia saqarTvelos
SemadgenlobaSi55”.
afxazur-qarTul urTierTobebSi kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji
iyo 1918 wlis 11 ivniss saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da afxazeTis saxalxo
sabWos Soris ukve werilobiT gaformebuli xelSekruleba. xelSekrulebiT
saqarTvelo afxazeTs aniWebda farTo avtonomias da hpirdeboda samxedro
da ekonomikur daxmarebas.56 9 Tebrvlis sityvieri da 11 ivnisis werilobiTi
SeTanxmebebi gaxda iuridiuli safuZveli imisa, 1918 wels bolSevikebis
mier organizebuli ori SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis CaxSobaSi afxazeTs
swored saqarTvelo daexmara.
afxazeTSi proqarTuli mimdinareobis asparezi iyo afxazeTis
saxalxo sabWo: “miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos wevrebi
ar iyvnen erTsulovanni axlad Seqmnili saqarTvelos damoukidebel
respublikasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxSi, es organo mainc proqarTuli
orientaciis matarebeli da saqarTvelos mTavrobis dasayrdeni iyo
afxazeTSi.57” sabWos proqarTulad ganwyobilma wevrebma orjer moaxerxes
gadatrialebis mcdelobis aRkveTa (pirvelad 1918 wlis agvistoSi
proTurquli Zalebis mier inspirirebuli gadatrialebis, xolo meored _
1918 wlis oqtomberSi denikinis mxardaWeriT waqezebuli gadatrialebis).
1919 wlis 13 Tebervals afxazeTSi arCeul iqna warmomadgenlobiTi
organo _ afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, romelic ormoci wevrisgan Sedgeboda.
sabWom 1919 wlis 18 marts daiwyo muSaoba, 20 marts man miiRo dokumenti
“aqti afxazeTis avtonomizaciis Sesaxeb”, am dokumentis pirvel muxlSi
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naTqvami iyo: “afxazeTi Sedis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi avtonomiuri erTeuli...”58. Aam muxls damswre
34 deputatidan 27-ma dauWira mxari, samma Tavi Seikava, oTx deputats ki,
kenWisyraSi monawileoba ar miuRia.59
Aamave sxdomaze SeiqmnaK komisia, romelsac afxazeTis
konstitucia unda SeemuSavebina. komisia mudmivi urTierTdapirispirebis
fonze muSaobda. “antiqarTuli Zalebi moiTxovdnen debulebis proqtSi
SeetanaT iseTi muxlebi, romelic aSkarad cildebodnen avtonomiuri
marTvis uflebebs (sakuTari jari, safinanso sistema, afxazeTis bunebrivi
resursebis afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos sakuTrebad gamocxadeba da a.S.).
afxazeTis demokratiuli Zalebi, saxalxo sabWos memarcxene frTa ibrZoda
erTiani saqarTvelosaTvis... uaryofda opoziciuri mxaris moTxovnebs da
moiTxovda afxazeTisaTvis avtonomiis miniWebas Sinagani marTvis
sferoSi60”.
1919 wlis dekemberSi komisiam SeimuSava “afxazeTis avtonomiuri
mmarTvelobis debulebis proeqti”. 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals saqarTvelos
damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo saqarTvelos konstitucia, romliTac afxazeTs
mieniWa avtonomiis statusi.
qarTvel istorikosTa SefasebiT 1917-21 wlebSi safuZveli Caeyara
“afxazTa erTian qarTul saxelmwifoSi integrirebis Tvisobrivad axal
etaps... bolSevikuri ruseTis okupaciam 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals umZimesi
dartyma miayena am process”61.
amrigad, pirveli qveTavi davuTmeT me-20 saukunis dasawyisis
afxazeTis socialuri da politikuri suraTis aRweras. aRniSnul amocanas
SedarebiT didi adgili imitom davuTmeT, rom Cveni azriT, istoriuli
fonis codnis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda gazeT “saqarTveloSi”
afxazeTis Sesaxebgamoqveynebuli publikaciebis saTanado analizi.
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2. gazeT “saqarTvelos” Tvalsawieridan
danaxuli antiqarTuli moZraoba da
separatizmi afxazeTSi
XX saukunis dasawyisSi separatistul moZraobas afxazeTSi
gamokveTili saxe hqonda micemuli. eTnikuri afxazebis erTi jgufi,
romelsac didgvarovani afxazuri gvarebis warmomadgenlebi meTaurobdnen,
Zalas ar iSurebda erTiani qarTuli sivricidan afxazeTis
gamosacalkaveblad.
separatistuli moZraobis gaSuqebisas gazeTs afxazTa es jgufi ar
daudanaSaulebia. procesebisadmi redaqciis damokidebuleba aseTi iyo:
pirveli, afxazuri separatizmi Sedegia mesame Zalis, anu ruseTis
antiqarTuli politikisa; da meore ruseTis miznebs afxazeTSi xels
uwyobs amierkavkasiis, SemdgomSi ki, saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobis
mier daSvebuli Secdomebi. A
A aqve xazgasmiT gvsurs vTqvaT, rom “saqarTvelos” publicistTa
Soris iyvnen zomieri nacionalistebi da ukiduresi nacionalistebi.
magaliTad, “saqarTvelos” redaqtori grigol veSapeli, romelic
ukiduresi nacionalisturi poziciiT gamoirCeoda, moiTxovda saqarTvelos
gavlenis gaZlierebas afxazeTSi. igi werda: “ dRevandel afxazT sjuli
samgvari aqvT: qrisitianebic arian, mahmadianebic da kerpT msaxurnic,
magram maTi qriste da mati mahmadi iseTive qarTuli unda iyvnen, rogoric
iyo Zveli armazi”62. (xazi Cvenia)
aseTi kategoriuli poziciis gamo zogierTma afxazma (sxvaTa Soris,
maT, romlebic ar gamoirCeodnen separatizmiT) gazeT “saqarTveloSi”
ukmayofilebis werili gamoaqveyna. isini aqcents akeTbdnen sakuTar
TviTmyofadobaze, im faqtze, rom eTnikurad afxazebi iyvnen da ara _
qarTvelebi: “afxazebs rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi calke Taviseburi
politikuri cxovreba hqondaT, amis axsna arc axlandel qarTvels ar
esaWiroeba (xazi Cvenia m. m.). yoveli eri, romelsac Tavisi vinaobis
Senaxvis survili jer ar dahkargvia, cdilobs, ramenaerad iseTi
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gamgebloba moawyos Tavis Sinaur saqmeebSi, rom mis eTnografiul
Tvisebebsa da erovnul xasiaTs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da mzrunveloba
aRmouCinos ...
BCven gvakvirvebs da gvwyins is, rom xSirad jerovani sifrTxiliT
ver epyrobian Cven erovnul Tavmoyvareobas zogierTi axalgazrda
qarTveli. Cveni survilia SevinaxoT Cveni ena da gansakuTrebuli Tviseba.
Cvens bunebriv moTxovnilebebs eseni ukmayofilebis grZnobiT uyureben da
xSirad presaSic ukeTurad ixseneben, es garemoeba Zlier amwvavebs Cven
Soris urTierTobebs”63.
Uukiduresi nacionalistebis gverdiT gazeT “saqarTveloSi” sakuTar
publikaciebs aqveynebdnen zomieri nacionalistebi, romlebic didi taqtiTa
da sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen afxazeTSi arsebul viTarebas. Cveni azriT, am
niSniT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva ori publicisti: zaqaria edili
(edilaSvili) da niko TavdgiriZe. maT publikaciebs Cven qvemoT vrclad
ganvixilavT.
gazeT “saqarTvelos” furclebze aisaxa afxazeTSi mimdinare
antiqarTuli procesebi: qarTuli enisa da zogadad qarTuli ganaTlebis
devna, saqarTvelos eklesiisagan damoukideblad afxazeTis avtokefaluri
eklesiis formirebis survili, ZvelqarTuli taZrebisa da istoriuli
Zeglebis araqarTulad gamocxadeba. Ddabolos, am periodulma organom
gaaSuqa separatistebis mier provocirebuli samxedro agresiis faqtebi _
1918 wels politikuri gadatrialebis ori mcdeloba; 1919 wels
TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis mier afxazeTis teritoriebis dapyroba da 1921
wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsia, kerZod, gagra-soWs
mimarTulebidan SemoWra.
2.1 enis sakiTxi
meoce saukunis ocian wlebis afxazeTSi adgili hqonda
saqarTvelosTan brZolis yvelaze gavrcelebul simptoms _ qarTuli enis
Seviwrovebas. qarTuli ena idevneboda socialistur jgufSi, muSaTa
klasSic ki; qarTuli idevneboda afxazeTSi moqmedi yvela tipis skolidan
da marTlmadidebluri eklesiidan.
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gazeT “saqarTvelos” erT-erTi Jurnalisti fsevdonimiT pr. askaneli
soxumis saxalxo universitetSi daeswro soxumis muSaTa yrilobas.
yrilobaze qarTulenovani sul ori muSa aRmoCnda, maT sakuTari saTqmeli
qarTulad daiwyes, magram krebaze damswreTa daJinebuli moTxovnis Semdeg
saubari cudi rusuliT gaagrZeles, ris gamoc sayovelTao dacinva
daumsaxurebiaT. Aavtoris TqmiT, rusulenovan soxumSi qarTul enasTan
brZola SovinizmTan (bunebrivia, qarTuli Sovinizmi igulisxmeba) brZolis
Zalian popularuli lozungiT iyo gamyarebuli. socialistebma soxumis
saxalxo universiteti dasebis brZolis asparezad gadaaqcies, “TiTqos,
sxva jgufebi winaaRmdegni iyvnen universitetebisa. erTxel da samudamod
gaigeT, batonebo, rom yvelgan jgufobrioba ar varga”64, werda pr.askaneli.
amave korespondenciaSi avtorma gaaSuqa qarTul enasTan brZolis
kidev erTi faqti. soxumSi universitetTan daarsda qarTuli wignebis
jixuri “dioskuria”, romelSic qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebi Tveebis
dagvianebiT Cadioda. “dioskuria” soxumis saxalxo universitetis
TanamSromelTa krebaze gangaSis sababi gamxdara. qarTuli wignebis axali
jixuris daarsebiT Cveni universitetis wignebis Zvel jixurs konkurenti
gamouCnda, saswrafod unda miviRoT zoma da universitetis axal SenobaSi
gadavitanoT Zveli jixurio,65 daadgines Sekrebaze.
qarTul enasTan (da zogadad yovelive qarTulTan) brZolis yvelaze
agresiuli Zalas warmoadgenda rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
sasuliero pirTa is jgufi, romelic afxazeTSi marTlmadideblobis
gavrcelebas iyenebda, rogorc rusuli saxelmwifo plitikis gatarebisa da
am regionis rusifikaciis meTods. samwuxarod, 1885 wlidan, rodesac
daarsda soxumis (anu axazeTis) rusuli eparqia, afxazeTSi ZiriTadad
rusifikatoruli politikis gamtarebeli sasuliero pirebi iniSnebodnen.
maT Soris qarTvelTmoZuleobiT gamoirCeodnen epikoposi arseni
(izotovi), dekanozebi _ vostorgovi da iastrebovi.66 Ees sasuliero
episkoposi arseni yvelaze didxans (1895-1905) meTurobda soxumis saeklesio kaTedras. am
xnis ganmavlobaSi igi qarTvelebisadmi (agreTve, afxazebis, iseve rogorc soxumis olqSi macxovrebeli sxva ararusi erovnebebis warmomadgenlebisadmi) sastik Sovinistur damokidebulebas amJRavnebda. Mmisi soxumidan gawvevis mizezi gaxda is faqti, rom man soxumis sakaTedro taZarSi yvelasaTvis sayvareli qarTveli sasuliero piris dekanoz
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pirebi afxazeTSi 1906 wlamde moRvaweobdnen; antiqarTuli muSaobis gamo
maTze Sesulma uamravma saCivarma ruseTis sinodi iZulebuli gaxada
gaeTxova isini regionidan. Tumca, qarTul enasa, da zogadad qarTul
kulturasTan brZolis maTeuli tradicia afxazeTSi sabolood
damkvidrda.
magaliTad, 1916 wlis “saqarTvelos” 42-e nomerSi, axali ambebis
gverdze vkiTxulobT, rom “sofel galis (samurzayano) samrevlo skolaSi
q.S.w.k. gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas Tavisi maswavlebeli hyavs qarTuli
enisa. aqamde qarTul enas daTmobili hqonda iq me-2, me-3 da me-4
gakveTilebi; axla ki soxumis episkoposs ubrZanebia eparqiuli sabWosaTvis,
rom qarTul enas mxolod me-6 gakveTili dauTmeTo da sabWosac es
brZaneba ukve Seusrulebia”67.
1917 wlidan, rodesac mefis ruseTi daemxo da erovnul miswrafebebs
gasaqani mieca, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi moiTxoves skolebSi
swavla-ganaTlebis qarTul enaze SemoReba. es tendencia ganpirobebuli iyo
imiTac, rom saqarTvelos regionebis mosaxleobas rusuli enis aTviseba
yovelTvis uWirda. afxazeTSi ki piriqiT moxda, am droisaTvis afxazeTis
eTnikurad Wrel mosaxleobaSi, maT Soris TviT afxazebSi, rusuli
mSobliur enad iyo qceuli. afxazeTis soflebSic ki, mosaxleobis
moTxovniT rusuli enis swavlebisaTvis gamoyofili saaTebi ar
Semcirebula, mSoblebi maswavleblebs daemuqrnen, Tu swavlas qarTul
enaze warmarTavT, Svilebs skolidan gamoviyvanTo.
“saqarTvelos” korespondentma zaqaria edilma am movlenis mizezi ase
axsna: “sazogadod, afxazeTSi rusul atmosferos didad aqvs fesvebi
gamdgari da rusebis erTs saukunovans mecadineobas maTi gadagvarebisaTvis
unayofod ar Cauvlia”68.
rusulis, rogorc ZiriTadi enis, arseboba afxazeTSi, imdenad
bunebriv procesad iyo miCneuli, rom es faqti eTnikur qarTvelebSic ar
iwvevda protests. 1917 wels afxazeTSi mimavalma z. edilma matarebelSi
daviT maWavarianis cxedris dasvenebasa da misi sulis mosaxseniebeli wirvis Catarebis neba aravis darTo. (amis Taobaze ixile _ Aambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi (statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb; 2005w; gv: 152.)
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megreli Tanamgzavrisgan Seityo, rom monarqiis damxobis Semdegac
samurzayanoSi mdebare iloris eklesiaSi bolo dromde wirva-locva
rusulad mimdinareobda, arada, samurzayanos mosaxleobis umravlesobas
eTnikuri qarTvelebi (megrelebi) Sedgendnen. Jurnalistma es ambavi gaioca.
misi gaoceba ki megreli Tanamgzavris gakvirvebis mizezi gaxda: _ ra
gikvirT, afxazi mRvdeli roca meTaurobda am eklesias, rusulad swiravda,
axla qarTveli xelaia daniSnes da is qarTulad swiravso69.
gazeTma “saqarTvelom” mwirad, magram mainc gaaSuqa afxazuri enis
dacvis sakiTxic. gazeTis korespondenti zaqaria edili erT-erT Tavis
publikaciaSi rus lingvist uslaris mier afxazuri anbanis Seqmnis faqts
exeba. man Tavi aarida faqtis dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad Sefasebas.
korespondentma mxolod is aRniSna, rom anbani uxarisxod aris Sedgenili,
kerZod, afxazuri bgerebi gamoxatulia rusuli asoebiT, xolo is bgerebi,
rasac rusuli ar miesadageba, gamouxatavT jer qarTuli asoebiT, Semdeg
ki qarTuli asoebi gaurkveveli aso-niSnebiT CaunacvlebiaTo. “ramdenime
skolis maswavlebelma miTxra, rom verc skolaSi da verc miwer-moweraSi
ver gvixmaria es qarTuli anbani, radgan misi wera SeuZlebeliao”70, wers
gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.
Uunda hqondeT, Tu ara afxazebs sakuTari damwerloba? gazeT
“saqarTveloSi” Cven TiTqmis ver vnaxeT publikacia, romelic am SekiTxvaze
dadebiT, an uaryofiT pasuxs gascemda. Tumca, ori garemoebis gamo,
vfiqrobT, rom JurnalistTa da publicistTa is jgufi, romelic gazeT
“saqarTvelos” garSemo iyo gaerTianebuli, Tvlida, rom afxazebs sakuTari
damwerloba unda hqonodaT.
P pirveli, da umTavresi garemoeba ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosi xelaias figuras. ambrosi xelaia
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad 1921 wels, anu saqarTvelos
gasabWoebisa da gazeT “saqarTvelos” daxurvis Semdeg iqna xeldasxmuli.
1916-18 wlebSi, anu gazeT “saqarTvelosTan” misi TanamSromlobis periodSi,
wm. ambrosi jer arqimandritis, xolo Semdeg mitropolitis (1917w) wodebiT
sargeblobda, 1917 wlidan igi Wyondideli episkoposicaa.
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1916 wels man gazeT “saqarTveloSi” axel-is fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna
werilebis cikli “ra mdgomareobaSia dRes iveriis eklesiis sakiTxi?”,
agreTve 1917 wels (#54) arqimandrit ambrosis xelmoweriT gamoaqveynda
statia “qarTvelis saflavi qalaq riazanSi”, 1918 wels (#25) “am-beris”
fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna statia “iloris bedi”.
A ambrosi xelaia, rogorc qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis
zedmiwevniT mcodne piri, afxazebisaTvis afxazuri enis SenarCunebisa da
maTTvis damwerlobis Seqmnis momxre iyo. marTalia, amis Sesaxeb gazeT
“saqarTveloSi” sakuTari pozicia ar daufiqsirebia, magram Cven mier
araerTgzis damowmebul mis polemikur werilSi “statiis gamo “xma
soxumidan”, igi wers, rom istoriulad qarTveli sasuliero pirebi
cdilobdnen marTlmadidebluri literaturis afxazur enaze Targmnas.
amis dasturad man moixmo fragmenti imereTis episkopos gabrielis
angariSebidan, romelsac gabrieli afxazeTSi sakuTari misioneruli
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb “kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis aRmdgen
sazogadoebas” ugzavnida.
angariSebidan irkveva, rom 1868 wels episkoposi gabrieli Sexvda
kneina kesaria ServaSiZes (dadianis STamomavals) da mas, rogorc “afxazuri
enis Cinebul mcodnesa da uanarian adamians”, SesTavaza Camoeyalibebina
komiteti da afxazurad eTargmna “dawyebiTi locvebi, mrwamsi, 10 mcneba da,
ramdenadac moxerxdeboda, liturgia da saaRdgomo saxareba”71.
episkopos gabrielis ganzraxvas afxazuri enis qristianul
literaturaSi gacocxlebis Sesaxeb arqimandriti ambrosi sanimuSod
miiCnevs. es faqti mas imis dasturad miaCnda, rom qarTveli sasuliero
pirebi “ar iyvnen mowamlulni ukiduresi “qarTvelomanizmiT” da
afxazebisadmi siZulviliT”. amdenad, kaTolikos patriarq ambrosis figura,
metadre ki is faqti, rom igi gazeT “saqarTvelosTan” TanamSromlobda,
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosi xelaias fsevdonimebis Sesaxeb
informacia gamoviyeneT nugzar papuaSvilis wignidan ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi (statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 42. n. papuaSvili Tavis mxriv wm ambrosi fsevdonimebTan dakavSirebiT eyrdnoba kaaTolokos patriarq kalistrate cincaZis wigns “Cemi mogonebebi”; Tbilisi 2001 weli.
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gvibiZgebs varaudiosken, rom afxazuri anbanis Seqmna gazeT “saqarTvelos”
mesveurebs saSur saqmed miaCndaT.
M meore, garemoeba afxazebisadmi gazeT “saqarTvelos” zogadi
damokidebulebaa. kerZod, erT-erT saredaqcio werilSi vkiTxulobT:
“dRevandeli saqarTvelo sulieri memkvidre winandeli saqarTvelosi,
romelsac Tavisi saxierebis dasacavad araviTari msxverpli ar dauzogavs
da romelsac afxazebTan erTad harmoniulad ucxovria da uqmnia erTi
istoria da kultura, gadmocemul tradicias TayvaniscemiT Tan atarebs da
Tavisi RviZli Zmis Tviseburebebs imdenad pativs scems, ramdenadac
sakuTarzed xels ver aiRebs”72. ( xazi Cvenia)
afxazuri enis gadarCenis aucileblobas daucvia soxumis qarTvelTa
erovnuli sabWos warmomadgenel niko TavdgiriZesac (igi gazeT
“saqarTveloSi” afxazeTze gamoqveynebuli araerTi saintereso statiis
avtoricaa). gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli sainformacio masalidan
vgebulobT, rom TavdgiriZes damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe
dauyenebia Suamdgomloba, rom soxumSi gaxsniliyo qarTuli skola,
romelSic afxazuri enasac aswavlidnen. es, TavdgiriZis azriT, afxazebs
ubiZgebda Svilebis qarTul skolaSi Semoyvanisken.
“mTeli uTanxmoeba afxazTa da qarTvelT Soris imisgan
gamomdinareobs, rom afxazebs Cvenma mtrebma Caagones, TiTqos, Cven maTi
gadagvareba gvindodes, maTi enis mospoba. Cven unda davumtkicoT maT, rom
Cven didi pativiscemiT vepyrobiT yovelive eris deda-enas. am mosazrebiT
sasurvelia afxazuri enis Semswavleli kaTedra daarsdes qarTul
universitetSi”73, razec molaparakebas vawamoeb saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
ministrTan da saxelmwifo universitetis profesorTan ivane
javaxiSvilTan. saqme ukve gadawyvetilad iTvleba, univerisitetSi
mowveulia afxazuri enis leqtorad cnobili lingvisti petre taraia –
werda niko TavdgiriZe damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobas.
maSasadame, afxazuri enis sakiTxi, Tumca gazeT “saqarTvelos”
publicistTa mier calke ar ganxilula, magram is Rirebulebebi, rasac
redaqcia popularizacias uwevda da, rac mTavaria, im adamianTa
avtoriteti, romlebic afxazeTis Temas aSuqebdnen, gvafiqrebinebs, rom
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afxazuri ena, istoria da kultura redaqciisaTvis iseTsave Rirebulebas
warmoadgenda, rogorsac _ qarTuli.
2.2. marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sakiTxi
afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis
damkvidrebis kampania ruseTis imperiam me-19 saukunis samociani wlebidan
daiwyo, am process kurirebda “kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis
aRmdgeni sazogadoeba”. bevri sasargeblo saqmis miuxedavad, am
organizaciis saqmianobis miznad qarTveli istorikosebi mainc kavkasiis
mosaxleobis rusifikacias miiCneven. “[rusifikacia] marTlmadidebluri
sarwmunoebis xmauriani propagandis fonze mimdinareobda da SeuiaraRebeli
TvaliTac Canda, rom am sarwmunoebis propaganda faqtobrivad
didmpyrobeluri saxelmwifos politikur da asimilatorul zraxvebs
niRbavda”74, wers religiaTmcodne nugzar papuaSvili.
gaqristianebis iZulebiT process, rogorc kaTolikos-patriarqi
ambrosi xelaia ambobs, mohyva ukuSedegi. protestis niSnad afxazebi
masobrivad gadadiodnen mahmadis sjulze. afxazTa gamahmadianebas xels
uwyobda 1866-77 wlebSi ruseT-TurqeTs Soris mimdinare omi, romlis
drosac rusebma afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi arasaimedo mfarvelis reputacia
daimsaxures, radgan xSirad, kritikul momentSi Tavs gaqceviT Svelodnen
da marTlmadidebel afxazebs SemoWrili Turqebis risxvis pirispir
martos stovebdnen.
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis misioneruli funqcia, kvlavac ambrosi
xelaias naSroms veyrdnobiT, yvelaze warmatebuli iyo 1869-1885 wlebSi,
rodesac misionerul saqmianobas qarTveli mRvdlebis _ dekanoz daviT
maWavarianis, mRvdlebis kereseliZis, axvledianis, ioane gegias da sxvaTa
mxardaWeriT, axorcielebda imereTis episkoposi gabrieli. maTgan bevrma
sakuTari sicocxlis fasad SeinarCuna marTlmadidebloba afxazeTSi.
zogierTi gaavebulma muhajirebma mokles, zogi ki _ saswaulebrivad
gadaurCa sikvdils.
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1885 wlidan, rodesac afxazeTSi Seiqmna soxumis saepiskoposo,
episkoposi gabrieli misionerul moRvaweobas CamoaSores.
marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis gavrceleba rusifikaciis agresiuli
iaraRad iqca, soxumis saepiskoposoSi igzavnebodnen is rusi sasuliero
pirebi, romlebmac “iwyes, Tanac xalxis daufaravad, TavianTi
rusifikatoruli miswrafebebis misionerul saqmianobasTan aSkara aRreva.
maT undodaT mxaris uswrafesi garuseba yovelgvari aucilebeli
etapobriobis dacvis gareSe. Mmagram yovel xalxs aqvs TviTgadarCenis
impulsi, nacionalur TaviseburebaTa Senaxvis grZnoba, metadre – enisa.
amitomac, rodesac xalxi sasuliero mTavrobasa, Tu rjulis
mqadageblebs amgvar miswrafebebs miuxvdeba, eWvebiT ismens maT
misionerul saubrebs da, bunebrivia, afxazebi dRes kbiliT icaven TavianT
muslimur rwmenas, radgan mas TavianT nacionalobasTan akavSireben; marto
am gziT warmoudgeniaT maT TavianTi TviTmyofadobis gadarCena qristian
mqadagebelTa xelyofisagan, sxvanaerad arc SeiZleboda momxdariyo,
vinaidan sarwmunoebis ama Tu im policiuri samsaxurSi Cayeneba... sxva
araferia, Tu ara erTgvari urwmunoebis qadageba, SesaZloa, yvelaze ufro
saSiSi. yvelasaTvis advilad gasagebi mizezebis gamo”75, werda arqimandriti
ambrosi xelaia.
Aamrigad, me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi afxazeTis marTlmadideblur
eklesiaSi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen qarTveli da rusi sasuliero pirebi.
pirveli Zala ibrZoda afxazeTis erTian qarTul sivrceSi integraciisTvis
(magram ara afxazTa gaqarTvelebis, aramed maTi erovnuli identobis
SenarCunebis gziT); xolo meore _ afxazeTis eklesiis ruseTis eklesiaSi
SerwymisaTvis, mxaris rusifikaciisaTvis.
Ees procesi gazeTma “saqarTvelomac” asaxa. 1918 wels 37-e nomerSi
gazeTma gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT “afxazeTis eklesiis garusebis
istoriidan”. statia dafuZnebulia saarqivo masalaze, kerZod 1900 wels
quTaisis Jandarmeriis ufrossa da afxazeTis episkoposs Soris mimoweraze.
Jandarmeriis ufrosis werili episkoposisadmi Sedgeba 12 SekiTxvisagan.
SekiTxvebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, quTaisis mTavari policieli iTxovs
detaluri informaciis miwodebas Semdegi pirebis Sesaxeb: Tedo saxokia,
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anTimoz juReli, mRvdelni _ maWavariani, Cxenkeli, kereseliZe da besarion
(berad aRkvecis Semdeg ambrosi) xelaias Sesaxeb.76
Mmesame SekiTxva, magaliTad, pirdapir aseTia: “scdiloben, Tu ara
afxazeTis gaqarTvelebas Semdegni pirni: Tedo saxokia, anTimoz juReli,
mRvdelni maWavariani, Cxenkeli, kereseliZe da xelaia vesarion”, me-6
SekiTxva ki ase JRers: “marTalia, Tu ara, rom besarion xelaiam, romelic
qarTuls enazed wirva-locvis SemoRebas moiTxovda, gangicxadaT, rom aq
saqarTveloa da ara ruseTi da amitom wirvac qarTulad unda iyveso?”
SekiTxvaze afxazeTis episkoposma (savaraudod arseni, romelic 1905 wlamde
msaxurobda afxazeTSi) upasuxa: “ mRvdelma xelaiam kerZo laparakSi,
rodesac mTxovda da mimtkicebda qarTuli wirva-locvis SemoRebas, miTxra,
rom “aq saqarTveloa da ara ruseTi da wirva-locvac qarTulad unda
iyveso”77.
zemoT moxseniebuli pirebi “saSiSebi iyvnen Tu ara?”, amaze
episkoposma Jandarmeriis ufross miswera: “TuUrom mRvdelni: maWavariani,
Cxenkeli, kereseliZe da xelaia moqmedeben afxazeT-samurzayanos
gasaqarTveleblad, maSin rasakvirvelia, mavned unda CaiTvalos maTi
moRvaweoba, radgan amiT isini win aRudgebian ruseTis imperiis mizansa da
miswrafebas”. rac Seexeba qarTvel sazogado moRvaweebs anTimoz juRelsa
da Tedo saxokias, maT Sesaxeb afxazeTis episkoposi wers: “ moqmedeba Tedo
saxokiasi da juRelisa mavneblad unda CaiTvalos, radgan gaqarTulebuli
maTgan axalgazrdoba mtrad gauxdeba ruseTis eklesias, romelic sul sxva
miznebiT moqmedobs saqarTveloSi”78.
gazeTma “saqarTvelom” aRniSnuli Jurnalisturi masala komentaris
gareSe gamoaqveyna. saarqivo dokumentebiT dadasturebuli faqtis Sefaseba
redaqciam savsebiT mkiTxvels miando.
ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis rusifikatoruli politikis
Sedegad me-20 saukunis 10-ian wlebSi afxazTa mniSvnelovani nawili
gulmxurvale mahmadinad darCa. marTlmadidebeli mosaxleoba ki (rogorc
afxazebi, ise sxva eTnikuri kuTvnilebis adamianebi) or nawilad gaiyo.
pirveli afxazeTis marTlmadideblur eklesias ganixilavda, rogorc
nawils ruseTis erTiani marTlmadidebluri eklesiisa, ruseTSi
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bolSevikebis gamarjvebis Semdeg isini afxazeTis avtokefalias iTxovdnen.
marTlmadidebelTa meore nawili _ afxazeTis marTlmadideblur eklesiis
saqarTvelos sakaTalikozosTan SeerTebas emxroboda. es procesi gazeTma
“saqarTvelomac” gaaSuqa.
EsaqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gamocxadebamde erTi wliT
adre ruseTis sinodma afxazeTis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan
CamoSoreba gadawyvita. TxovniT, rom es ganzraxva sisruleSi ar moeyvanaT,
afxazTa delegacia 1916 wlis aprilSi saqarTvelos egzarqossa da
kavkasiaSi mefisnacvals, did mTavar nikoloz nikolozis Ze romanovs
estumra. delegaciis wevrebi iyvnen: Tavadebi al. SarvaSiZe, d. marSania,
astamur inalipa, g. SarvaSiZe, p.anCabaZe. glexebi: anton Cukbari da
ezuxbaia.79
jer kidev TbilisSi Camosvlamde afxazTa deputaciis Txovnis teqsti
gamoaqveyna gazeTma “saqarTvelom”. maT mimarTvaSi vkiTxulobT: “XIX
saukunis meore naxevridan afxazeTis eklesiebSi wirva-locva SemoRebul
iqna xalxisaTvis gaugebar slavianur enaze. xalxs da moZRvars Soris
Sewyda uSualo damokidebuleba, ramac Cveni eklesia miiyvana dRevandel
samwuxaro mdgomareobamde (igulisxmeba afxazTa gamahmadianeba. m.m.) ...
sarwmunoebriv sakiTxSi politikas ar unda hqondes adgili. istoriulad
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda qristianobis qadageba erTgvaris
cnobilis wesiT, romlis SecvliTac (anu saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan
afxazeTis eklesiis gamoyofiTo. m.m) sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba ki ar
ganviTardeba, aramed Sesustdeba da daClungdeba. am mosazrebaTa da
sarwmunoebriv interesTa dacvis gamo, gTxovT, ar gamogvTiSoT da
gamogvyoT arsebuli wes-wyobilebidan, romelic Seqmnilia saukunoebis
ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos da afxazeTis istoriul da kulturul
cxovrebis mier”80.
gazeTis amave nomerSi ganaTavsebulia saredaqcio werili “afxazeTis
xma”. werilis avtori gulgrilobaSi adanaSaulebs qarTul sazogadoebas,
gansakuTrebiT ki _ samRvdeloebas, romelic mSvidad Sexvda afxazeTis
eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqososgan CamoSorebis proeqts. “saWiroa TviT
samRvdeloTa da eris warmomadgenelTa xma SeuerTdes maTs [afxazebis]
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xmas, raTa ganwirul eparqiasTan erTad viTxovoT sinodis winaSe
SeCerebul iqnas ganzraxva misi. eris keTildReoba moiTxovs
keTilgonierebas. Zmebs salocavi SevunarCunoT mamapapeuls samlocveloSi,
rom maTTan erTad viyvneT sulierad da xorcielad, Wiric da lxinic erTi
gavinawiloT”81 _ werda “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.
Aamave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 1916 wlis “saqarTvelos” me-100
nomerSi vkiTxulobT: “soxumis eparqias saqarTvelos saeqsarxosoSi surs
darCena. pativi eciT am survils, romelic mravalis saukunis istoriuli
sinamdvilisa da samarTlianobis xma aris! afxazebis Segneba da sifxizle
am sakiTxSi aSkarad da saqveynod gamocxadda. ukanono ganzraxvis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi qarTvelebisa da afxazebis erTad gamosvla sasurvel
nayofs gamoiRebs, da unda vimedovnoT, rom soxumis eparqia isev da isev
saqarTvelos ganukveTel nawilad darCeba, Cveni Zala SeerTebaSia, es unda
gvaxsovdes yovel sazogado saqmeSi”82.
afxazeTis eparqiis saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan gamoyofis ganzraxva
ar ganxorcielda. EsaqarTvelos egzarqos platons delegaciis
wevrebisaTvis uTqvams: “me ambebi momdioda, TiTqos afxazebs sdomebodeT
soxumis eparqiis gamoyofa saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan, magram radgan
Tqvengan, rogorc xalxis namdvili warmomadgenlebisgan xalxis namdvili
survili mesmis, vecdebi, rom soxumis eparqia aRar gamosTiSono83”. Aamave
Sexvedraze egzrqoss afxazTa deputaciam sxva Txovnebic warudgina:
afxazeTis eklesiebSi wirva-locva qarTulad dawesdes, afxazeTis
samrevlo skolebSi qarTuli enis swavleba savaldebulo iyos, “xolo
samurzayanoSi am sagnis Sesaxeb gankarguleba axlave gaeciTo”84.
egzarqosma platonma am moTxovnebis ganxilvis pirobac dado.
1917 wlis burJuaziuli revoluciis Semdeg afxazTa da rusTa is
nawili, romelic afxazeTis eklesiis saqarTvelos saegzarqosodan
gamoyofis ideas asazrdovebda, axali ideiT _ afxazeTis avtokefaliis
moTxovniT gamovida. 1917 wels soxumSi gamarTul krebaze afxazebis erTma
nawilma avtokefaliis survili ase daasabuTa: “... saqarTvelos eklesiasTan
rom SeverTdeT, maSin saqarTvelos avtonomia Tu gamocxadda, Cvenc imaSi
mogvaTavseben da radganac CvenSi bevri mamulia, qarTvelebi movlen da
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Camogvisaxldebiano. ... isini [qarTvelebi] TavianT mRvdlebs, sasuliero
gamgeebs gamogvigzavnian da es CvenTvis sasurveli ar ariso”85.
Ggansxvavebul proqarTul poziciaze idgnen afxazeTis
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis qarTveli sasuliero pirebi. mRvdlebi buaCiZe
da besarion kapanaZe 1917 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos eklesiis
avtokefalias iTxovdnen da imasac aRniSnavdnen, rom am moTxovnas
afxazeTis avtokefaliac unda izirebdeso. amave wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos”
24-e nomerSi mRvdeli besarion kapanaZe werda: “soxumis eparqiis qarTveli
samRvdeloeba aRZrul kiTxvaSi suliTa da guliT TqvenTan aris, magram ra
hqnas, rogor moaxerxos Tavisi gulis nadebis gamoxatva, rodesac is xel-
fex Sekruli, SeboWilia”.
imis dasturad, rom afxazeTSi moRvawe sasuliero pirebi yovelTvis
saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis momxreni iyvnen, mRvdelma kapanaZem
“saqarTveloSi” gamoaqveyna jer kidev 1906 wels soxumis samRvdeloebis
mier Sedgenili Txovna saqarTvelos eklesiis rusuli sinodidan
gamoyofis Sesaxeb, romelic maSindel mTavrobas gaugzavnes da amiT mxari
dauWires aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samRvdeloebas86.
afxazeTis eklesiis avtokefaliis mosurneTa Sesaxeb zaqaria edili
wers: “axalgazrda afxazi samRvdeloeba rusifikatorebis xelSia
aRzrdili. rusifikatorebma afxazi samRvdeloeba qarTvelebisadmi
mtrulad gawvrTneso da maTgan gandgomis mets arafers unda moelodeTo,
miTxres soxumelebma”87.
Jurnalisti afxazTa Soris prorusuli ganwyobis gamo qarTul
sazogadoebasac sayvedurobs. kerZod ki im faqtis gamo, rom 1917 wlis
martSi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis dRes afxazebi aravin
miiwviao. saqme kidev orma garemoebamac gaarTula: pirveli is, rom
“samurzayanos qarTvel samRvdeloebas kerZo kreba hqoniaT da daudgeniaT
saqarTvelos sakaTalikozosTan SeerTeba, afxazebisTvis ki ar
SeutyobinebiaT, yvelaferi es swyinT afxazebs”, werda edili iqve meore
mizezs miuTiTebda: “ufro ki damokidebulebas provokatorebi amwvaveben,
romelnic xmebsa yrian, qarTvelebs Tqveni adgil-mamulebis xelSi Cagdeba
undaTo”88.
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A amave statiaSi Jurnalistma mogvawoda faqtebi afxazeTis
eklesiis istoriidan. misi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, afxazeTis eklesia
TviTmyofadi iyo XVI saukunidan XVIII saukunemde da masSi afxazeTis
teritoriis garda Sedioda svaneTis, guriisa da samegrelos eklesia-
monastrebi, zeobdnen afxazi kaTalikosni “sul ricxviT Teqvsmetamdis”. Ees
istoriuli eqskursi zaqaria edils afiqrebinebs, rom afxazeTis
avtokefaliis moTxovna samarTliania:
“dRes afxaz axalgazrda samRvdeloebas surs afxazeTis
avtokefaliis aRdgena, SesaZlebelia sakuTar avtokefalur eklesiasTan
gaerTiandes mTeli afxazeTi... es miT ufro SesaZlebelia, rom afxazi jer
kidev savsebiT ar gamusulmanebula da yovelive qristianuli wesi da
adaTi maTSi dResac tradiciiT da siwmindiT aris daculi. vusurvebT
axalgazrda afxazebs, suliT da guliT, TavianTi wadilis ganxorcielebas
da masTan erTad maTs mezobel da didad moZme saqarTvelos eklesiasTan
megobrobas da keTilganwyobis ardaviwyebas”89, werda igi. Tumca, iqve
uTiTebda, rom afxazeTSi mxolod 30 samrevloa da maTTvis avtokefaliis
miniWeba “kanonikuris samarTliT SeuZlebelia”.
G garda amisa, avtoris TqmiT, mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi istoriis
manZilze afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri eklesia qarTuli eklesiis
zegavlenis qveS iyo da mis nawils warmoadgenda. “qarTulad swarmoebda
wirva-locva da mRvdelTmsaxureba afxazeTSi, qarTuli mwignobroba iyo
damkvidrebuli monastrebSi da qarTulive warwerani aqvT rogorc eklesia-
monastrebs, aseve sxva naSTebs”90.
sxvagan “saqarTvelos” Jurnalistma dawera “saqarTvelos warsuli da
afxazeTisa ise arian erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTulni, rom Znelad mixvdeba
kaci, Tu sad iwyeba pirveli da sad mTavrdeba meore”91.
igive mosazreba ikveTeba grigol veSapelis werilSi
“afxazeTisaTvis92”. Aavtori statiaSi eyrdnoba cnobili sasuliero piris,
qarTvelTa megobris n. durnovos mosazrebas, romelic gazeT
“peterburgskie vedmosti”-Si werda (durnovos am publikaciis mokle
Sinaarsi “saqarTvelom” calke dabeWda.):
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“marTalia, afxazuri ena Zlier ganirCeva qarTuli enisagan, magram am
enaze araviTari literatura ar arsebobs. amis gamo ZveliTgan afxazebi
xmarobdnen qarTul anbans da qarTvel salocav wignebs. Tu es ase ar
yofiliyo, afxazebi qristianul sarwmunoebas ver SeinarCunebdnen da ise
gaeTiSebodnen mas”93.
gazeT “saqarTvelos” interesis sferoSi moeqca afxazeTis taZrebis
rusifikaciis procesi. BaTonis, bediis, iloris, drandisa da biWvinTis
taZrebis Sesaxeb gazeTi drodadro aqveynebda Jurnalisturi masalebs. Eam
Temis gaSuqebisas wamyvani adgili kvlavac korespondent zaqaria edils
ekuTvnis. statiaSi “afxazeTis siwmindeni”94, edili wers, rom aTonis,
biWvinTisa da drandis eklesia-monastrebi mTlianad rusi erovnebis ber-
monazonTa xelSia gadasuli.Aam taZrebsa da samonastro kompleqsebis
monaxulebisas adamiani Znelad Tu mixvdeba, rom afxazur-qarTul
kulturis nimuSebTan aqvs saqmeo.
sxva werilSi igi ambobs, rom aTonis monastris monaxulebisas
yvelaze metad im faqtma gaaoca, rom qarTvelebis mier daarsebuli taZris
freskebze erTi qarTveli wmindanis saxec ki ver naxa. amis mizezi rom
ikiTxa, aTonis monastris erT-erTma rusma berma upasuxa: “aq rusTa
monasteria da qarTvel wmindanebs ra undaTo.95”
afxazuri siwmindeni metnaklebad bediisa da iloris taZrebma
Semoinaxeso, werda zaqaria edili. bediis taZari qarTvel bers (avtori ar
asaxelebs mis vinaobas) qarTvelebisadmi tolerantulad ganwyobili
afxazeTis rusi episkoposis andrias SewvniT aRudgenia. swored am
monastris berebma Semogvinaxes afxazuri kulturis SesaniSnavi nimuSi
oqros barZimi. edilis TqmiT, es eqsponati amtkicebs, rom afxazuri
siwmindeni qarTuli qrisitianuli xelovnebis ganuyofeli nawilia96.
avtori gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iloris wminda giorgis taZars
aniWebda. misi azriT, namdvili afxazebi is xalxi iyo, vinc rusul
Zalmomreobas protests ucxadebda da Tavisi TviTmyofadobis
dasamtkiceblad garusebas gadarCenili iloris eklesiis garSemo
ikribeboda, Tundac sjuliT arc yofiliyo qristiani.
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“raki sxva siwmindeni rusebs CaugdiaT xelSi, amitom mTeli afxazeTi
mxolod am eklesiis garSemoRa ikribeba, qristiani da xSirad musulmanic
aq midis salocavad da ficis misaRebad. afxazi daaqcies, waarTves mas
yovelive da ai, mxolod es erTaderTi siwmindeRa SerCenia da masRa
Sehxaris igi, misiT iTqvams suls. Mmaszed iklavs sarwmunoebriv Jinsa da
ltolvas”97, werda zaqaria edili.
rogorc vxedavT, avtori iloris wminda giorgis monasters
afxazeTis siwminded miiCnevda. sxva werlTa ciklSi (“Savi zRvis
sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”98) z. edili daba ilors
(bunebrivia monasterTan erTad) uwodebs sazRvars afxazeTsa da
samegrelos Soris da mas kvlav afxazeTs akuTvnebs. A
amis gamo 1918 wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos” 25-e nomerSi arqimandritma
ambrosim am-beri-s fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna werili “iloris bedi”99. statiis
mizania daasabuTos, rom daba ilori da iloris eklesia istoriulad
yovelTvis iyo ar afxazeTis, aramed samegrelos, konkretulad ki
samurzayanos nawili. misi TqmiT, werilis dawera gadaawyvetina im faqtma,
rom soxumis saeparqio xelmZRvanelobam, romelmac aRiara saqarTvelos
eklesiis avtokefalia, “yvela samurzayanoelebi scno qarTvelebad da
maSasadame saqarTvelos avtokefaluri eklesiis wevrebaT, garda oris
soflisa _ bediisa da ilorisa”100.
Aavtori sakuTar mosazrebas, rom ilori yovelTvis samurzayanos
nawili iyo, asabuTebs istoriuli faqtebiT. XVII saukuneSi, maraTalia,
afxazebma daipyres samurzayanos miwebi jer md kelasuramde Semdeg ki _
kodoramdec, magram dapyrobili mosaxleoba ar gaafxazebula. im adgils,
sadac mdinare kelasura erTvis Sav zRvas beninkazis da fredruCis
ruqebiT erqva megrelebis navsadguri (porto mengrello). mecnierebis broses da
brunes TqmiT, ilorSi mosCans nangrevebi wminda giorgis cixisa, romelic
auSenebia samegrelos erT-erT mTavarso. “seleznevi, romelmac 1841 wels
moinaxula afxazeTi, wers, rom moqvis monasteri mdebareobs 17 verstis
Suasakuneebis cnobili italieli kartografebi
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manZilze samurzayanos sofle iloridano... berJes TqmiT, samurzayanoSi da
saxeldobr ilorsa da anakliaSi iyo aSenebuli cixeebio, brosec,
romelmac 1849 wels inaxula ilori, gveubneba imasve101”, wers statiis
avtori.
M1864 wels afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg ruseTis mTavrobam
ilori kodoris administraciul erTeuls miawera. am faqtis gamomwvev
mizezze ambrosi xelaia wers: “SesaZloa, vifiqroT, garusebis politikis
mwarmoebelT swaddaT samegrelos istoriuli Zegli da sarwmunoebrivi
centri, rogoric aris ilori, samegrelosTvis moeSorebinaT da amiT
SeesustebinaT iloris mniSvneloba qarTvelebis gamagrebisaTvis afxazeTis
sazRvarze. rom es ukanaskneli Cveni mosazreba misaRebia, amas naTlad
amtkicebs is, rom am ramdenime wlis winaT gamrusebeli politika
cdilobda ilori waerTmia qarTvelebisaTvis da gaekeTebinaT rusi qalebis
monastrad”102.
1918 wels arqimandriti ambrosi Wyondidel episkoposad airCies, 1919
wels mis eparqias SeuerTes cxum-afxazeTis saepiskoposoc. mizezi, ramac am
gadawyvetilebisken ubiZga saqarTvelos sasuliero da politikur
xelisuflebas, Semonaxulia gazeT “saqarTvelos” 1919 wlis 198-e nomerSi.
1919 wels soxumis sakaTedro eklesiaSi kvlavac mxolod erovnebiT
rusi sasuliero pirebi msaxurobdnen. wirva-locva rusulad tardeboda da
masze mxolod moskovis patriarqs moixseniebdnen103. arada, am droisaTvis
saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublika arsebobis weliwadze mets
iTvlida da afxazeTic, avtonomiuri respublikis principis safuZvelze,
mis nawilad iTvleboda.
gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondenti Seswrebia Semdeg faqts: “amas
winaT frontis dRes dResaswaulobda afxazeTis mTavroba. sadResaswaulo
wesrigSi eklesiaSi paraklisis gadaxdac iyo. roca jari miadga
salocavad taZars, rusis mRvdlebma kari miuxures da uari ganucxades
eklesiaSi paraklisis Sesrulebaze104”. amis gamo afxazeTis mTavrobam
albaT, igulisxmeba adolf berJe, geografi da mxareTmcodne, ruseTis geografiuli sazogadoebis wevri. igi iyo amave saxogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofilebis mier TbilisSi daarsebuli kavkasiis muzeumis zedamxedveli.
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dekretiT gamoacxada afxazeTSi rusuli wirva-locvis akrZalva. cxumis
saepiskoposo, savaraudod samurzayanos SeuerTdeba da soxumSic
Wyondideli mitropolitis, afxazeTSi kargad cnobili abxazuri, megruli
da da qarTuli enis kargad mcodne ambrosi xelaias samRvdelo Zala-
ufleba gavrceldebao”. Aasec moxda.
kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis Sesaxeb mravali Tqmula da dawerila,
magram mis portrets, Cveni azriT, saintereso Strixi miemateba, Tu
moviyvanT vrcel citatas mis mier 1918 wels warmorTqmuli erT-erTi
qadagebidan. es qadageba man q. soxumSi, afxazTa ukanaskenli mTavris
STamomavalis _ giorgi ServaSiZis _ sulis mosaxseniebeli wirvis Semdeg
warmosTqva.
Awminda ambrosi ambobda: “arc Zvelad... rodesac Cveni eklesia TviT
ganagebda Tavis beds, ar uwarmoebia da arc axla, rasakvirvelia, ar
awarmoebs masze mcirericxovani erebis eklesiurad STanTqmis politikas,
piriqiT, yovelTvis xels uwyobda sxva Tanamorwmune xalxTa eklesiis
nacionalizacias. saqarTvelos eklesiis saukeTeso warmomadgenelni
amgvarad moqmedobdnen, warmoidgineT, im drosac ki, rodesac aq saSinlad
boboqrobda Cveni xalxis gamanadgurebeli sinodaluri saeklesio
politika.
Aam azris sailustraciod sakmarisia movigonoT sulmnaTi episkoposi
gabrieli, romelic afxazTa Soris qristianobis damkvidrebis saukeTeso
saSualebad sTvlida seminariaSi afxazuri enis swavlebis SemoRebas. meore
qarTvelma moRvawe mRvdelmTavarma, aw ukve gansvenebulma kaTolikosma
kirionma Tavis soxumSi yofnis dros bevri afxazTa erovnebis sasargeblo
saqmeebi gaakeTa, sxvaTa Soris, Cauyara safuZveli saRmrTo werilisa da
saRvTismsaxuro wignebis gadaTargmnis saqmes afxazur enaze.
afxaz-qarTvelni unda SeerTdnen ise, rom nacionalurad TiToeulma
maTganma SeinarCunos Tavis elferi. msgavsad imisa, rogorc sxvadasxva
saamo sunis yvavilebi, Tumca Sedian TaigulSi, rogorc misi elementebi,
magram Tavis specifikur Tvisebas ki ar hkargaven da amave dros, yvelni
erTad Seadgenen erTs saucxovo da mSvenier Taiguls”105.
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ambrosi, rogorc mitropoliti, cxum-afxazeTis eklesiis mrevls 1919-
21 wlebSi mwyemsavda. mkvlevari nugzar papuaSvili wers, rom 1919-21 wlebSi
afxazeTis eklesiaSi eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT simSvide iyo,
yovelSemTxvevaSi ase Canso. igi Tvlis, rom es garemoeba episkopos
ambrosis koreqtuli da sasargeblo muSaobis Sedegi iyo.106
amrigad, gazeTma “saqarTvelom” gansakuTrebuli adgili dauTmo
ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier afxazeTSi warmarTuli
rusifikatoruli politikis mxilebas. redaqciis Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad,
afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis moTxovnac iyo
Sedegi ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis antiqarTuli saqmianobisa.
garda amisa, gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynda araerTi masala, romelSic
afxazeTis eklesia-monastrebis mdgomareoba aisaxa, Jurnalistebi
afxazeTis marTlmadideblur eklesias erTiani qarTuli
marTlmadidebluri sivrcis nawilad miiCnevdnen da misi TviTmyofadobis
gadarCenis erTaderT gzad saqarTvelos avtokefalur eklesiasTan erToba
esaxebodaT.
2.3 saomari moqmedebebi da politikuri gadatrialebebis
mcdelobebi afxazeTSi
1918-19 wlebi afxazeTisaTvis politikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalzed
daZabuli iyo. mxolod 1918 wels regionma bolSevikTa sami SeiarRebuli
agresia da politikuri gadatrialebis ori mcdeloba gadaitana. 1919 wels
ki, afxazeTi TeTrgvardieli sardlis denikinis moxaliseTa armiasa da
saqarTvelos respublikis jars Soris gaCaRebuli omis asparezad iqca.
moxaliseebma 1919 wels daipyres soWa da gagra, anu zustad is qalaqebi,
romlebic 1918 wels bolSevikebTan brZolis Semdeg qarTvelma generlebma
(jer valiko juRelma, Semdeg ki giorgi mazniaSvilma) aiRes.
AafxazeTSi areulobas iwvevda sami didi gareSe Zala _ TurqeTi,
TeTrgvardiuli ruseTi da bolSevikuri ruseTi. maTgan pirvel ors _
TurqeTsa da TeTrgvardiul ruseTs, afxazi separatistebis saxiT, saimedo
dasayrdeni hyavda.
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separatizmis gaZliereba afxazeTSi pirveli msoflio omis
dawyebisTanave aRiniSna. mcire eqskursis saxiT gTavazobT im ramdenime
sagazeTo masalis analizs, romelic gazeT “saqarTveloSi” 1918 wlamde
gamoqveynda da asaxa regionSi separtizmis gaZlierebis niSnebi.
separatizmi afxazeTSi 1918 wlmde. erT-erT saredaqcio
werilSi107, romelic “saqarTvelos” redaqtorma grigol veSapelma 1917
wels gamoaqveyna mimoxilulia afxazi eris umZimesi istoria, maTi dapyroba
jer TurqeTis, Semdeg ki _ ruseTis mier. afxazeTis simdidre jer
TurqeTma gazida, 1810 wlidan axalma dampyrobelma ruseTma mravali aTasi
“desetina” afxazuri miwa iq Casaxlebul rus mosaxleobas dauriga, miwis
namdvili mesakuTreebi, eTnikuri afxazebi ki, TurqeTSi gadaasaxla. manve
CamoaWra afxazeTs soWis olqi da CerqezeTis Zvlebze aSenebul
Cernogoriis gubernias SeuerTao.
mravalsaukunovani Ddapyrobisa da ieriSebis gamo afxazeTis
mosaxleoba, bunebrivia, dabneulia da yvelas eWvis TvaliT uyurebs, werda
grigol veSapeli, magram “maT unda axsovdeT, rom tomiTac da eniTac
qarTvelebs enaTesavebian... [maTi] xalxuri kultura yovelTvis qarTuli
eniT, qarTuli wigniT viTardeboda”. rusi cdilobs afxazebi wahkidos
qarTvelebs, maT yurSi CasCurCulebs: “afxazeTi arasodes saqarTvelo ar
yofila, megrelebi mudam Tqveni mtrebi iyvnen. TuU saqarTvelos avtonomia
eqmna da Tqven mis farglebSi SexvalT, sruli ganadgureba mogeliTo.
piriqiT, Tu saqarTvelos CamoSordebiT, meti fasi geqnebaTo”108.
1916 wels, anu jer kidev mefis ruseTis damxobamde, afxazeTSi
separatistuli ganwyoba im garemoebam gaamwvava, rom saqarTvelos ruseTis
imperiis farglebSi erobis (avtonomiis) miRebis perspeqtiva gauCnda.
ruseTis mier dapyrobili Cveni qveyna erobis SemoRebas 1870-iani
wlebidan iTxovda. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebam caristuli ruseTi
aiZula dapyrobili erebis nacionaluri miswrafebebisaTvis angariSi
gaewia, erobis miniWebis Sesaxeb piroba saqarTvelomac miiRo.
ganixileboda erobis ramdenime modeli, maTgan erovnul-
demokratiuli mimarTulebis moRvaweebi 1890 wlis models uWerdnen mxars.
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xolo is Zalebi, romlebic saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebiT ar
xelmZRvanelobdnen, 1890 wlis modelis winaaRmdegni iyvnen. EerT-erTi
aseTi Zala soxumis qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobaSic muSaobda.
gazeTi “saqarTvelo” gvatyobinebda, rom soxumis TviTmmarTvelobis
“WeSmarit rusad” cnobil xmosans tomara (gvaria. Mm.m.) winadadeba
Semoutania, afxazeTi ar SeuerTdes qarTvelTa moTxovnas erobis 1890 wlis
modelis SemoRebis Taobazeo. amis mizezad ki is dausaxelebia, rom es
modeli wodebrivi principzea dafuZnebuli, maSasadame,
arasocialisturiao. tomaras winadadeba Cavarda (aTma xmosanma dauWira
mxari da 22 winaaRmdegi wavida)109. Tumca, “saqarTvelos” 1916 wlis 138-e
nomerSi vkiTxulobT, rom tomaram erovnebiT rusi da berZeni aTamde
Tanamoazris xelmoweriT kvlav Seitana saprotesto gancxadeba.
saqarTvelos SesaZlo avtonomiam eTnikuri afxazebis sepratistuli
nawili rom daafrTxo, amaze zemoT motanili faqtic metyvelebs. kerZod ki
is, rom separatistulad ganwyobilma afxazebma saswrafod moiTxoves
afxazeTis eklesiis avtokefalia da es ase daasabuTes: “... saqarTvelos
eklesiasTan rom SeverTdeT, maSin saqarTvelos avtonomia Tu gamocxadda,
Cvenc imaSi mogvaTavseben da radganac CvenSi bevri mamulia, qarTvelebi
movlen da Camogvisaxldebiano...”110. (xazi Cvenia, m. m.)
afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gancalkavebis kidev erTi mcdeloba 1917
wlis noemberSi soxumSi gamarTul afxazeTis pirvel saxalxo yrilobaze
Sedga. yrilobaze miRebuli deklaraciis oTxpunqtian teqsts, romelic
gazeTma “saqarTvelom” gamoaqveyna, srulad gTavazobT.
“afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos movaleobaa:
1. revoluciis mopovebaTa dacva da ganmtkiceba, xalxis
politikuri aRzrda da organizacia;
2. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom unda daicvas, agreTve,
afxazeTis erovnuli da kulturul-ekonomiuri uflebebi maTi
yovelgvari Selaxvis cdisgan, saidanac ar unda momdinareobdes
igi;
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3. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos umTavresi sazrunavia imuSavos
afxazeTis xalxis TviTgamosarkvevad;
4. afxazeTis xalxi Sedis CrdiloeT kavkasiis, daRestnis,
da afxazeTis SeerTebul mTielTa kavSirSi, da rasakvirvelia, is
saWiroebs mWidro kavSiri iqonios mTiel ZmebTan. afxazeTis
saxalxo sabWo iqneba is organo, romelic SeaerTebs afxazebs
mTielTa kavSirTan da gaatarebs cxovrebaSi kavSiris politikur
lozungebsa da dadgenilebebs”111.
rogorc vxedavT, deklaracia (kerZod ki, me-4 punqti) aris
separatistuli da saxavs saqarTvelosagan afxazeTis gancalkavebis mizans.
afxazeTisadmi miZRvnil pirvel qveTavSi (ix: “politikuri situacia”)
aRvniSneT, rom saxalxo sabWos deklaraciis miRebamdec (1917 wlis 20
oqtombers) separatistuli moZraobis maSindeli lideri a.g. ServaSiZe
imyofeboda CrdiloeT oseTSi mTielTa kavSiris erT-erT Sekrebaze da man
afxazeTis Sesvlas mTielTa kavSirSi xeli moawera “afxazeTis xalxis”
saxeliT. or kviraSi miRebul iqna Cven mier citirebuli deklaracia,
romelmac a. g.ServaSiZis TviTnebur qmedebas iuridiuli safuZveli misca.
gazeTma “saqarTvelom” separatizmis es gamovlena Sefasebis gareSe
datova da mxolod faqtobrivi garemoebebis konstataciiT Semoifargla.
Cveni azriT, sakiTxis gaSuqebisadmi aseTi midgoma ganapiroba redaqciis
samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobam, afxazur-qarTuli urTierTobis argamwvavebis
survilma.
Cveni varaudiT, redaqciis “siCume” ganpirobebuli iyo im faqtiTac,
rom “saqarTvelos” Jurnalistebma am droisaTvis ukve icodnen _ mTielTa
kavSiri angariSs uwevda amierkavkasiis mTavrobas, sadac qarTvel
politikosebs didi gavlena hqondaT. amitom, Txovnis miuxedavad, mTielTa
kavSiri afxazeTs ar SeierTebda.
kerZod, a.g. ServaSiZem xeli moawera mTielTa kavSirSi “soxumis olqis mTieli xalxis
(afxazebis)” Sesvlas. afxazeTis mosaxleoba ver daasaxela, radgan icoda, rom afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erTsulovneba ar iyo. amis Sesaxeb ix: “Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi”; Tb; 2006w; gv: 112
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amis Sesaxeb cnoba (axali ambis, sainformacio SeniSvnis saxiT)
gamoqveynebulia gazeTis imave gverdze, romelzec afxazTa saxalxo sabWos
deklaraciaa ganTavsebuli. kerZod, mTielTa kavSiris gancxadebiT, isini
afxazi xalxis survils mxolod amierkavkasiis mTavrobis nebarTvis
SemTxvevaSi gaivaliswinebdnen112. Ees marTlac ase moxda, mTielTa kavSiris
“saxelmwifo xelisufleba soxumis olqze ar ganuxorcielebia. am kavSiris
xelisufleba afxazeTze mxolod “erovnuli, kulturuli da politikuri
kompetenciiT” Semoifargla”113.
saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos formirebis Semdeg,
afxazTa separatistulad ganwyobilma nawilma sakuTari miznebis
misaRwevad agresiuli gza airCia. 1918 wels maT saxelmwifo gadatrialebis
ori mcdeloba ganaxorcieles. Epirvelad 1918 wlis agvistoSi TurqeTis
politikuri mxardaWeriT; meore ki oqtomberSi _ TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis
inspirirebiT. gadatrialebebis es mcdelobebi gazeTma “saqarTvelomac”
gaaSuqa.
TurqeTi da afxazuri separatizmi. 1918 wlis april-maisSi
bolSevikuri wiTeli armia SeiWras soxumSi, rasac sapasuxo reaqcia mohyva
amierkavkasiis maTavrobis mxridan. maT SesaCereblad gagzavnil iqna
amierkavkasiis sajariso nawilebi general valiko juRelis meTaurobiT.
sabolood bolSevikebi afxazeTidan gandevnil iqnen, magram maTi SemoWris
faqti sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoiyenes afxazma separatistebma, romlebmac
saSvelad TurqeTis regularuli armiis nawilebs mouxmes. Turquli
desanti afxazeTSi gadmojda, ase rom juRels erTi xeliT bolSevikebTan
brZola mouxda, xolo meore xeliT _ Turqul desntTan.
amis Sesaxeb “saqarTvelo” werda: “afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom sastiki
protesti ganacxada mtris desantis gadmosxmis gamo da osmalTa sardals
ganucxada, rom abxazTa teritoriaze moqmedoben afxazTa razmebi
bolSevikebTan saomari moqmedebebis mimdinareobis periodSi saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada, Seiqmna saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli mTavroba, romelmac gaagrZela afxazeTis bolSevikebisagan dacvis saqme.
1918 wels bolSevikebis mier afxazeTze ganxorcielebuli samive samxedro
agresia ZiriTadad mokle sainformacio SeniSvnebisa da samTavrobo angariSebis formiT gaSuqda “saqarTvelos” 1918 wlis Semdeg nomrebSi: 44; 70; 86; 96; 97; 98; 100;106; 126.
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saqarTvelos respublikis jarebTan erTad”114. saqarTvelos mTavrobam
afxazeTSi Turqi desantis ukanono gadmosxmis gamo protesti ganucxada
TurqeTis politikur mekavSires _ germanias, romlis samxedro danayofebi
maSin amierkavkasiaSi imyofebodnen. “germaniis warmomadgenlebma
[saqarTvelos mTavrobas] aRuTqves, amis Sesaxeb osmaleTis mTavrobas
movelaparakebiTo”115, wers “saqarTvelo”.
gazeT “saqarTvelodan” vgebulobT imasac, rom Turqulma desantma
afxazeTi swored germanelebis moTxovniT datova. “generalma fon kresma
ganucxada osmaleTs, rom osmaleTis gadadgmuli nabiji sruliad
ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs da im movaleobas, romelic
germaniam ikisra saqarTvelos respublikis mimarT”116.
warumateblad damTavrebul Turquli desantis pirveli laSqrobas
or TveSi desantis meored gadmosxmac mohyva. 1918 wlis 9 agvistos amjerad
afxazi aznauris t.marSanias mamulSi gadmosxmul iqna Turquli desanti,
romelic Seudga saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaaRmdeg afxazi da
adgilobrivi Turqi plantatorebis mobilizacias117.
ramdenime dReSi Turqebisa da qarTvelebis samxedro danayofebs
Soris Setakeba moxda axal aTonTan. gazeT “saqarTveloSi” amis Taobaze
qarTuli gvardiis razmis ufrosis Setyobineba gamoqveynda” “18 agvistos
axali aTonis monasterSi gamagrebuli qarTuli gvardiis nawils Tavs
daesxa osmaloTa da afxazTa gaerTianebuli razmi 1000 kacamde, Cvenebma
gaimarjves, Tumca 55 kaci moukvdaT qarTvelebs”118.
brZolis dResve, dilis 9 sT-ze, rodesac afxazeTis erovnuli sabWos
sxdoma unda gaxsniliyo, opoziciam v.a. SarvaSiZis meTaurobiT da misma
momxreebma SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT alya Semoartya saxalxo sabWos
Senobas”119. es faqti, anu afxazeTSi pirveli politikuri gadatrialebis
mcdeloba gazeT “saqarTvelos” ar gauSuqebia. erTaderTi werili120,
romelic aRniSnul movlenas exmianeba ekuTvnis niko TavdgiriZes. es
publikacia Tavisi SinaarsiT socialisturi politikis kritikaa, avtori
saqarTvelos menSevikur mTavrobas sayvedurobda im afxazebis daWeris
gamo, romlebsac saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobasTan kavSiri ar
hqondaT. am mizezis gamo statiiss Sinaarss sxva qveTavSi ganvixilavT.
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afxazeTSi TurqeTis politikaze saubars davamTavrebT gazeT
“saqarTveloSi” gamoqveyenebuli im statiis SinaarsiT, roelic 1919 wels
Turqul gazeT “kaetSi”, savaraudod afxazma avtorebma gamoaqveynes da
romelic azerbaijanulma gazeTma (“azerbaijanSi”) gamoqveyna. statiis
avtori afxazeTSi saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis politikas afxazi
eris genocidad miiCnevs:
“qarTvelebs germanelTa mxardaWeriT afxazebis Jleta ar eyoT da
axla wiTeli armiis (igulisxmeba saqarTvelos respublikis armia. Mm. m.)
daxmarebiT Jleten afxazebs. ... ubeduri afxazebi, romelTac dRemde
SeinarCunes Tavis xalxosnoba da romelTac vera daaklo ra TviT ruseTis
devnamac, iRupebian dRes samudamoT... afxazTa darbeul soflebSi daZrwian
qarTveli agentebi, romlebic ZaliT awerineben maT xels qveSevrdomobaze
am rigad qarTvelebs surT Tavis Zaladoba daakanon sazavo konferenciis
winaSec, magram maT amaze amao imedi ar unda hqondeT.
mdidari da mSvenieri afxazeTi, romelmac saSneli mada aRuZra
saqarTvelos, dRes cremlisa da dardis ares warmoadgens. siamovnebiT
unda aRvniSnoT, rom Cveni tanjva-wameba mxolod somxebma Seismines,
mxolod maT aRimaRles xma da afxazeTSi xalxi miendo am keTilSobilur
Zalas”121.
rogorc Cans, TurqeTis mier afxazeTis aneqsiis warumatebeli
mcdelobebis Semdeg saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego qmedebaTa asparezad
Turquli presa iqca.
denikinis moxaliseTa armia. TurqeTis daxmarebiT politikuri
gadatrialebis mcdeloba rom kraxiT dasrulda, separatistTa jgufma gezi
im droisTvis gaZlierebuli TeTrgvardiuli ruseTisaken aiRo. erT dros
Turqofili separatistis a. g. ServaSiZis meTaurobiT afxazTa delegacia
TeTrgvardiel general aleqseevs 1918 wlis seqtemberSi q. soWSi Sexvda.
delegaciis wevrebma generals “sTxoves gaenTavisuflebina afxazeTi
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebisagan...” Txovna generalma aleqseevma
xelsayrel sababad gamoiyena dakarguli miwebis (igulisxmeba soWi da
gagra. m.m. ) ruseTis mflobelobaSi dasabruneblad122.
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Aagvisto-seqtemberi saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma evgeni
gegeWkorma yubanSi, q. ekaterinodarSi general aleqseevTan molaparakebebs
moandoma. molaparakebebi warumatebeli gamodga. saqarTvelom daTmo q.
tuafse, magram TeTrgvardielebi moiTxovdnen qarTuli sajariso nawilebis
gayvanas q. soWidan da q. gagridanac. gazeT “saqarTveloSi” istorikosi
sargis kakabaZe werda: “tuafses olqi amJamad dakargulia CvenTvis da ev.
gegeWkors bedad xvda es oficialurad dakarguli daedasturebina
ekaterinodarSi gamarTuli molaparakebebis dros...
bolSevikebTan brZolaSi garjvebuli generali aleqseevi mainc cali
TvaliT samxreTisken iyureba da saqarTvelos mis bunebriv mijnas
(igulisxmeba gagra da soWi m. m.) ecileba. es cxadi maCvenebelia imisi, rom
agresiuli rusuli nacionalizmi, romelsac Cven aq gaborotebuli rusuli
aficrobisa da Cinovnikobis saxiT vxedavT, yubanis olqSi realur Zalad
iqca da Cvens winaaRmdeg amxedrebas ar daayovnebs, Tuki viTarebam xeli
Seuwyo”123.
Mmas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos mTavrobam general aleqseevis moTxovna
ar Seasrula da ar daTmo qalaqebi – soWi da gagra, afxazeTSi Sida
antiqarTuli Zalebi amoqmeddnen. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos nawilma 1918
wlis 9 oqtombers meore politikuri gadatrialebis mcdeloba
ganaxorciela. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Senobas alya Semoartya afxazTa
SeiarRebulma razmebma. am operacias Taosnobdnen afxazeTis saolqo
komisari iv. marRania, afxazeTis saqmeTa ministri r.Cqotua. saxalxo sabWos
antiqarTulad ganwyobilma frTam (xmosnebi d.alania; s.aSxacava da sxvebi)
saxalxo sabWos Tavmjdomares menSevik eqims v. ServaSiZes Tanamdebobis
datoveba mosTxova. maT am Tanamdebobaze s. aSxacavas daniSnva surdaT.
v.ServaSiZis mxardamWerma jgufma moaxerxa saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan
dakavSireba. saxalxo sabWoSi gamocxaddnen sanapiro frontis Stabis
ufrosi podpolkovniki Tuxareli da polkovniki wereTeli. gadatrialebis
meore mcdelobac marcxiT damTavrda 124.
gazeTi “saqarTvelo” am faqts mxolod mTavrobis mier gavrcelebuli
oficialuri cnobiT gamoexmaura: “olqis komisris marRaniasa da afxazeTis
saqmeTa ministris polkovnik Cxotuas meTaurobiT Sedga gadatrialebis
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mcdeloba. maTi meTurobiT afxazeTis cxenosani aseuli da afxazeTis
milicia gars Semoertya afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Senobas. SenobaSi
Sevidnen SeiarRebuli pirebi, xolo gareT tyviamfrqvevlebi gamagrdnen”125.
ajanyebis marcxiT damTavrebis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTavrobam daSlilad
gamoacxada afxazTis saxalxo sabWo da axali arCevnebi daniSna.
“ saarCevno komisiaSi dasaxelebul iqnen varlam ServaSiZe, isidore
ramiSvili, vasil gurjua, eqimi paSalidi da girgi SanSievi. garda amisa,
soxumis komisrad dasaxelda benia CxikviSvili, romelic amavdroulad
quTaisis gubernatoria”126.
afxazeTSi 1919 wels saxalxo sabWos arCevnebi Catarda. menSevikTa
SemuSavebuli saarCevno debulebis Tanaxmad, arCevnebSi monawileoba
afxazeTSi macxovrebel im pirebsac miecaT, romlebic ar iyvnen
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi. swored amitom is Zala, romelmac 1918 wlis 9
oqtombris politikuri gadatrialeba dagegma ( denikinis gamogzavnili
rusi demianovi da mis garSemo gaerTianebuli separatistuli xmosnebi)
afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi darCa.
1919 weli afxazeTSi TeTrgvardielebis samxedro agresiis weli iyo.
amierkavkasidan germaniis wasvlisa da TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis mekavSiris
– inglisis Semosvlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavroba denikinisa
da misi TanamebrZolebis pirispir martodmarto aRmoCnda.
1919 wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos” nomrebi gajerebulia
TeTrgvardielebsa da saqarTvelos respublikis samxedro nawlebs Soris
mimdinare saomari dapirispirebis amsaxveli masalebiT. gazeTma gamoaqveyna
soWSi saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlis mixa xoWolavas satelefono
(pirdapiri mavTuliT) Setyobineba.
Setyobinebis Tanaxmad, qarTveli generali koniaSvili, polkovniki
wereTeli da petrievi moxaliseTa armias tyved auyvania. moxaliseTa armiam
soWze ieriSi miitana 24 ianvars gamTeniisas. maT exmarebodnen “bandebi”,
romlebic somxebisagan iyo dakompleqtebulio. “somxebsa da qarTvelebs
Soris momxdar uTanxmoebaSi muSaobs viRacis ucxo xeli, romelic sTesavs
provokacias”127, atyobinebda saqarTvelos mTavrobas mixa xoWolava.
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TeTrgvardielebma qarTveli samxedroebi gamouSves, magram tuapsis
razmis generalma burneviCma konievis SekiTxvebs ultimatumiT upasuxa: “me
miviRe brZaneba Cemi mTavrobis mier davikavo soWis olqi im carcva-
glejisa da Zalmomreobis gamo, romelic xsenebul olqSi xdeba. amitom,
Tqveno aRmatebulebav, sisxlis Rvris Tavidan asacileblad winadadebas
gaZlevT, dahyaroT iaraRi da CagvabaroT mTeli samxedro masala. yvela
qarTveli meomari da administracii mosamsaxureni, iaraRis Cabarebis
Semdeg ganTavisuflebulni iqnebian da SeuZlianT wavidnen saqarTveloSi”.
koniaSvili saqarTvelos mTavrobas atyobinebda: “mdgomareoba mZimea,
frontzed mravali daWrili da daxocilia. xostSi “moxaliseT” zurgSi
gadmogvisxes desanti. zRvaSi naRmosani sdgas da niSans elis. veli Tqvens
kategoriuls brZanebas”128.
saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa minitrma evgeni gegeWkorma es ambavi
Seatyobina inglisis warmomadgenlobas. gazeTma “saqarTvelom”
ingliselebisadmi miwerili saprotesto notis sruli teqsti gamoaqveyna:
“saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobam momando ganvucxado Tqvens
aRmatebulebas sastiki protesti moxaliseTa armiis aseTi gamosvlis
winaaRmdeg da ganvacxado, rom saqarTvelos mTavroba urTierTSorisi
gavlenis moxdenis principiT miiRebs yvela zomebs Tavisi interesebis
dasacavad da iaraRiT xelSi daicavs Tavis teritoriebis xelSeuxeblobas
da mis xalxis uflebebs da interesebs”129, werda saqarTvelos sagareo
ministri.
saprotesto notisa da inglisis warmomadgenelTa moTxovnis
miuxedavad denikinis moxaliseTa armiam saomari moqmedebebi ar SeaCera.
erTmaneTis miyolebiT aiRes qalaqebi soWi da gagra. gazeT “saqarTvelos”
erT-erTi saredaqcio werili kavkasiaSi didi britaneTis politikas
akritikebs.
“Cvenma jarma soWis olqSi ingliselebis rCeviT daiWra is xazi,
romelic CvenTvis nakleb xelsayreli iyo strategiulad. es Secdoma
Zvirad dagvijda. mteri Ria karebSi SemogveWra, mowinave razmebi
gagviJlita da Cven mTavar Zalas xostSi ukan dasaxevi gza gadauWra...
inglisis mTavarsardali aSoSminebs Cvens mTavrobas da arwmunebs, mas, rom
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Tu moxaliseTa razmma saqarTvelos sazRvrebi gadmolaxa, TviT inglisi
amas omis sababad miiCnevs da saqarTvelos teritoriis xeluxleblobas
daicavs. rogor SeiZleba, rom romelime kavkasiel ers mokrZaleba hqondes
didi britaneTis Zlierebis winaSe, Tuki mis sityvas denikinis razmebic ki
arafrad agdeben?130” werda “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.
TeTrgvardielTa brZola saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg q. gagris aRebiT
dasrulda.
bolSevikuri ruseTi afxazeTSi. gazeTma “saqarTvelom”
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo afxazeTSi bolSevikebis mier
ganxorcilebeuli samxedro agresiis faqtebis gaSuqebas. pirveli
bolSevikuri gamosvla 1918 wlis TebervalSi, q. soxumSi moxda.
1918 wlis 15 Tebervals soxumis portSi Semovida ruseTis
SavizRvispireTis frontis samxedro eskadris kreiseri “dakia”. 16
Tebervals erT-erTma mezRvaurma Seuracxyofa miayena poruCik n.emxvars,
romelmac mezRvaurs ar apatia da igi mokla. mezRvaurebma mTeli rigi
moTxovnebi wauyenes qalaqis xelmZRvanelobas maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi
iyo samxedro-revoluciuri komitetis Seqmna. xelisufleba iZulebuli
gaxda daekmayofilebina moTxovnebi. Kkreiseri “dakia” javSnosanma
“derzkim” Secvala. drandis mosaxleobam Seipyro emxvari da misi ZuZumte,
romelic gadasces “derzkis” ekipaJs, rusma mezRvaurebma afxazebi wamebiT
mokles. Aaman sayovelTao aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia
afxazeTis saxalxo sabWom dauyovneblov datova soxumi da kodoris
mosaxleobasTan erTad samxedro samzadisi daiwyo. maT mosTxoves
mezRvaurebs daeSalaT samxedro revoluciuri komiteti, am moTxovnaze
uari miiRes. bolSevikebma cixeebidan gaaTavisufles patimrebi, maT Soris
yaCaRebi, dauriges maT iaraRi da brZolaSi CarTes. soxumi ori dRis
ganmavlobaSi ibombeboda rusuli javSnosanis “karol karlis” mier.
adgilobrivma xelisuflebam mxolod 20 Tebervals moxerxa soxumis
dabruneba.131
es ambavi leo qiaCelma sakuTari novelis “haki aZbas” fabulad gamoiyena.
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es bolSevikuri gamosvla gazeTma “saqarTvelom” mxolod erTi
sainformacio SeniSvniT, mas Semdeg gaaSuqa, rac soxumSi kvlav
amierkavkasiis komisariatis mmarTveloba aRdga. komisariatis mier qalaqis
Tavad daniSnuli menSeviki benia CxikviSvili depeSiT ityobineboda, rom
bolSevikebis mier ganTavisuflebulma patimrebma tyeebs Seafares Tavio:
“mdgomareoba sasowarkveTilebamde midis, Cven ar gvijereben da mtrulad
gvicqerian. drandis megrelebi da afxazebi, romlebsac CvenTan kargi
damokidebuleba aqvT, sasowarkveTilebaSi arian Seqmnili mdgomareobis
gamo da SesaZlebelia osmaleTis desants gadmosxma sTxovon wesrigis
dasamyareblad, Tu droze Sesaferisi RonisZieba ar vixmareT...132” _
atyobinebda mTavrobas CxikviSvili.
mdgomareoba or TveSi kvlav daiZaba. Tavdapirvelad bolSevikuri
gamosvlebi daiwyo gagraSi, sadac adamianTa mcire jgufma Seqmna
aRmasrulebeli komiteti da gagraSi gamoacxada sabWoTa xelisuflebis
damyareba. 7 aprils maT alya Semoartyes soxums, daikaves fosta,
telegrafi da sxva sasicocxlo punqtebi. Seiqmna samxedro revoluciuri
komitetebi, muSaTa da glexTa aRmasrulebeli komitetebi Seiqmna
gudauTasa da samurzayanoSic.133
gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondentis mier mowodebuli informaciis
Tanaxmad bolSevikebis mier Seqmnili samxedro revoluciuri komitetebi
iTxovdnen, rom afxazeTis yvela saboqaulos, maT Soris q. soxums ecno
saxalxo komisrebis, anu bolSevikuri mTavrobis Zalaufleba. soxumis
mosaxleobam winaaRmdegobis gaweva scada, magram megrelebisa da somxebis
daxmarebiT gaZlierebulma bolSevikebma ieriSi miitanes soxumze, aiRes igi
da qalaqs 2 mln maneTis kontribuciac daakisreso. “senakSi bolSevikebma
gagzavnes depeSa: soxumi aviReT da ganzrxva gvaqvs foTze gamovilaSqroTo.
bolSevikebs aqvT iaraRi da fuli. bolSeviki jariskaci dRe-RameSi 2 Tuman
fuls Rebulobs”134, ityobineboda gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.
soxumis mosaxleobis bolSevikurad ganwyobil nawils amierkavkasiis
mTavrobis wevrma akaki Cxenkelma specialuri Setyobinebac gaugzavna: “me
gTxovT, yovelgvari zomebi miiRoT dauyovnebliv anarqiis SesaCereblad.
moiwvieT saxalxo yriloba da gamoagzavneT TbilisSi Tqven Tqveni
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warmomadgenlebi, raTa CvenTan erTad da Crdilo kavkasiel mTielTa
warmomadgenlebTan erTad, SeerTebulis ZaliT, gamovimuSavoT konstitucia,
ganvsazRvroT da davadginoT saxelmwifoebrivi swori mijnebi, raTa
Tqvenma xalxma mTelma afxazobam da samurzayanoelebma, masSi hpovon
TavianTi imedebisa da survilebis axdena, farTo guliTadi gamoZaxili,
rom savsebiT, rogorc kavkasiis federaciis sruluflebian wevrs
Tanasworive mzrunveloba da yuradReba mieces yovelisferis
dasakmayofileblad”135.
Tumca, mSvidobismoyvareobisaken mowodebam bolSevikuri amboxeba ver
CaaxSo. maTi damarcxeba amierkavkasiis seimis mier gagzavnilma samxedro
armiam SesZlo, romelsac generali valiko juReli da polkovniki
koniaSvili meTurobdnen. “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynda mokle Sinaarsi im
angariSisa, romliTac valiko juReli 1918 wlis 29 maiss ukve
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis
winaSe warsdga.
juRelis TqmiT, man saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde TurqeTsa da
amierkavkasiis mTavrobebs Soris qalaq baTumSi mimdinare molaparakebebze
gaagzavna afxaz muSaTa da glexTa warmomadgenlebi da TurqeTis
mTavrobas gadasca, rom is afxazebi, romlebmac Turquli desanti
afxazeTSi bolSevikebTan sabrZolvelad miiwvies, sinamdvileSi ar
gamoxatavdnen afxazi xalxis umravlesobis nebas (xazi Cvenia).
amis Semdeg igi kodoris xeobaSi gamagrebul bolSevikebTan
sabrZolvelad gaemgzavra, Tavdapirvelad maTTan mSvidobiani molaparakeba
scada, magram uSedegod. bolSevikebma dayares Wori, rom juRelis razmi
Tavadaznaurebisagan Sedgeboda da afxazeTSi kontr revoluciisaTvis
Cavida. aman rom ar gasWra, axali Wori moifiqres, viTom juRelis razmi
afxazeTSi somexi erovnebis mosaxleobis amosaJletad iyo Casuli, amanac
rom ar gaWra, xmebi dayares, juReli afxazeTis dasapyrobad aris
Camosulio.
Worebma ar gaamarTla da bolSevikebi samxedro dapirispirebaze
gadavidnen, pirveli yumbara maT gaisroles. iRbali Tavidan maT mxares iyo,
magram Semdeg qarTulma artileriam Zalian zusti ieriSi miitana
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bolSevikTa banakze da isini oCamCiridan gagramde, Semdeg ki soWamdec
gandevnao. “bolSevikebs TanaugrZnobdnen moijarade megrelebi, moijarade
da plantatori somxebi da afxazebi. kodoris afxazebi Cven mxares iyvnen,
gudauTisa, ki _ bolSevikebis mxares136”, aseTi informacia miawoda
mTavrobas generalma juRelma.
misive TqmiT, im xamokle periodis ganmavlobaSi, rac bolSevikebi
afxazeTSi mmarTvelobdnen, moaswres erovnuli SuRlis gaRviveba jer
berZnebsa da megrelebs, xolo Semdeg somxebsa da berZnebs Soris.
maSasadame 1918 wlis maisSi general valiko juRelis meTurobiT
bolSevikebi afxazeTidan gandevnil iqnen.
meore bolSevikuri Tavdasxma afxazeTze 1918 wlis ivnisSi
ganxorcielda. “maT winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelaad soxumSi gadasrolil iqna
qarTuli samxedro razmebi general g.mazniaSvili xelmZRvanelobiT.
qarTulma SeiarRebulma Zalebma soWis bolSevikuri razmebi, romlebic
zurgs umagrebdnen afxazeTis bolSevikebs, daamarcxes, isini aiZules ukan
daexiaT da daetovebinaT gagra. saomari operaciebi gadatanil iqna soWis
olqis teritoriaze. saqarTvelos mTavrobis gankargulebiT generalma
mazniaSvilma gaagrZela bolSevikebis devna. qarTulma jarma 3 ivliss
daikava adleri, xolo 27 ivliss - soWi137”.
mazniaSvilis samxedro eqspediciis Sesaxeb gazeTi “saqarTvelo”
werda: “general mazniaSvilis jars miznad aqvs dasaxuli sul mokle xanSi
gawmindos soxumis olqi bolSevikebisgan da iaraRi ahyaros arasaimedo
elementebs, rasac Zalian didi TanagrZnobiT ekideba afxazebis
umravlesoba”138.
mazniaSvilma, araTu soxumi gaanTavisufla, aramed gagra, soWi da
tuafsec ki aiRo. qarTuli armiis am xanmokle warmatebam gazeT
“saqarTvelos” korespondentebs axali imedebi Causaxa: “Tu Savi zRvis
gubernia saqarTvelom SemoierTa, xelovnurad amarTuli yoreebi moiSleba
da soWisa da tuafses midamoebis gaqarTuleba ramdenime welSi moxdeba. es
sabolood daaSoSminebs samegrelosac, romelic did siviwroves ganicdis
Tavisufali miwis uqonlobiT139”, werda “saqarTvelos” korespondenti.
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sxvagan gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicisti niko TavdgiriZe qarTuli
armiis saomar moqmedbebs ase afasebda: “xSirad roca xalxis ganwyoba
surT aamaRlon, raime saxaliso movlenas gangeb gamoigoneben. aq ki TviT
Cvenive moZmeebis sagmiro saqmeebi ucxoelebs ipyrobs, imonebs da qeds
axrevinebs Cveni Zlierebis winaSe”140. 300-400 kaciani razmiT soWisa da
tuafses aReba da bolSevikuri armiis gandevna aris warmoudgeneli
gmiroba, rasac general mazniaSvilis meTaurobiTa da qarTveli
jariskacebis gambedaobiT mivaRwieTo, werda niko TavdgiriZe.
“ramdenadac Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebze mterTan Setakebam
saxeli gautexa qarTuls laSqars(igulisxmeba baTumis dapyroba TurqeTis
mier. m.m.) da mware grZnobiT aRavso yoveli WeSmariti mamuliSvili,
imdenad ukanaskneli operacia (igulisxmeba mazniaSvilis mier afxazeTidan
bolSevikebis gandevna m.m.) istoriulad damsaxurebuls saxels ubrunebs
mTels qarTul mxedrobas da aimedovnebs moqalaqeebs, rom damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos bedi amieridan uzrunvelyofil iqneba muxanaTur mtris
Semosavisagan”,141 werda gazeT “saqarTvelos” kidev erTi ucnobi
publicisti.
“saqarTvelos” publicistTa sixaruli naadrevi gamodga, radgan
qalaqi tuafse daaxloebiT erT TveSi davTmeT, xolo qalaqebi _ soWi da
gagra 1919 wels erTmaneTis miyolebiT daipyro TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis
moxaliseTa razmebma.
1920 wels Savi zRvis guberniaSi glexebi ajanydnen, maT denikinis
razmebi gaaZeves soflebidan _ xosta, plastunka, adleri. martis TvisaTvis
mTeli Savi zRvis gubernia bolSevikuri organizciebis mmarTvelobis qveS
moeqca. istorikos meri gabedavas TqmiT, 1920 wlis mais-ivnisSi ruseTis
waqezebiTa da daxmarebiT bolSevikuri moZraobis inspirirebas adgili
hqonda samaCabloel osebSi. paralelurad bolSevikebma Tavi wamoyves
afxazeTSic, magram adgilobrivma xelisuflebam moaxerxa es moZraoba
ZirSive CaexSo. “afxazeTis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli
RonisZiebebis Sedegad 1920 wlis meore naxevridan afxazeTSi faqtobrivad
Sewyda bolSevikuri saqmianoba”142.
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aqve unda vTqvaT, rom 1920 wlis mais-ivnisSi, rodesac afxazeTSi
bolSevkTa mxridan kidev erTi provokacia ganxorcielda, gazeTi
“saqarTvelo” ara gamodioda. Sesabamisad am movlenebs gazeTi ver
gaaSuqebda.
afxazeTSi bolSevikebis ukansakneli Semoteva 1921 wlis Tebrvlis
bolos ganxorcielda. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis 6
mimarTulebian gegmaSi, erT-erTi mimarTuleba swored gagra-soxumis
mimarTuleba gaxldaT. afxazeTze sabWoTa ruseTis me-9 armiis Semoteva 19
Tebervals daiwyo. amave dRes gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynda
korespondencia “afxazeTSi”. avtoris TqmiT, soxumSi Sekrebila erovnul-
demokratiuli partiis wevrTa saerTo yriloba.
“mTavrobis mowodebam qveynis dasacavad ZalTa mobilizaciis Sesaxeb
didi aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia. yrilobam daadgina: miiRos yovelgvari
zomebi qveynis dasacavad. dgeba moxaliseTa razmebi ... yriloba Rrmad
darwmunebulia, rom qarTveli xalxi kvlav gaimarjvebs mterze, romelic
saqarTvelos veluraT daesxa Tavs”143.
meore dRes, gazeTi “saqarTvelo” sul ori winadadebiT iuwyeboda,
rom gagris mimarTulebiT mtris Semoteva SeCerebulia144. Tumca, am saimedo
informacias realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnda, 22 Tebervals sabWoTa jarebma
aiRes gagra, 3 marts ki qalaqi _ soxumi. am droisaTvis gazeTi
“saqarTvelo” daxuruli iyo, dedaqalaqSi sabWoTa ruseTis droSa
frialebda.
amrigad, gazeT “saqarTveloSi” aisaxa afxazeTSi 1915-18 wlebSi
arsebuli separatistuli moZraobis tendenciebi _ kerZod ki is, rom
afxazeTis mosaxleobis nawils _ rogorc soxumis qalaqis sabWos rus,
berZen da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs, aseve, eTnikuri afxazebis erT
jgufsac _ ar surda saqarTvelos avtonomia, maT eSinodaT, rom
“qarTvelebi Causaxldebodnen”, es ki CvenTvis sasurveli ar ariso.
1918 wlis Semdeg afxazeTSi arsebuli Sida separatizmi ikvebeboda
jer TurqeTis, Semdeg ki TeTri ruseTis samxedro mxardaWeriT.
mogvianebiT es gareSe Zala Caanacvla sabWoTa ruseTma, romelic afxazTa
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erovnuli TviTmyofadobis motivaciiT ki ara, socialuri samarTlianobis
demagogiuri lozungiT moqmedebda. swored amitom, regions SigniT
bolSevikur gamosvlebs eTnikuri afxazebze metad moijarade glexebi
(rogorc qarTvelebi_ megrelebi, aseve somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi) uWerdnen
mxars.
am istoriuli konteqstis fonze gazeTma “saqarTvelom” 1918 wels
asaxa afxazeTSi sami bolSevikuri gamosvla, Turquli desantis orjer
gadmosxmis faqti, politikuri gadatrialebis mcdelobebi; 1919 wels _
denikinis moxaliseTa armiasTan samxedro dapirispireba; 1920 wels _ Savi
zRvis guberniaSi glexTa ajanyebebi da TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis
damarcxeba; dabolos, 1921 wels gazeTis usafuZvlo optimizmis miRma
gamoikveTa gasabWoebis, maT Soris gagra-soxumis mxridan wamosuli aneqsiis
garduvali perspeqtiva.
2.4.G”saqarTvelo” patrioti afxazebis Sesaxeb
gazeT “saqarTveloSi” afxazeTis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebul publikaciebs
Soris gansakuTrebuli aRniSnvis Rirsad migvaCnia is Jurnalisturi
masalebi, romelSic afxazebisadmi mxardaWera, mowoneba da siyvarulia
gamoxatuli.
gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT redaqciam afxazeTis ukanskneli mTavris
ubrwyinvalesi Tavadis mixeil ServaSiZis (xamuT beis) vaJis giorgi
ServaSiZis (zogan SarvaSiZed aris moxseniebuli) gamoxata. afxazi mamisa da
qarTveli dedis aleqsandra (cucu, kesaria) dadianis ვაჟი, giorgi
enciklopediur wyaroebSi moxseniebulia afxaz da qarTveli poetad,
dramaturgad, publicistad da sazogado moRvawed, qarTvel
TergdaleulTa Tanamoazred. igi mTeli Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis
manZilze afxazTa da qarTvelTa Soris urTierTobis gamyarebisaTvis,
afxazeTis proqarTuli orientaciisaTvis ibrZoda.
giorgi ServaSiZe iseve, rogorc mamamisi, ruseTis imperiis mier
araerTgzis iqna represirebuli. 1866 wels saglexo reformis gatarebis
gamo ajanyebulma afxazebma scades 1864 wels gauqmebuli afxazTa
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samTavros aRdgena da mTavrad giorgis dasma. Tumca, am ajanyebas, romelic
ruseTma sisxlSi CaaxSo, mohyva muhajirobis pirveli talRa, 20 wlis
giorgi ServaSiZe ki, ruseTSi gadaasaxles. marTalia, 9 wlis Semdeg igi
udanaSaulod scnes da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis ufleba misces, magram
1905 wlamde afxazeTSi Casvlis ufleba ar misces.
Ggiorgi ServaSiZis pirovnebis aRsawerad movixmobT im nawyvets,
romelic istorikosma d.Citaiam Tavis wignSi145 moitana. es mogoneba
asaxavs 1917 wels q. soxumSi gamarTul afxazTa pirvel yrilobas,
romelzec Camoyalibda afxazTa saxalxo sabWo, miRebul iqna afxazeTis
konstitucia da deklaracia. Mmogonebis pirvelwyaroa 1931 wels berlinSi
gamomavali qarTuli Jurnalis “TeTri giorgis” furclebze gamoqveynebuli
statia “gaucxoebis dasawyisi”.
“krebis dRea. soxumis quCebi gadaWedilia xalxiT. afxazebis
yrilobaze Tavadoba da glexoba erTad iyris Tavs, erTad bWoben, Tanac
yovel wevri Tanasworuflebiania. krebis darbazSi SemobrZanda mTavris Ze
giorgi SarvaSiZe. yvela fexze daudga. giorgim afxazur enaze mimarTa
damswre sazogadoebas.Aauxsna ruseTis mdgomareoba, miuloca Tavisuflebis
moaxloeba da daaskvna: Tqven ufros Zmebs mihyeviT. (gulisxmobda
qarTvelebs. daviT Citaia), maTTan erTad imoqmedeT da ibrZoleT
Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad da SesanarCuneblad. vici, zogierTebs ar
moewonebaT Cemi aseTi azri, radgan isini moskovisken iyurebian, me ki –
Tbilisisken. sxva gza arc aris da arc yofila arodes afxazeTisTvis,
garda saqarTvelosTan mWidro kavSirisa da masTan yofnisa ganuyrelad
WirSi da lxinSi”. amis Semdeg avtori askvnis, rom es iyo maTraxi
rusofilebisaTvis. “gaaTava giorgim da gamobrZanda darbazidan”146.
zemoTac vTqviT, rom am yrilobaze mainc miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba
afxazeTis kavkasiis mTielTa respublikaSi gawevrianebis Sesaxeb.
g.ServaSiZe 1918 wlis TebervalSi swored maSin gardaicvala, rodesac
soxums ruseTis SavizRvispireTis frontis samxedro eskadris javSnosani
gemi “karol karli” bombavda. Qqalaqis mTavroba kodorSi iyo gaxiznuli
da bolSevikebis mier soxumze mitanili SeiaraRebuli agresiis
CaxSobisTvis emzadeboda. gardacvlili uxmaurod da uferulad dakrZales
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moqvis sagvareulo taZarSi. afxazeTs giorgi ServaSiZis glovisTvis ar
ecala.
misi daRupva gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli CanaxatiT aRniSna
qarTvelma mweralma grigol robaqiZem. robaqiZiseuli teqsti, bunebrivia,
mxatvrul-literturuli ufroa, vidre _ publicisturi. avtorma gaixsena,
Tu rogor gaicno giorgi ServaSiZe: “igi cxeniT modioda soxumis quCaSi.
gadmoxta, gavicani: giorgi ServaSiZe Svili afxazeTis ukanaskneli
mTavrisa. ra SesaniSnavad adgas Coxa! tani maRlaT aris ayvanili silaRiT
kidev, _ Tumca etyoba eqvs aTeuls gadascilebia, aseTi moxdenili
Cacmuloba aravize minaxavs saqarTveloSi: aq iyo esTetika oskar uaildis
yelsaxvevisa, qarTuli yaida Cacmulobisa, mkacri stiliT CamokveTili:
sada da amasTanave metad rCeuli...
silamaze iveriuli: xazebis siswore da sirbile, sworupovari
profili: _ aqac sisadave da rCeuloba Tan. mTeli saukunoebia saWiro, rom
biologiurma SerCevam aseTi sruli tipi warmoSobos. ubralo mimoxvrac
mowmobs misi, rom mis gvarSi asi wlobiT yofila Seucnobeli fiqri
biologiuri rCeulobisa. araferSi etyoba Zaldataneba: moZraoba, Tavis
daWera, siaruli, baasi _ Tavisufali metad da amasTanave Zalzed
warCinebuli. rac unda moimoqmedos, yvelaferi lamazi gamouva _ gielvebT
fiqri”147.
SemdgomSi mwerali giorgi ServaSiZes soxumis qalaqis Tavis, niko
TavdgiriZis mier gamarTul vaxSamze Sexvda. amjerad ServaSiZes evropulad
ecva da aranakleb daxvewilad gamoiyureboda. robaqiZem gansakuTrebiT
aRniSna is garemoeba, rom giorgi ServaSiZe Tavisuflad saubrobda
frangulad, rusulad, qarTulad da afxazurad. agreTve, icoda germanuli
da inglisuri enebi. zedmiwevniT icoda “vefxistyaosani” da “TviTonac
mwignobrobda”.
“baasis sagani xSirad saqarTveloa. gabeduleba misi sakiTxis
gadawyvetaSi, araviTari kompromisi, sruli Tavisufleba _ ai misi fiqris
xveuli. xolo aqac neli, rbili, uRelvebeli. xandaxan osmaleTsac
Caayenebs saqarTvelos sakiTxSi da es im dros, rodesac TuTuns moaxvevs,
sagangebod ugzavnis stambolidan erTi osmalo... am dReebSi movida ambavi
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misi sikvdilisa, mogvSorda qarTuli rasis namdvili vaJi”148, werda
grigol robaqiZe.
Ggiorgi ServaSiZis xsovnas afxazeTSi pativi mxolod
gardacvalebidan 6 Tvis Semdeg miages. Aam dros saqarTvelo ukve
damoukidebeli respublika iyo. Wyondidelma episkoposma ambrosim (xelaiam)
soxumSi giorgi ServaSiZis sulis mosaxsenebeli paraklisi gadaixada.
kidev erTxel gaixsenes giorgi ServaSiZis anderZi: “saqarTvelo
uafxazeTod ar varga da afxazeTi usaqarTvelod”149.
gazeT “saqarTvelos” arc sxva afxazebis Rvawli dautovebia
yuradRebis gareSe. magaliTad, gazeTma aRniSna afxaz andria lakerbaias
gardacvalebac. “saqarTvelos” korespondentis TqmiT, gardacvlilma uari
Tqva samxedro samsaxurze, polkovnikobaze da momrigebeli mosamarTlis
naklebad sapatio Tanamdeboba airCia. misi aarCevani ganpirobebuli iyo
sakuTar patara erTan siaxlovis, misi Wirisa da lxinis gaziarebis
surviliT.
andria lakerbaia araerTxel gamohqomagebia Tavis mcirericxovan ers,
daucvia misi Rirseba, maSin, rodesac afxazebis Sesaxeb rusis mTavrobasTan
da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis macxovreblebTan araswori informacia
mihqondaT avis mosurneebso. sikvdilamde cota xniT adre mefis
kancelariaSi dautovebia moxseneba “simarTle afxazeTze”. piradulze win
yovelTvis sazogado saqme eyena da amitomac mTeli afxazeTi dastiriso,
werda gazeT “saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti.150
Aaqve oriode sityviT SevexebiT im garemoebas, rom maSin rodesac
afxazi eris reputaciasa da Rirsebas laxavdnen, gazeTi “saqarTvelo” misi
qomagobis tvirTs kisrulobda. 1916 wels afxazeTSi momsaxure erT rus
Cinovniks rusul gazeTSi gamouqveynebia statia, romelSic werda, rom
afxazeTSi mcxovrebi rusebi 1916 wlidan SiSiT elodnen afxazebisa da
Turqebis erTobliv ajanyebas da swored amitom garbodnen afxazeTidano151.
Cveni mxridan davZenT, rom XX saukunis daswyisSi afxazTa
proTurqulad ganwyobilma nawilma marTlac moawyo warumatebuli
SeiaraRebuli gadatrialebebi, oRond ara 1916, aramed 1918 wlebSi. sxva
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sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rusi Cinovnikis informaciaSi simarTlis wili
arcTu mcire iyo.
ATumca gazeTma “saqarTvelom” am braldebas provokacia uwoda da
mefis mTavrobis winaSe afxazTa reputacia ase daicva: “sinamdvileSi ki
afxazebi Svelodnen, exmarebodnen, umaspinZldebodnen im rus mcxovrebT,
romelnic soxums stovebdnen da mTebSi ixiznebodnen”, rusma generalma
zapinskim afxazebs namdvili patriotebi uwoda. mabezRara rusi moxelec
sicrues afxazTa Ralatze, albaT, maSin SeTxzavda, roca romelime
afxazis sufrasTan ijdao152, aRniSna gazeTis korespondentma.
Sejamebisas vityviT, rom afxazi patriotebis amagis dafasebiT da
maTi saqmis popularizaciiT, agreTve, afxazi eris Rirsebis qomagobiTa da
dacviT gazeT saqarTvelos” qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis daTboba-
mogvarebis saqmeSi sakuTari, gamokveTilad dadebiTi wvlili Sehqonda.
3. afxazeTSi menSevikuri mTavrobis
politikis kritika
gazeT “saqarTveloSi”, rogorc saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli
partiis beWdviT organoSi, sistematurad ibeWdeboda masalebi, romelic
socialisturi partiebis, gansakuTrebiT menSevikuri frTis politikas
akritikebda.
socializmis kritika afxazeTze gamoqveynebul sagazeTo masalebSic
drodadro gvxvdeba. gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondentebi akritikebdnen
jer amierkavkasiis komisariatisa da seimis, xolo Semdeg _ saqarTvelos
erovnuli mTavrobis politikas afxazeTSi. kerZod, maT ukmayofilebas
iwvevda menSevikuri mTavrobis sakadro da saarCevno politika; agreTve
isini miiCnevdnen, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas ufro efeqturad unda
ebrZola q. soWis SenarCunebisaaTvis da unda hqonoda pretenzia am
qalaqaze, miT ufro, rom saamiso safuZveli arsebobda. garda amisa,
“saqarTvelom” gaakritika afxazeTSi miwebis gadanawilebis sakiTxi.
3.1. menSevikuri mTavrobis sakadro da saarCevno
politikis kritika
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“saqarTvelos” erTi-erTi korespondentis (fsevdonimi in-ri) kritika
daimsaxura menSevikma generalma valiko juRelma. erT-erT werilSi153
gatarebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, swored general juRelis mier
daniSnulma rusma moxeleebma moaxdines provocireba imisa, rom afxazebma
TurqeTs daxmareba sTxoves.
1918 wlis TebervalSi afxazeTze bolSevikTa pirveli SeiaraRebuli
agresia rom moigeria, generalma juRelma soxumis samxedro mmarTveloba
Caabara aseve socilatebs, erovnebiT rus tugaevs (qalaqis komendanti) da
novikovs (Stabis ufrosi).
ivnisSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam germaniis sajariso nawilebs q.
soxumSi Sesvla sTxova. mTavrobis Txovna ganpirobebuli iyo moaruli
xmebiT, rom adgilobrivi separatistebi apirebdnen TurqeTisaTvis samxedro
daxmarebis Txovnas da afxazeTSi Turquli desantis gadmosxma igegmeboda.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis gaTvliT, es gegma CaiSleboda, Tuki soxumSi
germaniis samxedro nawilebi Sevidoda. gaTvla martiv logikas efuZneboda
_ germania pirvel msoflio omSi TurqeTis politikuri da samxedro
partniori iyo, amdenad TurqeTi ver gabedavda im teritoriis aneqsias,
sadac misi politikuri partnioris, germaniis samxedro nawilebi iqneboda
gamagrebuli.
germanelebma Txovna Segvisrules,Qq. soxumis portsa da sakrebulos
Senobis Tavze germanuli droSa afrialda. “saqarTvelos” korespondentis
TqmiT, aman Zalian gaabraza adgilobrivi rusebi, romelTac mxari aubes
juRelis mier daniSnulma tugaevma da novikovma. maT masxrad aigdes
germaneli maRalCinosani samxedroebi. soxumis sakrebuloSi Sesul
germanelebs moasmenines marselioza da am dros fexze adgomac ki
aiZules.
pirvelad germanelma samxedroebma es moiTmines, meored ki yvelaferi
sakuTar elCs Seatyobines, moxsnes TavianTi droSa da soxumi datoves.
safrangeTi pirvel msoflio omSi germania-TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. bunebrivia, kaizeruli germaniis samxedro pirebi Rrmad Seuracxyofilad igrZnobdnen Tavs, rodesac aiZules fexze adgoma da TavianTi mtris, safrangeTis erovnuli himnis (Tanac socialisturis) marseliozas mosmena .
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marTalia, soxumel rusebs es Zalian gauxardaT, magram germanelebis
wasvlam Turqebs gza gauxsna. erT kviraSi afxazi Tavadi al. marSania
gudauTaSi gamagrebul bolSevikebTan brZolis egidiT afxazeTSi 600
kacian Turqul desants SemouZRva. es faqti, “saqarTvelos” korespondentis
TqmiT, juRelis mier daniSnuli kadrebis utaqto politikis Sedegi iyo.154
redaqciis guliswyromas saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobis mier
qarTveli jariskacebis arsaTanado dafasebac iwvevda. gazeT
“saqarTvelos” publicistma niko TavdgiriZem erT-erT statiaSi qarTuli
sajariso nawilebisa da qarTveli jariskacebisadmi uRirsi
damokidebulebaSi daadanaSaula menSevikuri mTavrobis mier soxumSi
samoqalaqo Tavmjdomared daniSnuli gizo anjafariZe
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1918 wels afxazeTSi sami bolSevikuri
gamosvla jer amierkavkasiis, Semdeg ki, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
sajariso nawilebma CaaxSes. saomari moqmedebebis dros qarTvelma
jariskacebma cnobili sardlebis meTurobiT afxazeTis sazRvari
gaafarToves da q. tuafsec ki daiWires.
“saqarTvelo” werda: “general mazniaSvilis operaciebma soxumis
olqsa da Savi zRvis guberniaSi aRadgines qarTuli iaraRis prestiJi,
romelic SeibRala baTumis olqSi. Aamas ki udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs
erovnuli TviTcnobierebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. Kkidev ufro didi
mniSvneloba aqvs ucxoelebisaTvis, romlebic jer kidev ver
darwmunebulan, SegviZlian, Tu ara sakuTari ZalebiT saxelmwifos
aSeneba”155.
bunebrivia, rom qarTveli jariskacebi redaqciam gmirebad monaTla
da sakadrisi xotbac Seasxa. Tumca, TavdgiriZis TqmiT, soxumSi menSevik
sajaro moxeles gizo anjafariZes auTvalwunebia qarTveli oficrebi
iaSvili, Wkadua, dundua. isini sastumroSi qeifisas anjafariZes
gaulanZRavs kidec: “iciT me vin var! me SemiZlia Tqveni gaubedureba da
gasaldaTeba”. metic, oficeri dundua anjafariZem daaWerina kidec156.
1918 wlis aprilSi, maissa da ivnisSi TurqeTma daipyro aWara, aiRo q. baTumi da brZolebi axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebSi gadmoitana. axalSeqmnil qarTul armias uWirda TurqeTis Zlier samxedro ZalasTan dapirispireba.
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statiis avtori mkiTxvels afxazeTSi anjafariZis muSaobidan kidev
or faqts awvdis. pirveli isaa, rom anjafariZem soxumSi daabruna ori
bolSeviki, romlebic generalma mazniaSvilma antisaxelmwifoebrivi
moqmedebebis gamo afxazeTidan gaaZeva. (maT afxazeTidan gandevnil
bolSevikuri armiis nawilebisaTvis 2 mln saxelmwifo fuli gautanebiaT).
meore faqti ki is iyo, rom anjafariZem tuafses rusi mosaxleoba Sekriba
da ganucxada, saqarTvelos respublikas tuafses aReba ar surda, ubralod
bolSevikebTan brZolis gamo mouxda am qalaqis aReba. ruseTSi
bolSevikebis damarcxebisa da damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebis Semdeg
qarTuli jari tuafsesac da, rac ufr mniSvnelovania, soWsac datovebso157.
anjafariZis saqcieli statiis avtorma antiqarTul politikad
Seafasa: “saWiroa Cvenma mTavrobam meti dakvirveba da windaxeduleba
gamoiCinos, rodesac ganapira regionebSi agzavnis specialur
rwmunebulebs”158, werda TavdgiriZe.
amave werilSi niko TavdgiriZe aRSfoTebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom
saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis braldebiT mTavrobam daakava
cnobili, pativsacemi da, rac mTavaria, qarTvelebisadmi erTgulebiT
gamorCeuli afxazi Tavadi dimitri marSania. misi erTaderTi vaJi, Turme,
qarTul jarSi ibrZoda da mZimed daiWra kidec. dimitri marSania
menSevikur mTavrobas jer TbilisSi gadausaxlebia, mogvianebiT ki
udanaSaulod ucvnia da soxumSi daubrunebia. “amnaeri mopyrobis gamo
yvela is afxazi, romelic CvenTvis Tavs dadebda samsxverplod, Cveni
winaaRmdegi Seiqna”159, werda TavdgiriZe.
niko TavdgiriZe menSevikuri mTavrobis mier sando pirad miCneul
afxaz joto ServaSiZes akritikebs. afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos
Tavmjdomres, joto ServaSiZes saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobisaTvis
wauyenebia moTxovna, rom qarTulma jarebma afxazeTi saswrafod datovono.
amis gamo TavdgiriZem ServaSiZe “viTom Cvenianad” moixsenia.
“is jari, romelmac gansacdelisagan ixsna mTeli afxazeTi,
romelmac saarako gabeduleba da mamacoba gamoiCina bolSevikebTan
brZolaSi, es jari unda ganidevnos afxazeTidan? ras moaswavebs devna,
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damcireba, Cagvra da lanZRva generalis mazniaSvilisa, romelmac aRadgina
ucxoel erTa TvalSi qarTvel meomarTa saxeli?”, werda TavdgiriZe.
Ddabolos, TavdgiriZis gansakuTrebuli ukmayofileba gamoiwvia im
faqtma, rom pirveli gadatrialebis mcdelobis Semdeg, rodesac
saqarTvelos mTavrobam afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo daSlilad gamoacxada,
arCevnebis gareSe Seiqmna droebiTi saxalxo sabWo. es sabWo TiTqmis
mTlianad socialisti xmosnebiT dakompleqtda, xolo Tavmjdomaris
TanaSemwed da faqtobrivad yvela saqmis warmmarTvelad dainiSna rusi
demianovi.
TavdgiriZe werda: “Tu samarTlianobis aRdgena gvindoda,
konstitucionuri wesis Tanaxmad unda movqceuliyaviT: dagveTxova sabWos
mTeli Semadgenloba da axali, wesieri arCevnebi mogvexdina. Cven
gagvexarda, rom erTma nawilma sabWoisam ZaliT gareka meore,
sruluflebiani wevri sabWoisa, magram ra movigeT amiT? icis, Tu ara
mTavrobam, rom exlandeli, viTomda Cveni momxre afxazeTis sabWos
Tavmjdomaris TanaSemwed da faqtiurad saqmeebis gamged mowveulia
kerenskis kabinetSi yofili ministris TanaSemwe demianoviCi. es demianoviCi
aris momxre, TanamgrZnobeli da mesaidumle im rusi moRvaweebisa: tomara-
zaxarovebisa da kompaniisa, romelnic dauZinebeli mterni arian
qarTvelobisa da yovels saSualebas xmaroben, rom qarTvelebs afxazeTSi
niadagi mouspon”160, werda niko TavdgiriZe.
A am striqonebis daweridan 2 TveSi afxazeTSi moxda politikuri
gadatrialebis meore mcdeloba, amjerad TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis
inspirirebiT. gamarTlda niko TavdgiriZis eWvi imis Sesaxeb, rom demianovi
ruseTis intersebis gamtarebeli iyo. rogorc istorikos meri gabedava
wers, demianovi afxazeTis sazRvarTan, q. ekaterinodarSi gamagrebul
TeTrgvardieli sardlis aleqseevis kadri gaxldaT. movlenaTa
ganviTarebam daadastura, rom socialisti demianovi ruseTis monarqistuli
miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis iRvwoda.
metic, rusi demianovi 1919 wlis TebervalSi afxazeTSi
gamarTuli pirveli arCevnebis Semdegac darCa. man gars Semoikriba sabWos
kidev 7 wevri da afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi Seiqmna separatistulad
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ganwyobil xmosanTa jgufi. Cveni azriT, afxazeTis saxalxo sabWoSi
saqarTvelos interesebis mowinaaRmdegeeTa moxvedra iyo Sedegi 1918 wlis
dekemberSi saqarTvelos erovnul sabWosa da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier
miRebuli saarCevno debulebisa.
debulebam afxazeTSi macxovrebel saqarTvelos aramoqalaqe, anu sxva
qveynis moqalaqe pirebs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba daumtkica.
saarCevno debulebis me-2 muxlSi Caiwera: “afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos
wevrTa arCevnebis ufleba aqvs ganurCevlad sqesisa, erovnebisa da
sarwmunoebisa afxazeTSi mcxovreb yvela moqalaqes, romelsac saarCevno
siebis Sedgenamde Sesrulebia oci weliwadi da romelsac afxazeTSi
binadroba hqonia 1914 wlis ivlisis 19-mde”161.
jer kidev saarCevno debulebis miRebamde gazeT “saqarTvelos”
korespondenti (fsevdonomiT “rioneli”) iTxovda, rom saqarTvelos
parlaments es debuleba ar daemtkicebina. “nuTu, am pativcemulma pirebma
ar uwyian, ras niSnavs aseTi debuleba? nuTu, maT ar esmiT, Tu ra did
safrTxes umzadebs aseTi debuleba rogorc TviT afxazeTs, ise
saqarTvelos teritoriis mTlianobas? nuTu, maT ar ician, afxazeTSi dRes
binadrobs 60 aTasi rusi da 30 000 somexi, romelTa didi umravlesoba
ucxo saxelmwifos qveSevrdomia da amitom maTi miswrafeba, eWvi ar aris,
iqneba ucxoeTisken da ara saqarTvelosken?
da Tu esmiT, ras niSnavs yovelive es, maS ras niSnavs aseTi
politikuri Secdoma? vgoneb, dro aris movSordeT viwro partiul buruss,
vimoqmedoT saxelmwifoebrivi geziT da vawarmooT realuri politika”,
werda “saqarTvelos” korespondenti162.
misi ukmayofilebis meore mizezi iyo is, rom afxazeTis
saxalxo sabWos arCevnebisaTvis Seqmnil komisiaSi, romelic uxucesi
Cveni azriT aRniSnuli statiis avtori SeiZleba iyos niko nikolaZe, radgan
fsevdonimi “rioneli” erT-erTia misi fsevdonimebisagan. Tanac, statia, marTalia,
afxazeTs eZRvneba, magram faqtobrivad socialisturi da erovnuli msofl mxedvelobis
dapirispirebas asaxavs.
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menSevikis isidore ramiSvilis TavmjdomareobiTESeiqmna, afxazi erovnebis
erTi wevric ki ver moxvda. “amrigad, gamodis, rom centraluri saarCevno
komisia swyvets afxazebis beds TviT afxazebis dauswreblad163”, askvnis
“saqarTvelos” korespondenti.
isidore ramiSvilis pasuxma, rom Cven viwvevT afxazebs, magram isini
ar modiano, korespondenti ver daakamyofila. “simarTle gviTxraT, aseTi
pasuxi ar gvakmayofilebs. aseTi pasiuri moqceva mavnebelia rogorc TviT
afxazebisaTvis, ise saqarTvelos respublikisaTvis. saWroa batonma
ramiSvilma gamoikvlios afxazTa mousvlelobis mizezi, miiRos energiuli
zomebi da daainteresos am momaval arCevnebiT afxazi xalxi. gvwams, rom
afxazTa dauswreblobas centralur saarCevno komisiaSi mohyveba mavne da
usiamovno Sedegebi164”, werda “saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti.
afxazeTis saxalxo sabWos Semadgenloba marTlac Wreli gamodga. es
organo mudmivi urTierTdapirispirebis fonze muSaobda. pirvelsave
sxdomaze moxda konfliqti demianovis jgufsa da sabWos danarCen wevrebs
Soris. “saqarTvelos” korespondentis TqmiT, “parlamentSi (igulisxmeba
afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo m. m.) ori mimdinareobaa: umravlesoba _
demokratiuli; meore jgufi ki (sul 8 kaci) denikinis ruseTis momxreni165”.
amave korespondentis informciiT, sxdomaze ginebamde (separatistma
caguriam Segina mTel sabWos) daupirispirdnen erTmaneTs menSevikebi da
menSevikTa ukiduresad memarjvene jgufi (anu, afxazi separatistebi).
xmosanma kakubavam Tqva, rom “saqarTvelos demokratiam cecxliT da
maxviliT, sikvdiliT dasjiT da ZaldatanebiT, romelic ar naxula
nikoloz me-2 drosac, daimorCila afxazeTi”166.
sabWom miiRo rezolucia, (albaT, igulisxmeba “aqti avtonomiis
Sesaxeb”, romlis ZaliTac afxazeTi gamocxadda saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis avtonomiur erTeulad.). Dkorespondenciidan
vgebulobT, rom am process demianovi SeewinaaRmdega. misi azriT, sabWo ar
iyo uflebamosili emsjela, Sedioda Tu, ara afxazeTi saqarTvelos
respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc avtonomiuri erTeuli.
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Tumca, kenWisyriT gadawyda, rom sabWos amis uflebamosileba gaaCda.
demianovma am kenWisyraSi monawileoba ar miiRo.167.
amrigad, gazeTi “saqarTvelo” akritikebda afxazeTSi menSevikuri
centraluri mTavrobis sakadro da saarCevno politikas. redaqcias arc
socialisturi mTavrobis mier daniSnuli aseve socialisti kadrebi
moswonda da arc is _ Tu rogor Catarda afxazeTSi saxalxo sabWos
arCevnebi.
3.2 soWis SenarCunebisaTavis arasaTanado brZola
araerTgzis aRvniSneT, rom qarTulma armiam 1918 wels aiRo qalaqebi
gagra, soWi, tuafse. tuafse ramdenime kviraSi davTmeT. Tumca,
TeTrgvardieli generali aleqseevi moiTxovda, rom qarTul armias q.
soWic daecala. 1918 wlis agvisto da seqtemberi saqarTvelos sagareo
ministrma evgeni gegeWkorma q. ekarterinodarSi aleqseevis
warmomadgenlebTan molaparakebaSi gaatara.
molaparakebebi jer dasrulebuli ar iyo, rodesac gazeT
“saqarTveloSi” cnobilma qarTvelma istorikosma sargis kakabaZem
gamoaqveyna statia “Savi zRvis sanapirosaTvis”168. statiaSi igi aRniSnavs,
rom tuafse dakargulia da ev. gegeWkors bedad xvda am danakargis
oficialurad dadastureba. Tumca, meore qalaqi soWi, araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar unda davTmoT, radgan am qalaqSi qarTveli mosaxleoba angariSgasawev
Zalas warmoadgens da garda amisa, es qalaqi istoriulad ZvelqarTuli
qalaqiao. bolos, s. kakabaZe soWis strategiul mniSvnelobazec miuTiTebs.
“... Savi zRvis sanapirozed Cveni mijnis mogvarebis saqmeSi Cven mxars
aRaravin dagviWers. saqarTvelos demokratiam unda izrunos sakuTari
ZaliT am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad da energiulad unda Seudges, sanam
dakargulis dabruneba SesaZlebeli iqneba, imis SenarCunebas mainc, rac
Cvens xelT aris. Savi zRvis sanapirozed Cveni sazRvrebi unda
uzrunvelyofil iqmnas. amas moiTxovs Cveni qveynis Tavisufali momavali
da misi interesebi”169.
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menSevikuri mTavroba tuafsesa da soWis SenarCunebas didi
mniSvnelobis amocanad ar miiCnevda. niko TavdgiriZe gazeT “saqarTveloSi”
gamoqveyenebul werilSi ambobs, rom man saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan
Sesaxvedrad TbilisSi Cerqezebis warmomadgeneli Camoiyvana.
Sexvedris mizani iyo, rom q. tuafseSi macxovrebeli eTnikur
Cerqezebs tuafses SenarCunebis saqmeSi saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis mxari
daeWiraT. TavdgiriZe Savi zRvis qalaqebis SenarCunebis aucileblobas ase
asabuTebda: “tuapse Cveni sanapiroebis da sazRvrebis gasamagreblad
iseTive aucilebelia, rogorc darialis xeoba. Tu tuapse Cven
gankargulebaSi ar iqna, zRvis sanapiroebis dcvas da SenarCunebas Cven ver
SevZlebT”170. Tumca, saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgneblebi Cerqezebis
warmomadgenels arc ki Sexvedrian.
“batonma Cvenma sagangebo rwunebulma evgeni gegeWkorma me TviTon
miTxra: ras veCrebiT Cven tuafsesa da soWSi, roca samegrelo ver
dagvimSvidebiao. SeiZleba es marTali gancxadebac iyos, magram amgvari
ganwyobiT Cven general aleqseevs verafers gamovrCebiT...”171, werda n.
TavdgiriZe.
mogvianebiT, rodesac amierkavkasiaSi germaniis jarebi britaneTis
gaerTianebuli samefos jarebma Caanacvles, saqarTvelos mTavrobis
pozicia aseTi iyo: “soWis olqi qarTveli jaris mier daWerilia droebiT,
TviT adgilobriv mcxovreblebis survilis mixedviT da es teritoria
ruseTs daubrundeba, roca TviT ruseTSi normaluri saxelmwifoebrivi
cxovreba damyardeba...”,172”
gazeT “saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti ar eTanxmeboda saqarTvelos
mTavrobis pozicias: “Cveni mTavrobis pretenziebi ar scildeba e.w. gagris
WiSkars, romelic b. n. Jordanias sityviT saqarTvelos istoriul da
strategiul sazRvars warmoadgens... soWis olqi sruliadac ruseTis udavo
kuTvnilebas ar warmoadgens. rogorc ukanasknelma gamokvlevebma
daamtkica, araTu soWis, aramed TviT axlandeli tuafses olqi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi Sedioda.
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rasakvirvelia, dRes Cvens pretenziebs marto Tamar mefis droindeli
sigelebiT ver davicavT, magram rogorc viciT, saqarTvelos respublika
memkvidrea aramarto bagrationebis saqarTvelosi, aramed amierkavkasiis
administratiuli da politikuri erTeulisa, romelSic yovelTvis mTeli
Savi zRvis gubernia Sedioda.
soWis olqSi daaxloebiT samocdaaTi aTasi suli cxovrobs da aqedan
rusoba mxolod naxevari, e.i. ocdaTxuTmeti aTasia. yvelaze Cqaris tempiT
qarTveli mosaxleoba izrdeba da es gasakvirveli arc aris, radgan olqs
mWidrod dasaxlebuli qarTuli provinciebi akravs da Zveli jiqeTi
klimaturi pirobebiT samegrelos da afxazeTis gagrZelebas
warmoadgens”173.
maSasadame, socialisturi mTavrobis kritikis kidev erTi mizezi
mTavrobis mier q. soWis SenarCunebisaTvis arasaTanado brZola iqca.
3.3 afxazeTSi miwebis gadanawilebis politikis kritika
afxazeTSi miwis politika kidev erTi mizezi iyo, ris gamoc gazeT
“saqarTvelos” publicistebma menSevikuri mTavroba gaakritikes.
1918 wlis gazeT “saqarTvelos” me-6 nomerSi gamoqveynebulia
sainformacio SeniSvna, rom glexTa daJinebuli moTxovnis gamo afxazeTis
saxalxo sabWom daadgina “saxazino, sakabineto, sufliswulo, saeklesio,
samonastro da msxvil mesakuTreTa tyeebi da mTebi unda gadavides
abxazebis da abxazeTis miwa-wyalze mosaxle sxva erTa saTemo
wyobilebaSi”174.
miwis saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadeba is umtkivneulesi Tema iyo,
rac afxazi Tavad-aznaurobis antiqarTul ganwyobas kidev ufro
amZafrebda. jer kidev mefis ruseTis damxobamde megreli moijarade
glexebis socialisturma moTxovnebma, miwaze maTma pretenziebma afxazi
Tavadaznaurobis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. is, rom megreli moijarade
glexebis socialisturi ganwyoba afxazebis gabrazebis mizezi xdeboda _
jer kidev 1917 wels gazeT “saqarTveloSi” niko TavdgiriZem aRniSna (ix:
“saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #171; gv:2.). amis Sesaxeb Cven am Tavis SesavalSic
visaubreT.
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mogvianebiT, saqarTvelos menSevikurma mTavrobam gamosca miwis
dekreti da faqtobrivad miwa saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamoacxada. amis
Sesaxeb gazeT “saqarTveloSi” zaqaria edili werda: “[miwis dekreti]
afxazeTisaTvis metad naadrevi iyo, visac unaxavs afxazeTi, imas isic
ecodineba, rom afxazeTSi dRemdis TiTqmis sisruliT Senaxuli iyo
feodaluri weswyobileba. is pativiscema, is Tavazi, rac 60 wlis winad iyo
CvenSi, afxazeTSi Seucvlelad aris darCenili. dRemdis TavadiSvilis
sityva maTTvis TiTqmis wmindaTa wminda iyo”175.
xolo niko TavdgiriZe, romelic Tavdapirvelad megrel moijaradeTa
socialistur ganwyobas akritikebda, SemdgomS menSevikur mTavrobas
mouwodebda amjerad megreli moijaradeebi ar gaebrazebina. moijarade
megrelebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTSi miwebi saxelmwifo sakuTrebad
gamocxadda, kvlavindeburad umiwod darCnen. saqarTvelos mTavroba maTi
miwiT dakmayofilebis sakiTxs arc ki ganixilavda, Tumca, gaCnda mosazreba,
rom CamorTmeul miwebze TurqeTSi gadasxalebuli muhajirebi unda
daebrunebinaT. aseTi perspeqtiva iwvevda moijarade megrelebis
ukmayofilebas da maTi “gabolSevikebis” process uwyobda xels.
“umiwo da sapatrono Cveneburi moijarade glexebia, eseni arian
faqtiuri memkvidreni aznaurebis mamulis. Cveni socialistebi ki Cven
glexebs arTmeven ofliT da tanjviT gawmendil-damSvenebul miwebs da
saTaTreTSi gaqceul muhajirebs aZleven. Cveneburma glexma veRar gaigo:
vin aris misi mteri da vin _ moyvare. menSevikebi arTmeven miwas da
bolSevikebi ki aZleven”176, werda niko TavdgiriZe. (xazi Cvenia. m. m.)
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom safuZvels ar iyo
moklebuli afxazi separatistebis SiSi _ “saqarTvelos avtonomia Tu
gamocxadda, Cvenc imaSi mogvaTavseben da radganac CvenSi bevri mamulia,
qarTvelebi movlen da Camogvisaxldebiano”. Cven mier ganxiluli ori
statia miuTiTebs imaze, rom afxazeTSi mciremiwianobiT datanjuli
megreli glexebis Casaxleba saqarTvelosaTvis (yovel SemTxvevaSi
saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlebisaTvis)
sasurvel perspeqtivad ganixileboda.
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pirveli statiis avtori werda_ “Tu Savi zRvis gubernia
saqarTvelom SemoierTa, xelovnurad amarTuli yoreebi moiSleba da
soWisa da tuafses midamoebis gaqarTuleba ramdenime welSi moxdeba. es
sabolood daaSoSminebs samegrelosac, romelic did siviwroves ganicdis
Tavisufali miwis uqonlobiT177” xolo niko TavdgiriZe werda: “umiwo da
sapatrono Cveneburi moijarade glexebia, eseni arian faqtiuri memkvidreni
aznaurebis mamulis...” (orivegan xazi Cvenia).
maSasadame, Cveni dakvirvebiT gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebi
afxazeTSi miwebis) saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebas ( da saerTodac
mTela saqarTveloSi kerZo sakuTrebis CamorTmevas ewinaaRmdegebodnen.
Tumca, Tu xelisufleba miwebs saxelmwifo sakuTrebad mainc acxadebda,
“saqarTvelos” publicistTa azriT, saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebuli
afxazeTis miwebi erovnebiT qarTvel/megrel glexebze unda
gadanawilebuiliyo. Tu es ase ar moxdeboda, umiwo megrelebi bolSevikuri
ruseTis mekavSired iqceodnen.
4. afxazeTis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli
publikaciebis statistika; daskvnebi
statistika, avtorebi, fsevdonimebi. gazeT “saqarTveloSi” 1915-21
wlebSi afxazeTze gamoqveynebuli yvela publikacia im mizezis gamo ver
aRvwereT, rom saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnul biblioTekaSi daculi
koleqcia sakmaod naklulia.
afxazeTis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli da Cven mier mopovebul-
damuSavebuli publikaciebis saerTo raodenoba Seadgens 218-s. aqedan didi
nawili sainformacio SeniSvnebs ukaviaT. sainformacio SeniSvnebi gazeT
“saqarTvelos” xan meore, xanac mesame gverdze qveyndeboda rubrikiT
“qronika”.
weli
publikaciebis jamuri odenoba
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1915
28
1916
35
1917
44
1918
34
1919
33
1920
32
1921
12
sul
218
sainformacio SeniSvnebi, sainformacio korespondenciebis didi
nawili da zogierTi saredaqcio statia (saredaqcio statiebs eTmoboda
gazeTis pirveli, an meore gverdi) avtoris xelmoweris gareSe qveyndeboda.
xelmowera aqvT mxolod analitikur statiebs, romlebic gazeTis
SuagulSi, meore da mesame gverdze qveyndeboda. iSviaT SemTxvevaSi avtori
xels awerda saredaqcio, anu pirvel gverdze gamoqveynebul publikaciasac.
afxazeTis Tematikas yvelaze ufro intensiurad aSuqebdnen zaqaria
edili da niko TavdgiriZe. Tumca, saintereso analitikuri statiebi
gamoaqveynes _ spiridon kediam, grigol veSapelma, arqimandritma ambrosi
xelaiam. ramdenime literaturul-publicisturi narkvevi ki, grigol
robaqiZis kalams ekuTvnis.
afxazeTze momuSave Jurnalistebis Cven mier aRnusxuli fsevdonimebia:
am-beri; galius; glexiSvili; i-le-baRaTureli; iloreli; in-ri; irakli; kai;
megobari; rioneli; sali; s. f. ; Waxraki; juanSer; i.j. ; javaxi.
fsevdonimebis umravlesoba ucnobia. cnobilia mxolod is, rom
fsevdonimi am-beri ekuTvnis ambrosi xelaias. amis Sesaxeb wers misi
moRvaweobis mkvlevari n. papuaSvili Cven mier araerTgzis miTiTebul
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wignSi “ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi”;
Tb; 2005w. wignis avtori kaaTolokos patriarq kalistrate cincaZis
mogonebebze (“Cemi mogonebebi”; Tbilisi 2001 weli) dayrdnobiT acxadebs,
rom ambrosi xelaias publicisturi fsevdonimebidan cnobilia ramdenime:
“amberi”’ “qorinbedieli”; “samurzayanoeli”. (ix, dasax naSromi gv: 42).
rac Seexeba fsevdonimebs _ i.j. da javaxi _ isini, Cveni varaudiT,
ekiTvnis “saqarTvelos” publicists iason javaxiSvils, romelmac sakuTari
gvar-saxeliTac gamoaqveyna ramdenime publikacia afxazeTze. samwuxarod,
iason javaxiSvilis biografia, an sxva raime faqti misi moRvaweobidan,
CvenTvis ucnobia. amitomac, igi SesavalSi gazeT “saqarTvelos” e.w.
naklebad cnobil publicistebs mivakuTvneT.
kidev erTi fsevdonimi “rioneli”, savaraudod niko nikolaZes
ekuTvnis. is faqti, rom aRniSnuli fsevdonimi e.w. gaSfrul fsevdonimTa
rigs miekuTvneba, sakmarisad ar migvaCnia, radgan igi SeiZleba imereTSi md.
rionis daba-soflebsa da q. quTaisSi macxovrebel sxva publicistsac aeRo.
Tumca, im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom werili warmoadgens
afxazeTSi menSevikuri mTavrobis saarCevno politkis kritikas, agreTve,
weris stilisa da argumentebis damajereblobis gamo vfiqrobT, rom
aRniSnuli statiis avtori, fsevdonimiT “rioneli” SeiZleba iyos niko
nikolaZe.
daskvnebi. amrigad, gazeT “saqarTveloSi” xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
Suqdeboda me-20 saukunis dasawyisis afxazeTis cxovreba. afxazeTis Sesaxeb
gamoqveynebul publikaciebs Soris Warbobs sainformacio xasiaTis
masalebi. analitikuri masalaTa raodenoba SedarebiT mcirea, Tumca
sakmarisia, raTa gavigoT redaqciis pozicia, Sexeduleba am metad rTul da
Tavisebur regionSi warmoqmnil problemebTan dakavSirebiT.
afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili sagazeTo masalebis analizisas Cven vcadeT
gamogvekveTa is faqtebi, romlebnac aRweres regionSi arsebuli
separtistuli moZraobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. kerZod,
“afxazeTis arCevnebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918 w; # 241; gv: 3 – 4.
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1. qarTuli enis devna. afxazeTSi jer kidev mefis ruseTis damxobamde
idevneboda qarTuli ena. ena idevneboda skolebidan, eklesiidan,
yoveldRiuri yofa-cxovrebidanac ki. mefis ruseTis damxobis Semdeg sxva
regionebisgan gansxvavebiT, afxazeTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili
(maT Soris eTnikuri afxazebi) ar miesalma skolebSi qarTul enaze
swavlebis SemoRebas.
qarTuli enis eklesiebSi dabrunebac did dabrkolebebs gadaawyda.
gazeT “saqarTvelos” cnobiT, soxumis sakaTedro taZarSi 1919 wels, anu
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos respublikis arsebobidan wlinaxevris Semdegac
wirva-locva rusul enaze mimdinareobda.
rac Seexeba afxazur enas, is politikuri jgufi, romelsac gazeTi
“saqarTvelo” warmoadgenda miiCnevda, rom afxazuri ena, iseve rogorc
afxazuri kultura mTlianad, gansakuTrebuli mofrTxilebis sagnad unda
qceuliyo.
2. afxazeTis marTlmadideburi eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi. gazeT
“saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis mixedviT vaskvniT, rom me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi eTnikur afxazebs Soris iyo ori jgufi. erT maTgans
surda afxazeTis eklesiis avtokefalia da es survili saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebluri eklesis avtokefaliis aRdgenisTanave daafiqsires.
savaraudod swored am jgufis moTxovniT, jer kidev mefis ruseTis
dros (1916 wels) dRis wesrigSi dadga afxazeTis eklesiis saqarTvelos
saegzarqosodan gamijnvis sakiTxi. am perspeqtivas SeewinaaRmdega eTnikur
afxazTa proqarTuli jgufi. isini TbilisSi Camovidnen, Sexvdnen egzarqos
platons da amierkavkasiis mefisnacvals did mTavars nikoloz nikolozis
Zes. maTi Txovna iyo, rom afxazeTis eklesia ar gamoscalkaveboda
saqarTvelos saegzarqosos.
gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebi cdilobdnen ganemartaT, rom
istoriulad afxazeTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia ruseTis ki ara,
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.
zaqaria edilic ki, romelic afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis
avtokefaliis moTxovnas igi istoriulad gamarTlebul moTxovnad
miiCnevda, werda:
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“axalgazrda afxazi samRvdeloeba rusifikatorebis xelSia
aRzrdili. rusifikatorebma afxazi samRvdeloeba qarTvelebisadmi
mtrulad gawvrTneso da maTgan gandgomis mets arafers unda moelodeTo,
miTxres soxumelebma”. (xazi Cvenia m.m.) sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
avtokefaliis moTxovna, zogadad qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi da
sarwmunoebrivi sivrcidan separaciis survili, gazeT “saqarTvelos”
publicistTa azriT, Sedegi iyo aswliani rusifikatoruli politikisa.
ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis rusifikatoruli politikis mxilebas
mieZRvna gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli araerTi publikacia.
gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebi afxazeTis marTlmadidebluri
eklesiis TviTmyofadobis gadarCenis erTaderT gzad mis istoriul wiaRSi,
qarTul marTlmadideblur eklesiaSi dabrunebas miiCnevdnen. Wyondideli
mitropolitis ambrosi xelais qadagebaSi afxaz marTlmadideblebs
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia atyobinebda: “arc Zvelad...
rodesac Cveni eklesia TviT ganagebda Tavis beds, ar uwarmoebia da arc
axla, rasakvirvelia, ar awarmoebs masze mcirericxovani erebis eklesiurad
STanTqmis politikas, piriqiT, yovelTvis xels uwyobda sxva Tanamorwmune
xalxTa eklesiis nacionalizacias...” – wminda ambrosis es mimarTva swored
gazeTma “saqarTvelom” Semogvinaxa.
3. afxazeTis politikuri mdgomareobis gaSuqeba. rTul sagareo
mdgomareobas afxazi separatistebis jgufi Sida daZabulobis
inicirebisaTvis iyenebda. maT jer kavkasiis mTielTa kavSiris daxmarebiT
surdaT saqarTvelosgan gancalkaveba, Semdeg _ TurqeTis daxmarebiT,
bolos ki _ TeTrgvardiuli ruseTis.
es procesebi, saxelmwifo gadatrialebebis mcdelobebi da denikinis
armiasTan brZola gazeTma “saqarTvelomac” gaaSuqa. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom separatistulad ganwyobili afxazebi redaqcias ar daudanaSaulebia.
maTi damunaTeba, Sercxvena-danamuseba gazeTis arc erT nomerSi ar gvxvdeba.
yvelaze ufro mZafri Sefaseba, romelsac Cven afxazeTSi mimdinare
separatistuli moZraobis Sefasebisas gazeT “saqarTveloSi” gadavawydiT,
aseTia: “... somxebisa da rusebis fuliTa da CagonebiT gabriyvebuli,
Tanamedrove pirobebiT ukmayofilo nawili Cveni istoriulad moZme
afxazebisa farul da cbier politikas awarmoeben: erTi nawli gvemxroboda
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da meore nawili zurgSi dasacemad iaraRs isxamda da osmaleTis jaris
gadmosasxmelad emzadeboda”178 _ es mkacri Sefaseba, romelic niko
TavdgiriZes ekuTvnis gamonaklisia, sxva msgavsi Sefaseba Cven gazeT
“saqarTveloSi” ar Segvxvedria.
gazeTSi gaSuqda afxazeTSi ganxorcielebuli bolSevikuri samxedro
agresiebic. Tumca, es gamosvlebi adgilobrivi separatistulad ganwyobili
afxazebis mxardaWriT ar sargeblobdnen. mas mxars uWerdnen umiwod
darCenili afxazeTSi mkvidri qarTveli, somexi, berZeni da, rac mTavaria,
rusi mosaxleoba. Seabamisad, es sxvanaeri mxolod socialuri motiviT
nasazrdovebi separatizmi iyo, rac swored aseTad Seafasa kidec gazeT
“saqarTvelos” redaqciam.
3. afxazebis dafaseba-gamoqomageba. gazeT “saqarTveloSi”
gamoqveynda ramdenime publikacia, romlebSic Jurnalistebma pativi miages
Rirseul da patriot afxazebs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia afxazeTis
ukanaskneli mTavris vaJis, afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos gulmxurvale
mamuliSvilis giorgi ServaSiZisadmi miZRvnili publikacia, romlis
avtoric grigol robaqiZea.
garda amisa, gazeT “saqarTvelos” furclebze Semonaxulia afxazi
patriotis andria lakerbaias saxeli. gazeTis redaqcia gamoeqomaga afxazi
eris Rirsebas, rodesac afxazebs rusul presaSi igi ruseTis imperiisadmi
Ralatis brali dasdes.
Cveni varaudiT, aseTi publikaciebis mizani qarTul-afxazuri
urTierTobebis daTboba da daregulireba iyo.
4. menSevikuri mTavrobis politikis kritika. gazeT ‘saqarTveloSi”
gamoqveynebul publikaciebis erT nawilSi gakritikebulia menSevikuri
mTavrobis politika afxazeTSi. kritikas imsaxurebda
a) araswori sakadro politika _ sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze
pirTa partiuli niSniT daniSnva. gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistTa azriT,
swored socialisti Cinovnikebi arTulebdnen qarTul-afxazur
urTierTobebs. waxalisebulni iyvnen zianis momtani pirebi, xolo devnas
ganicdidnen afxazi da qarTveli patriotebi. magaliTad, afxazi Tavadi
dimitri ServaSiZe, romelic usamarTlod daadanaSaules da daiWires, aseve
udierad moepyrnen qarTuli armiis sanaqebo jariskacebs.
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b) soWis SenarCunebisaTvis arasaTanado brZola. gazeT “saqarTvelos”
araerTi saredaqcio werilSi gaakritikes menSevikuri mTavrobis mier q.
soWis SenarCunebisaTvis gaweuli Zalisxmeva. publicistebis aziriT,
menSevikuri mTavroba arasaTanadod ibrZoda am qalaqisaTvis. miT ufro, rom
soWi saqarTvelos mxolod Sua saukuneebis istoriis safuZvelze ki ara,
uaxlesi istoriis safuZvelzec ekuTvniso. mefis ruseTis daSlisa da
amierkavkasiis federaciuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg Savi zRvis
gubernia (romelSic q. soWic) Sedioda saqarTvelos nawilad gamocxadda.
gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebis azriT, soWis dakargva samxreT-
dasavleTis karibWis moSlasa da mtrisTvis qveynis sazRvrebis gaxsnas
niSnavda.
g) miwis politika afxazeTSi _ gazeT “saqarTvelos” publicistebis
azriT, afxazeTSi miwebis saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadeba ar unda
momxdariyo, radgan patriarqalur, feodalur urTierTobebis mqone
regionSi es nabiji mtrul nabijad iqneboda aRqmuli da afxazebis
antiqarTul ganwyobas kidev ufro gaamZafrebda.
Tumca, saqarTvelos xelisufleba afxazeTSi miwebs saxelmwifo
sakuTrebad mainc acxadebda, “saqarTvelos” publicistTa azriT,
saxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadebuli afxazeTis miwebi erovnebiT
qarTvel/megrel glexebze unda gadanawilebuliyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
umiwo megrelebi bolSevikuri ruseTis mekavSired iqceodnen.
maSasadame, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis yoveldRiurma gazeTma
“saqarTvelom” 1915-21 wlebSi gaaSuqa saqarTvelos erT-erTi urTulesi
regionis, afxazeTis yofa-cxovreba; asaxa is mravalferovani da rTuli
procesebi, romlebic regionSi mimdinareobda. gazeT “saqarTvelos”
furclebze Semonaxul sagazeTo masalebSi SexvdebiT araerT sagulisxmo
faqts, romelic SeiZleba Zlier sasargeblo iyos afxazur-qarTuli
konfliqtis SeswavliT dainteresebuli specialistebis kvlevebisaTvis.
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II samaCablo
1. samaCablo XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi
Zveli samaCablos, amJamad samxreT oseTis separatistul respublikad
wodebuli teritoria “CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, sadac osTa istoriuli
samSoblo mdebareobs imaTaviTve gamoyofilia saxelmwifo da imavdroulad
bunebrivi sazRvriT _ kavkasonis mTavari wyalgamyofi TxemiT179”.
qarTveli da angariSgasawevi osi (g.TogoSvili, v.abaevi) istorkosebi
SeTanxmebulebi arian im sakiTxze, rom Crdiloet oseTidan Sida qarTlSi _
maCablebis, argvisa da qsnis erisTavebis samflobeloSi osebma Camosaxleba
daiwyes XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. “saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul osebs 1922
wlamde arasodes hqoniaT raime eTnopolitikuri, an eTnoteritoriuli
erTeuli, isini saarTveloSi erovnul umciresobas warmoadgendnen. cneba
“samxreT oseTi” Sida qarTlis mTianeTis osTa kompaqturi dasaxlebis
teritoriis aRsaniSnavad xelovnurad mkvidrdeboda mimoqcevaSi qarTl-
kaxeTis samefos ruseTis mier mierTebisa da saqarTvelos oriaTaswlovani
saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis Semdeg, rac faqtobrivad yovlad
gaumarTlebeli da miuRebeli iyo, magram imperiuli zraxvebis
gansaxorcieleblad erToba xelsayreli gaxldaT180”, _ aseTia qarTvel
istorikosTa erTi jgufis Sefaseba.
osTa separatizmis aSkara gamovlineba saqarTvelos damoukidebeli
respublikis SeqmnisTanave daiwyo. marTalia, samxreT oseTis xalxTa me-5
yrilobam, romelic sofel javaSi 1918 wels gaimarTa, daadgina, rom
“samxreT oseTi Sedis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
SemadgenlobaSi farTe teritoriuli TviTmmarTvelobis safuZvelze ...181”,
magrm am amis miuxedavad samxreT oseTi iqca teritoriad, saidanc yvelaze
realur safrTxe daemuqra saqarTvelos axalgazrda respublikas. 1918-20
wlebSi samxreT oseTSi samjer moewyo ajanyeba saqarTvelos respulikis
mtavrobis damxobis mizniT.
gazeT “saqarTvelos” korespondenti zaqaria edili Tavisi
samogzauro korepondenciebis ciklSi “saqarTvelos osebi” werda: “osebma
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milion naxevari fuli Sekribes da daiwyes axali gzis gayvana, romelic maT
CrdiloeT oseTTan SeaerTebda. Ees gza gahyveba kexvidan liaxvis xeobas,
gaivlis Suaguls saqarTvelos oseTisas soflebs gufia, javas, xces, vanils,
rokis, aq gadava mtagrexilzed, Cava sofel zaqiSi da Semdeg alagirSi. Es
gza aerTebs orTave oseTs amersa da imersa. amrigad SeerTdeba da gaxdeba
mTliani erTeuli kavkasiis mtagrexiliT Saugaglejili oseTisa... CvenTvis
ki sabediswero mniSvneloba eqneba am gzas182”, werda zaqaria edili
samaCabloSi macxovrebel eTnikurad osi mosaxleoba “saqarTvelos”
Jurnalistma daaxasiaTa, rogorc uaRresad Sromis moyvare. miwaTmoqmedebis
garda, isini misdeven msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis moSenebas. Osuri rZis
nawarmi da Zroxis xorci, Jurnalistis TqmiT, TbilisSi Zalian Zvirad
fasobda.
Oosebi Wridnen xe-tyes da amuSavebdnen xis masalas. 1917 wlis Tebervlis
revoluciis Semdeg osebma TbilisTan vaWrobas arCies CrdiloeT kavkasiaTan
vaWroba, iqidan ki deficituri saqonei _ fqvili, Saqari da navTi
CamohqondaT. Isini qarTvelebzec hyiddnen am saqonels, oRond kategoriulad
moiTxovdnen rusul fuls, rac damoukidebel saqarTveloSi didi deficiti
iyo.
edilis TqmiT, osebisaTvis orcolianoba Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo.
“isini sixaruliT mravldebian, yvela ojaxSi 5-10 bavSvia”. Gamravlebuli
osuri mosaxleoba verar eteva, amitomac eZebs cariel adgilebs.
“qaTvelebisadmi osebis aramegobruli damokidebuleba aris isetive,
rogoric aris Raribisa mdidrisadmi, umiwawylosi, kargi
dedulmamulianisadmi da sxva. marTalia, qarTveli glexi bevriT arafriT
aris SeZlebuli oseTis glexebzed, magram masTan SedarebiT ufro farToda
scxovrobs, ufro meti miwa-wyali aqvs da aqedan gamomdinareobs Suri
qarTvelebisadmi...
dRes osoba saltesaviT ertymis qarTlsa da Sig mis SuagulSia SeWrili.
qarTls saSneli safrTxe moelis da am friads seriozuls sakiTxs Cvenma
mtavrobam droulad unda miaqcios yuradReba da osebs sxva adgili misces
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sadme dasasaxleblad, raTa osebma mTelli qarTli Suazed ar gahglijon da
amiT didi safrTxe ar moumzadon saqarTvelos”183, werda zaqaria edili.
gazeT “saqarTveloSi” samaCablos Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli Jurnalisturi
masalebi cxadyofen, rom me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi eTnikuri osebis mxridan
adgili hqonda mravalaner kriminals _ Zarcvas, yaCaRobas, Tavdasxmebs,
adamianTa cemas, gatacebasa da mkvlelobas. Jurnalisturi masalebis
mixedviT istoriuli Sida qarTli ikveTeba rogorc erTgvari ankalavi,
kriminalebis mier kontrolirebadi teritoria, romelzec verc
amierkavkasiisa da SemdgomSi verc saqarTvelos xelisufleba faqtobrivad
kontrols ver amyarebda.
mkvlevar avTandil sonRulaSvilis TqmiT, kriminogenuri vitareba
gansakuTrebiT pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg gamwvavda. “maT
Seqmnes ZiriTadad osebiT dakompleqtebuli 300 kaciani SeiarARebuli razmi
da “wesrigis damyarebis” sababiT memamuleTa ojaxebze, saerTod
qarTvelebze Tavdasxmebi Zarcvis mizniT. Aam faqts aRiarebs samxreT
oseTis erovnuli sabWos pirveli sesiac, romelic 1918 wlis 3-4 marts
gaimarTa184”.
samaCablo (rogorc didi, ise patar liaxvis xeoba) eTnikuri
TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi yvelaze ufro Wreli mxare iyo, Tumca,
afxazeTisgan gansxvavebiT erovnebiT qarTul mosaxleobas aq gamokveTilad
didi adgili eWira. demograf anzor ToTaZis mier mopovebuli monacemebit
Cans, rom q. cxinvalSi, romelic dRes ukve dedaqalaqia separatistuli
respublikisa, 1922 wels osebi raodenobis mixedviT erT-erT bolo adgilas
idgnen. Pirveli adgili ebraelebs (1651 suli); meore qarTvelebs (1436), mesame
somxebs (765) ekavaT. osebi ki rigiT meoTxe adgilas (613) sjerdebodnen.
mravlerovan samaCabloSi (rogorc didi, ise patara liaxvis xeobebSi)
kapitalizmis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze myofi sazogadoeba cxovrobda.
zemoTa mxare ufro tradiciuli, feodaluri sazogadoebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli wes-CveulebebiT cxovrobda da dagvianebiT iTvisebda
kapitalisturi sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel progress.
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“xeobis Sua welSi gansakuTrebiT SeiniSneboda somex vaWarTa
momZlavreba, romeltac TiTo-orola duqnis gaxsniT daiwyes mTis
mosaxleobaSi fexis mokideba. Analogiuri procesebi mimdinareobda liaxvis
xeobis socialur-ekonomikur struqturaSic, sadac somex vaWarTa moqmedebas
cvlida da did konkurencias uwevda cxinvalis regionSi friad
momZlavrebuli ebrauli mosaxleoba, romelnic zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda
ra mosaxleobis yofiT Cvevebs, isini SesaniSnavad uxamebdnen TavianT vaWrul
moqnilobas damoTxovnilebis Sesabamisad maragebdnen wvrilman samrewvelo
saqonliT. aRniSnuli procesi, soflad kapitalizis ganvitarebis
Sesabamisad sul ufro da ufro farTovdeboda. iwyeba patar-patara savaWro
fardulebisa da saxelosnoebis gaxsna, romelTac gandevnes aqamde e.w.
“sawvrimaloebiT vaWroba”, sadac umTavresad ebraelebi iyvnen
dasaqmebulni”185.
amrigad, XX saukunis dasawyisis samaCablos sazogadoebrivi da
ekonomikuri cxovreba imave tendenciebiT xasiaTdeboda, rogoriTac
danarCeni saqarTvelo. Ees iyo kapitalizmis sawyis etapze myofi regioni,
romelic eTnikuri da religiuri siWreliT gamoirCeoda. osuri mosaxleoba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom simravlis TvalsazrisiT ar gamoirCeoda, samaCabloSi
angariSgasawev Zalad iqca. mZime krimoneguli viTareba, agreTve osebis
socialuri xasiaTis problemebi gaxda ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom
saqarTvelos es regioni axalgazrda respublikisaTvis arastabilurobisa
da samxedro provokaciebis kerad Camoyalibda.
2. separatizmi samaCabloSi
“termini “samxreT oseTi” pirvelad gamoyenebulia 1830 wels
werilebis ciklSi, romelic daibeWda “tifliski vedomostSi” (#72-86).
Rogorc Cans, korespondenti am termins sakuTari iniciativiT iyenebs, radgan
1830 wels graf paskeviCis samxedro ministr CerniSovisadmi wardgenil
angariSSi aRniSnulia: osi tomis daSoSminebisaTvis mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia mcire samxedro eqspediciis Catareba. es eqspedicia mimarTuli
iqneba kavkasiis mTianeTis samxreTiT mdebare CrdiloeT qarTlis osebis
winaaRmdeg.
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korespondentis azriT, mis mier “samxreT oseTad” wodebuli zonis
mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 7200 suls Seadgenda186”.
termini “samxreT oseTi”, roemlic dRes ukve legitimur saerTaSoriso
terminad iTvelba, qarTvel mecnierTa TqmiT ruseTis imperialisturi,
(rogorc mefis ruseTis, ise bolSevikuris) politikis erT-erTi Sedegia. Am
politikaSi ki, “erovnebaTa dapirispireba, eTnopolitikuri SuRlis
provocireba-gaRviveba saimperio principis _ “gaTiSe da ibatones” nacadi
instrumentia... amis naTeli magaliTia osTa da qarTvelTa urtierTobis
seriozuli gamwvaveba amierkavkasiis komisariatisa da saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis dros (1917-21ww), roca qarTveli xalxi
tavganwirviT ibrZoda 117 wlis winaT dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis
aRdgenisa da SenarCunebisaTvis. swored am dros zedized ewyoboda sabWoTa
ruseTisa da bolSevikuri partiis mier inspirirebuli osTa SeiaraRebuli
ajanyebebi, romelta uaxloesi mizani iyo sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba
e.w. samxreT oseTSi, jer misi saqarTelodan gamoyofa da ruseTTan SeerTeba,
SemdgomSi ki _ dasustebuli saqarTvelos respublikis dapyroba.
aqve aucileblad migvaCnia xazi gaesvas Semdegs: qarTuli mxare
arasodes yofila SeiaraRebuli Setakebis wamomwyebi, igi arasodes dasxmia
pirveli os separatistebs. kidev meti, qarTveli mxare yovelTvis
mouwodebda dialogisken, konfliqturi situaciebis politikur-
samarTlebrivi mogvarebis iniciatorad gamodioda. ase iyo 1918-21 wlebSi...”187.
qarTvel mecnierTa es Tvalsazrisi dasturdeba gazeT “saqarTveloSi”
samaCablos Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli publikaciebiTac.
pirveli SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba samaCabloSi jer kidev amierkavkasiis
seimis dros, anu 1918 wlis martSi moxda. pirveli msoflio omis frontidan
Sin dabrunebul mosaxleobas iaraRi hqonda, elementaruli saarsebo
pirobebi ki _ ara. EaseTi mdgomareoba noyier niadags iZleoda
ajanyebisTvis, mZime socialuri foni da susti saxelmwifo kontroli
ruseTma efeqturada gamoiyena da 1918 wlis martSi samaCabloSi ajanyeba
daiwyo. ajanyebulebma qalaqi goric ki daikaves.
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gazeTma “saqarTvelom” am ajanyebis Sesaxeb informacia mkiTxvels
goris mazris TanaSemwis goguas saSualebiT miawoda. statiaSi naTqvamia,
rom gogua “pirdapiri mavTuliT” daukavSirda Tbiliss. Semdeg teqstSi
Txroba gagrZelda pirvel pirSi; Seiqmna gancda, rom gogua pirdapir
telefonit esaubreboda “saqarTvelos” mkiTxvels. Misi naTqvmidan gairkva,
rom goris mazris ufrosma giorgi maCabelma ise, rom daxmarebas ar
daucada, ajanyebul cxinvalSi Sesvla gabeda. Mmas amierkavkasiis armiis 400
gvardieli axlda Tan. ajanyebul osebs maCablisaTvis dakavebuli 4 osis
gadmocema mouTxoviaT, Cven TviTon gavasamrTlebTo. Uari rom miiRes, armias
cecxli dauSines, 4 adamiani maSinve daiRupa, “aranaerma molaparakebam ar
gasWra,188” _ ambobda gogua.
“maCabeli da kosta kozaSvili mohkles. eZebdnen: gagloevs, sandro
kecxovels, kapanaZes, arjevaniZes da sxvebs. Cven maTi gadarCenis imedi ara
gvaqvs. ...osebi ityvian: qarTvelebi unda ganvdevnoT da Cvenebi unda
dasaxldnen maT adgilaso. cxinvalSi didZali osoba Camovida. amJamad
gorSi mdgari osebis polki 300 kacisgan Sedgeba. Aamboben, rom cxinvalidan
kvlav Cadian polkis gasaZliereblad”189.
sagazeTo masalaSi moyvanilia sagulisxmo faqti. Ajanyebas
xelmZRvanelobda osi erovnebis piri xarebovi, romelmac gazeTis
informaciis Tanaxmad ajanyebamde ramdenime xniT adre “xuligani brbo”
Seadgina da goris Tavadaznauroba amowyvita. mazris ufross giorgi
maCabels igi ar dausjia da uTxovia, “rogorc Segnebuli piri” anarqiasTan
brZolaSi damexmareo. Ees sulgrZeloba axalgazrda Cinovnik maCabels
Zvirad daujda, radgan cota xanSi xerebovma didi ajanyebis mowyobaSi
miiRo monawileoba, am ajanyebaSi ki giorgi maCabeli mxecurad mokles.
Ajanyebis Sesaxeb detaluri masala gamoaqveynda gazeTma “saxalxo
saqmem”, romelic “saqarTvelom” mtlianad Semoklebis gareSe gadmobeWda.
avtoris TqmiT, Sida qarTlSi daZabuloba 16 marts daiwyo. am dRes
cxinvals osTa delegacia estumra da menSevkuri mTavrobis adgilobriv
warmomadgenlebs Semdegi moTxovna wauyena:
“1) dauyovnebliv dagviyavit miwebi
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2) goris mazridan gaaZeveT revoluciur organizaciebSi momuSave
Semdegi pirni: kosta kazaSvili, sosiko goginovi, Saqro kasraZe da ilia
maisuraZe
3) goris mazridan gaaZeveT yvela Tavadi da aznauri
4) mogveciT sityvisa da krebis Tavisufleba”190.
Aam moTxovnebis gansaxilvelad cxinvalSi muSaTa da glexTa sabWo
Seikriba, magram jer gadawyvetileba miRebuli arc iyo, rom mtebSi
Caasafrebulma ajanyebulebma srola atexes. maTTan gaeSura adgilobrivi
administraciis 6 moxele, romelsac Tan axlda osTa mier gamogzavnili
delegaciis wevri vinme CoCievi. Aam delegacias aanyebulma osebma axlos
misvlis saSualeba ar misces da srola autexes. srola “maTians”, CoCievs
Zlivs SeuCerebia.
17 marts cxinvalSi goris mazris ufrosi giorgi maCabeli Cavida. Igi
wayenebuli 4 moTxovnidan yvelas Sesrulebas dahpirda ajanyebulebs, garda
goris mazridan Tavadaznaurebis gaZevebisa. Ajanyebulebis moTxovniT, amis
Sesaxeb gancxadeba maCabels sajarod, specialurad Sekrebil mitingze unda
gaekeTebina.
18 marts, diliT dvrisis moedanze marTlac Seikriba mitingi da
adgilobrivma administraciam ajanyebul osebs sajarod daudo
zemoTxsenebuli piroba. Tumca, ajanyebulebma axla sxva pirobac wamoayenes.
kerZod, menSevikur mTavrobas unda gaeTavisuflebina patimrebi : xarebovi da
filiSvili. mitingze gamovida cxinvalis komisari yulumbegovi, romelic
ambobda, rom osebs arar unda moecadaT TavianTi moTxovnebis
SesrulebisaTvis.
“... moTmineba kmarao. Bolo sityvebis dros orive xelebi maRla
auqnevia, am niSnis Semdeg atexila srola oris mxridan: zRudris karidan da
nacargoridan. Tavzardacemuli xalxi daSlilsa da mucelzwe xoxviT
moSorebia moedans”191, wers korespondenti. Ase daiwyo 5 dRiani ganukiTxaoba
cxinvalSi. Ajanyebulebma daarbies duqnebi, maRaziebi, amierkavkasiis
mtavrobis jars yumbarebs esrodnen.
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“alag-alag brbos umklavdebodnen giorgi maCabeli, kosta kazaSvili,
ilia maisuraZe dasxvebi. mavTulebi gorsa da cxinvals Sua winadve
gadaeWraT da goridan maSveli jaris molodini aravis hqonia. Xidis yureze
tyviis mfrqveveli mdgara, aq mZimed dauWriaT giorgi maCabeli da Semdeg
saavadmyofos win mouklavT. Amave adgilas giorgisaviT movaleobis
msxverpli gamxdara kosta kazaSvilic. Sandro kecxoveli xidis yureze
mdgara, mouklavT isic da micvalebuli gvami brbos sastikad
dausaxiCrebia”192.
cxinvalelebi gaiqcnen, xolo ajanyebulebma maTi sarCo-sabadebeli
gazides.. “maT ubatoniaT cxinvalSi 22 martis SuadRemde, rodesac gaugiaT
goridan wamosuli jaris ambavi, aCrulad dautovebiaT qalaqi”. cxinvalis
meamboxe komisari yulumbegovi amierkavkasiis jarebma daapatimres.
Cxinvalis adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan aravin daiRupa. Mokles
mxolod Rrmad moxucebuli da qarTlSi sakmaod cnobili kaxi Saqro
maCabeli. “amis mokvlis mizezi, rogorc gadmosces isa yofila, rom
cocxali ver moaSores veragulad mokluls Zmiswuls giorgi maCabels”193,
werda gazeTi.
1918 wlis martis osTa ajanyebas vrceli werili miuZRvna erovnul-
demokratiuli partiis TvalsaCino wevrma, poetma, publicistma 1924 wlis
ajanyebis monawilem Salva amirejibma. misi werili “cxinvalis fronti”194
aris menSevikuri, socialisturi politikis kritika.
“mTeli tragedia qarTveli demokratiisa imaSi gamoixateba, rom im
dros, rodesac qarTuli demokratia isev socialuri reformebisa da
demokratizmis niadagzad sdgas, sxva danarCeni erebi kavkasiisa nacionalur
politikas awarmoeben... politika waglejisa, ai ra aris dRevandeli
lozungi da osebmac aSkarad ganacxades _ cxinvali Cvenia, saqarTvelos
maRlobi _ oseTia...
Cven ar viciT saqarTvelo ufro qarTuli, vidre is adgilia
saqarTvelosi, sadac amJamad osebi cxovroben. es aris zurgi saqarTvelosi,
misi xerxemali. vinc Cven ima gvetyvis, rom dRes iq qartvelebi ar
scxovroben, amitom is arc saqarTveloa, man isic unda sTqvas, rom arc
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xerxemalia tanisTvis aucilebeli, radga maszed ar aris Tvalebi, yurebi, an
guli”195.
statiis avtori darwmunebuli iyo, rom ajanyebis inspiratorebi
CrdiloeT kavkasiis osebi iyvnen. es kavSri CrdiloeT oseTsa da samaCablos
osebs Soris, Salva amirejibis azriT, saqarTvelos udides safrTxes
uqadda. “cxinvalis ambebi saSiSi moCvenebaa saqarTvelosaTvis da saWiroa
ara marto misi saswrafo likvidacia, aramed simkacrec, rom igi aRar
ganmeordes”196, werda igi.
kidev erTi werili, romelic Salva amirejibs ekuTvnis, goris mazris
moklul ufross giorgi maCabels eZRvneba. Avtori, rogorc Cans,
bavSvobidan icnobda mas, amitom gardacvlils ixsenebs rogorc megobars,
rogorc adamians, vizec aRmatebul xarisxSi ar saubroben. ai ras wers igi:
“sqeli iyo, sqeli iyo bavSvobidanve... mas hqonda nazi suli da jer kidev
bavSvobidanve fleitaze ukravda. iq, petre didis quCaze, sadac maSin
qarTuli gimnazia iyo, gimnaziis baRSi, sadac amdeni iyo iasamani, misi
fleita sul mudam gaismoda da Cven bavSvebi mis mudmiv amalas
SevadgendiT”197.
Salva amirejibi ixsenebs, rom bolos, rodesac g. maCabeli naxa, igi
amierkavkasiis mTavrobis sxvadasxva ministris kabinetSi darboda da fuls
iTxovda, rom gvardielebisaTvis iaraRi SeeZina. “amboben misi ukanaskneli
sityvebi iyo: - raTa mklavT aq! Me mindoda osmaleTis sazRvarze sikvdili.
sacodavi! is mokvda, albaT, im rwmeniT, rom saqarTvelos mTlianoba kidev
SesaZlebelia da cxinvalis fronti gareSe fronti ar aris. Iqneba, es asea,
iqneba, osebi moralateni ar arian da kidev SesaZlebelia maTTan Zmuri
kavSiri”198, werda S. amirejibi.
Ddasasrul avtori, kvlav socialsitur (menSevikur) gulubryvilobas
exeba. Gmisi TqmiT, g. maCabeli marTla “sxvanaerad” mokvda. is mokvda imav
glexebisaTvis, romelTa uflebisaTvis is ibrZoda da mokvda tanjvaSi da
wamebaSi, iqneba, Tavisive “glexebis” xeliT”199.
M1918 wlis martis bolos amierkvkasiis jarebis generlis valiko
juRelis meTaurobiT samTavrobo jarebma gori aiRes da ajanyebulebi ukan
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daxies. “saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebulia polkovnik koniaSvilis depeSa:
“gori. Martis 23. amierkavkasiis mTavrobas. me SevuerTdi juRelis jars.
cxinvali da misi midamoebi Cven davipyariT. Semdgom rac moxdeba,
gacnobebT”200.
Tumca, ajanyebis dros gardacvlilebs ukve aRaraferi eSvelobodaT.
Tavisi dokumenturobiT da axali ambebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mSrali
Txrobis maneris gamo Semzaravad gamoiyureba “saqarTvelos” amave (66-e)
nomerSi cxinvalis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli kidev erTi axali ambavi:
“... cxinvalis axlos, sofel TamaraSenSi mokles 5 jariskaci, daWres
_ 3. tyveebs anTavisufleben, Tumca ajanyebulebi mTebisken miiwevdnen da
tyveebic Tan mihyavdaT. 6 sT-ze moasvenes mokluli maCabeli, kecxoveli da
sxvebi. Mkvdrebi dasaxiCrebulia, zogis cnobac ki SeuZlebelia”201.
osTa pirveli ajanyebis Semdeg gazeTma “saqarTvelom” mkiTxvels
SesTavaza statia, romlis avtoric Seecada gaenalizebina “saqarTvelos
oseTis” Seqmnis istoria. igi wers, rom saqanrTvelos mTebi “uwin sul
qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli”. Tumca, baris mopsaxleobas rom mteri musrs
gaavlebda, mTis qarTvelebi nel-nea barSi Camodiodnen. Ase daicala
samaCablosa da saerisTavos mTebi xaWapuriZeebisgan, elbaqiZeebisgan,
Tramqaceebisagan.
“msxlebi, Rvercevi, java, koSkaroaa, tontobeTi, kvaSi Tavi, jria,
buzala, zelda da sxvani es daclili qarTYvelebisgan qveyana Sevsebula
CrdiloeT oseTidan ltovili osebisgan”202. Tumca, avtoris tqmiT 1918 wlis
martis ajanyeba CrdiloeTidan axal gadmosaxlebulma osebma ki ara 80-90
wlis gadmosaxlebulma osebma, e.w. “xiznebma” daiwyes.
“xiznebi dasaxldnen naoxar qarTul nasoflarebSi, sadac kidev
iyvnen darCenili kantikuntad qaarTuli mosaxleoba, romlebic Semdgom
aiyarnen da axla mTlianad osebs dauTmes TavianTi mozomili nadelebi:
daTaSvilebma, TvaliaSvilebma, cvaraZeebma da sxvebma. Ees nasoflarebi arian
TavianT SesaniSnavi Tlili qvis warwerebiT, Zveli xucuri warwerebiT,
romelTac ase emterebian osebis maswavleblebi”203.
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avtoris TqmiT, Tavdapirvelad yvelaferi rigianad midioda.
qarTuli enisa da kulturis gavleniT gadmosaxlebuli osebi
qarTveldebodnen, amitomac dResdReobiT bevr oss qarTul erovnul sabWosa
da sxvadsxva politikur partiaSic ki SexvdebiTo. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac
CrdiloeT oseTidan gamogzavnilma maswavlebleba, sasuliero pirebma da
agitatorebma erTiani oseTis, anu CrdiloeT oseTTan samaCablos mierTebis,
ideis popularizacia daiwyes, yvelaferi Seicvla.
maTi SegonebiT osebma qarTveli qalebis colad moyvanasa da
sakuTari qaliSvilebis qarTvel kacebze qorwineba SeaCeres. Garda amisa,
rusuli politikis gamo bevri eTnikurad araosi dRes osadaa Cawerili,
radgan 1900-iani wlebidan mefis ruseTis gadawyvetilebiT miwebi mxolod
eTnikur osebs urigdebodaT. Aamdenad osad ewereboda isic, vinc osi ar iyo,
magram miwa sWirdebodao.
avtori statiis bolos qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg osTa SeTqmulebazec ki
saubrobs. “osebis agentebi qurdulad yvela qarTul dawesebulebaSi arian
aseve ojaxebSi, mezoblebSi da amrigad, dRes saSineli osebis muxruWSi
imyofeba mTeli qarTli...”204.
1918 wlis martSi osTa ajanyebas, mohyva duSeTis mazraSi
bolSevikuri ajanyeba, romelSic aseve didi wvlili miuZRodaT CrdiloeT
oseTis Zalebs. Tumca, duSeTis mazris ajanyebas Cven mainc ar ganvixilvT,
radgan es ar iyo gamoveTilad erTi erovnuli umciresobis _ osebis _ mier
organizebuli gamosvla. Ees, Cveni azriT, bolSevikebis inspirirebiT
socialur niadagze warmoqmnili bunti iyo, romelSic adgilobrivma
qarTulma mosaxleobamac miiRo monawileoba.
duSeTis janyi sul axalbeda saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobam
droulad Caaqro. Tumca, osebi, rogorc ajanyebis kera, ar cxrebodnen. 1918
wlis ivnisSi, axla ukve samaCablos sasazRvro sofel saCxereSi moxda
ajanyeba. es ajanyeba samaCabloeli osebis mier, ukve damoukidebeli
saqarTvelos farglebSi ganxorcielda.
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3. samxreT oseTi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, menSevikuri
mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi samaCablos osebs estumrnen. Sainformacio
SeniSvnaSI, romelic gazeT “saqarTvelos” 1918 wlis 110-e nomerSi
gamoqveynda, vkiTxulobT: “4 ivniss sofle javSi gaimarTa osTa yriloba,
romelsac daeswrnen menSevikebi (i. ramiSvli) bolSEvikebi (f.maxaraZe),
agreTve Crdilokavkasiis erTa warmomadgenlebi. bolSevikebi da eserebi
sityvit ar gamosulan, xolo is.ramiSvilma styviT gamosvlisas aRniSna:
”anarqistebma da kontrrevolucionerebma daRupes ruseTis revoluciao”.
Semdeg ramiSvili Seexo saqarTvelos respublikis damoukideblobis
gamocxadebas da imedi gamosTqva, rom osebi ar gahyvebian revoucionerebs
ukan da mxars dauWeren axalgazrda saqarTvelos demokratiul
respublikas”205.
publikaciidan imasac vgebulobT, rom yrilobaze sityviT gamovida
CrdiloeT kavkasiis osTa erovnuli sabWos warmomadgeneli m.zorievi. misi
TqmiT, CrdiloeT kavkasias safrTxe mioeloda bolSevikebisagan. manve imedi
gamosTqva, rom: “samxreTeli osebi mxars dauWeren Crdiloelebs”206. (xazi
Cvenia. Mm. m.)
1918 wlis osTa momdevno erovnuli yriloba gaimarTa. amjerad sofel
wunarSi. am yrilobas menSEvikuri mTavrobis gamoCenili wevri irakli
wereTeli daeswro. Yrilobis Sesaxeb sainformacio masala gazeT
“saqarTvelos” ar gamouqveynebia. Tumca saredaqcio werilidan, romelic
geronti qiqoZis avtorobiT daibeWda, vgebulobT, rom “oseTis
saqarTvelosTan SemoerTeba”, rac irakli wereTelis mizani iyo, ar
Semdgara.
Ggeronti qiqoZe wers: rusul menSevikur gazeT “borbaSi”
gamoqveynebuli statia, romelic osTa erovnul yrilobas mieZRvna,
adasturebs, rom “irakli wereTlis mier wardgenili rezolucia uaryofil
iqna yvela xmebis umravlesobiT samis winaaRmdeg. miRebul iqna
soc.revolucionerebis mier miRebuli rezolucia, romelic amtkicebs, rom
samxreT oseTis TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi miRebul unda iqnes Semdeg
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yrilobaze, raica 6 kviraSi gaimarTeba. Aam sakiTxSi samxreT oseTi
CrdiloeT oseTs unda SeuTanxmdes, saqarTvelos respublikas unda eTxovos,
rom konstituciis SemuSavebisas oseTis sakiTxi Ria darCes”207.
Aamis Semdeg geronti qiqoZe saqarTvelos menSevikur mtavrobas
aSarJebs. misi xumroba gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam osTa
Semdgom yrilobaze sakuTar warmomadgenlad general valiko juRelis
gagzavna gadawyvita. swored juRelma aRkveTa 1918 wlis martis ajanyeba da,
savaraudod, misi pirovnebisadmi osebs ridi unda hqonodaT. “juReli,
rogorc cnobilia, TviT yrilobebsa da parlamentis sxdomebs mauzeris
pistoletiTa da samxedro binokliT aRWurvili esreba”208, wers qiqoZe da
iqve askvnis: mTavrobis es gadawyvetileba, albaT, iman ganapiroba, rom xmebi
dadis osebi kvlav apireben SeiaraRebul ajanyebaso.
Ggeronti qiqoZe aRSfoTebuli im faqtiT, rom samaCablos eTnikurad
os mosaxleobas dros sWirdeboda mosafiqreblad, Tu ra formiY Sesuliyo
damoukidebeli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, an saerTod _ Sesuliyo, Tu
ara. qiqoZe miiCnevda, rom samaCablo iyo istoriuli saqarTvelo, metic,
saqarTvelos Suaguli da am teritoriis avtonomia iyo politikuri
simaxinje. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyobis saqme da kerZod samaCablos
adgili am teritoriaze eTnikurma osebma ki ara, saqarTvelos damfuZnebelma
krebam unda gadawyvitoso, miiCnevda publicisti.
“Cveni saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti vrceldeba mTels Cvens
istoriul teritoriaze. javis xeobis osebi iseve Sedian amteritoriaSi,
rogorc soxumis olqis afxazebi, borCalos mazris TaTrebi, an saqarTvelos
olqis Wrel-duxelebi ... javis xeobel osebs aqvT TavianTi ena, magram ara
aqvT literatura da erovnuli kultura. Amitom, SeuZlebelia osur
kulturul, an teritoriul avtonomiaze saubari. miT umetes SeuZlebelia,
rom calke osuri saxelmwifo moewyos, romelic javel da wunerel
fantaziorebis gegmiT saqarTvelos respublikas unda SeuerTdes
federatiulad209”, werda geronti qiqoZe.
aRsaniSnavia, rom igi zogadad os xalxs araferSi adanaSaulebda.
Mmisi samizneebi iyvnen “javeli bolSevikebi da socialist
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revolucionerebi”, romlebic SegnebiT, TuU Seugneblad saqarTveloSi
rusul imperiul politikas axorcielebdnen.
“es elementebi (igulisxmeba bolSevikebi da eserebi m.m) CvenSi
saxelmwifo damrRvevis rols asruleben da isini sastikad una daisajon,
rogorc udidesi saxelmwifo damnaSaveebi... Tuki 200 problematuri aznauri
CamoRrCobis, an daxvretis Rirsni arian problematuri danaSaulobis
gulisaTvis, nuTu aSkara saxelmwifo moRalateebs saCuqrad ritorikis
yvavilebi unda mierTvas?210”
erovnul-demokratiul partia da misi perioduli organo
“saqarTvelo” mudmivad iTxovda im pirTa mkacr dasjas, vinc saxemwifo
gadatrialebis, neismmieri buntisa da janyis saqmeSi Rebulobda
monawleobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos menSevikuri
mTavroba liberaluri politikis moomxre iyo da ukidures zomebs (cixeSi
Casmas) SedarebiT iSviaTad mimarTavda. ase magaliTad, 1918 wlis martis
osTa ajanyebis moawileTa mniSvnelovani nawili samarTlebriv
pasuxismgeblobas ascda.
Sedegmac Sesaferisi iyo. cxinvali kvlav ajanyebulTa mmarTvelobis
qveS gadavida. “saqarTvelos” korespondenti wers: osebma, romlebic
bolSevizmis saxeliT moqmedebdnen da SeiaraRebuli akontrolebdnen
cxinvalis quCebs, maCablebi da veziriSvilebi TavianT mamulebSi ar SeuSves.
“arc erTi memamule osebis teritoriazeo”211.
“saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti ki ambobs, rom es adamianebi ukve didi
xania memamuleebi aRar arian. “maT SerCaT TiTo-orola dRis baR-venaxi,
romelic tavianTi xeliT gaukeTebiaT.” Mamapapeuli miwebi ki axla
alixanovs, aTarbegovs, firalovs, Jirnovos aqvT mflobelobaSio.
“vin aris maincamainc am qveynis wesrigis yurismgdebeli, _ osebis
erovnuli sabWo, TU komisari saqarTvelos respublikisa. Ufro ki _ pirveli.
Xalxi Txoulobs garkveul mdgomareobas. Xalxs SiSis zarsa scems ukve
gagonili da gancdili haeroplanebis kriali, zarbaznebis griali da
vintovkebis tkaca-tkuci.
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eSiniaT, eSiniaT, rom meored aRar ganmeordes da damfrTxlebi
erTmaneTs efarebian. mieSveleT xalxs, sawyal am xeobis xalxs.
gaierTguleT, CaiyeneT am xeobidanac raime qveynis samsaxurSi. agrZnobineT,
rom es kuTxe da xalxic upatrono ar aris da maSin TviT qarTveli xalxi
aRudgeba win moZalades da daexmareba Tavis mTavrobas, gaumagrebs
mdgomareobas”212, werda “saqarTvelos” Jurnalisti.
maSasadame, eTnikuri qarTvelebi menSevikuri mTavrobisagan met
yuradrebas iTxovdnen da imedovnebdnen, rom mTavroba dasjida ajanyebulTa
gaTavxedebul brbos. Tumca, es ase ar moxda da 1918 wlis ivnisSi amjerad
saCxeres daesxa Tavs os bolSevikTa armia.
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III saingilo
interesi saqarTvelos kidev erTi, metad daZabuli regionis,
saingilosadmi imdenad gamokveTili gaxldaT, rom iqidan mowerili
korespondenciebi 1917 wlis revoluciis myvirala ambebmac ki ver
daCrdila.
yvela sxva ganapira regionis msgavsad jer sparseTis, Semdeg
ruseTis dampyroblurma politikam aqac Tavisi uaryofiTi Sedegi datova.
eTnikurad qarTvelis mosaxleobis didi nawli gamahmadianda, qarTuli
ena dakninda, radgan Zalian didi nawili mosaxleobisa lekurad
saubrobda. saingiloSi, anu zaqaTalis olqSi, rogorc mas gazeT
“saqarTvelos” korespondentebi moixseniebdnen, mxolod kaxi da misi
SemogareniRa iyo qarTuli kulturisa da orientaciis mqone.
saingilos Sesaxeb dabeWdili publikaciebis umravlesoba
socialur problemebs eZRvneba, SexvdebiT istoriuli cnobebis Semcvel
ramdenime masalas, gansakuTrebuli interesiT ikiTxeba is sagazeTo
publikaciebi, romlebic saingiloSi arsebul religiur dapirispirebas
eZRvneba. saingilos Sesaxeb ZiriTadad sami publicisti – r. ingilo. z.
edili, m. janaSvili - werdnen, magram aqa-iq sxva avtorebic (magaliTad,
ilia Wyunia, ) gaielveben. gazeTSi moTavsebuli masalebi oTx jgufad
davalageT. 1. XX saukunis dasawyisis saingilo, 2. socialuri problemebi
saingiloSi (es ZiriTadi da yvelaze vrceli qveTavia), 3. religiuri
brZola saingiloSi, 4. saingilos istoriisa da tradiciis asaxva
“saqarTvelos” furclebze.
1. XX saukunis ociani wlebis saingilo
1917 wlis “saqarTvelos #130-Si ilia Wyonias publicistur werils
“saqarTvelos sanapiroebi”. publikaciis mizani dasawyisSive asea
ganmartebuli: “saqarTvelos daZabuneba im droidan daiwyo, roca mas
mtrebma sanapiroebi CamoaTales: jer WaneTi, mere samcxe, SemdegSi
saaTabagod da osmaleTis saqarTvelod wodebuli adgilebi, da hereTi,
romlis erTi nawili dRes zaqaTalis olqia... yvela es sanapiroebi
saqarTvelosaTvis is iyo, rac kacisaTvis zurgis xerxemalia, Tu
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daavadda es ukanaskneli – sustdeba kacis mTeli agebulebac, ase mouvida
Cvens samSoblos am sanapiroebis CamoTliT. Tu gvinda, kvlav
gavZlierdeT, rogorc eri, isev unda aRvadginoT maTTan Zmuri, erovnuli
erToba.213”
avtors, rogorc Cans, yvela am kuTxis mimoxilva surda, radgan
zaTaqalis oqlis (saingilos) mimoxilvas aweria “I”, magram, samwuxarod,
es Canafiqri ar Sesrulebula. ilia Wyonias monacemebiT saingiloSi
cxovrobdnen mkvidri lekebi – 46 250. daRestnis lekebi - 10 000, sxva
mahmadianebi – 25 000. qarTvelebi (qristianebi, mahmadianebi) - 17 000,
somxebi – 1 500, sxva xalxi – 50. sul – 100 000.214 saingiloSi
gabatonebuli ena TaTruli (azerbaijanuli, Turquli) yofila, lekurad
22 sofelSi saubrobdnen. 22 qarTuli soflidan cxrametSi gaigonebT
qarTul enas, or sofels ki mSobliuri ena sruliad daeviwyebina ...
qarTulad saubari SeeZloT lekebis 16-mde sofelSic.215
saingilos mkvidri mciredi qarTvelobidanac bvri lekdeboda.
“saqarTvelos” publicistis TqmiT, am process sxvadasxva mizezi hqonda,
zogi social-demokratiuli suliskveTebiT iyo ganwyobili, zogi _mSi
gawvevas emaleboda, zog ingilos ki, aRar sjeroda sakuTari qarTveloba.
saingilos mkvidri lekebi qarTuli rasis tipiuri warmomadgenlebi arian,
daRestnidan Camosuli lekebi ki, marTlac lekuri ieriT gamoirCevian, –
werda ilia Wyonia. Misi TqmiT, aqaur lekSi qarTveli rom gaurio,
verafriT gamoarCev, magram erTi daRestnelic rom gaurio, maSinve
mivxdebi, rom mkvidri ar ariso.
moxuc lekTa TqmiT, iqauri mosaxleoba 1860 wlamde qarTulad
icvamda, XX s.is dasawyisSic qarTulis codna iq iseTive prestiJulad
ivleboda, rogorc qarTvelebSi - rusulis codna.
sapatio stumris mosvlisas saingilos lekis qalebi (Wyonias Tu
davujerebT, gadarjulebuli qarTvelebi) qarTul gulispirian kabebs
icvamdnen, oRond, Tavis daburvis wesi araqarTuli hqondaT. “versad
saqarTveloSi ver naxavT imden eklesiebs da monastrebs ramden naSTebsac
eklesia-monastrebisas SexvdebiT zaqaTalis olqSi. cxra meaTedi am
naSTebisa mTebSia da mTebis Zira soflebSi”, wers “saqarTvelos”
korespondenti.216
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XX saukunis dasawyisis saingilos Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdi m.
janaSvili. misi TqmiT, zaqaTalis olqSi 14 000 ingilo cxovrobda,, (ilia
Wyoniasgan gansxvavebiT, janaSvili ingiloTa gacilebiT mcire ricvs
asaxelebs, m.m.). ingilo dimitri janaSili pirveli iyo, vinc Tbilisis
seminariaSi miiRo ganaTleba, Semdeg mSobliur kuTxeSi dabrunda da
swavlis saqmes aq Cauyara safuZveli. man ingilo maswalebelTa ramdenime
Taoba aRzarda da dRes 5 000 qristian ingiloTa Soris orasia qarTuli
wera-kiTxvis mcodneo. “imave dros mahmadiani ingiloebi umecrebis
morevSi ixrCobian... qristian ingiloebSi, rom samSoblo qveynis, RviZl
erovnebis da winsvla-warmatebis siyvaruli uaRresad ganviTarebulia,
mahmadian ingiloebSi marto imas daeZeben, rom rogorme gadagvardnen da
qarTvelebi qarTvelebs aRar daemsgavson”217, werda mose janaSvili.
mahmadian ingiloebis CamorCenilobaze Civis z. edilic. afxazeTSi
Casvlamde man samegrelo gaiara da megruli, kopwia saxlebis danaxvam
gaaxsena dros CamorCenili ingiloebis yofa. “ramodena kontrastia
samegrelosa da saingilos Soris... mTels saingiloSi erT saxlsac ki
ver iSovniT ase kopwias, moxdenils da miT ufro _ sufTas. uneblieT
vaZlev Cems Tavs kiTxvas, rogor veraferi ver viswavleT erTmaneTisagan,
rogor veravis ver wavebaZeniT da viswavleT rame ingiloebma... ar
gegonoT ingilo megrelze Raribi iyos, ara da aTasjer ara. ingilo
mdidaria SedarebiT, magram ara aqvs Sno da unari ukeTesis cxovrebisa”218.
am vrceli citatis motana imisTvis dagvWirda, rom gveCevenebina,
dagvenaxebina, Tu ras fiqrobdnen “saqarTvelos” publicistebi
imdroindeli saingilos yofa-cxovrebaze. mahmadianurma sarwmunoebam,
ufro ki Crdilo-kavkasiur dabali kulturis mqone erebTan siaxlovem
zaqaTalis olqi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobSi Caayena. erovnul-
demokratiuli suliskveTebiT ganwyobil adamianebs guli swydebodaT,
rodesac saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi da maRali kulturis mqone
mxaris aseT daqveiTebas xedavdnen. isini cdilobdnen gamahmadianebul
ingiloebSic gaeRviZebinaT erovnuli Segneba, saqarTvelos mTlianobisa
da progresiuli ganviTarebis survili. surdaT lekuri, daRestnuri Tu
Cerqezuli sinamdvilisagan qarTuli, ufro ganviTarebuli,
sinamdvilisaken moetrialebinaT ingiloebi.
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m. janaSvili werda: mahmadianuri rjulisaa arabi, Cerqezi, osmalo,
sparsi, magram sakuTar erovnebaze uars aravin ambobs, “ager aWara-
klarjeTis qarTvelebi mahmadianoben, magram mahmadianoba imaT ar uSlis,
rom iyvnen kargi qarTvelebi”.219 avtori statiis dasasruls kvlav
ubrundeba am Temas da aseTi mowodebiT asrulebs sakuTar saTqmel:
mihbaZeT Tqvens moZme qristian ingiloebs, ganaTldiT swavliT, gaixareT
codniT, TviTcnobierebiT, Tu arada darCebiT Ratakad da gaiTqvifebiT
umravlesobis morevSi. Cven Tqveni qristianoba ki ar gvinda, aramed Tqveni
ganaTleba, Tqveni cnobiereba, maS SegviyvareT, rogorc gviyvarxarT”220.
am mokle qveTavSi, vcadeT, gadmogvetana is ganwyobileba,
romelic XX saukunis aTiani wlebis saingiloze saubrisas qarTvel
patriotTa gulsa da gonebas aforiaqebda. isini xedavdnen, rom
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dampyrobelTa mavne gavlenis qveS myofi
saingilo Tavis uzarmazar potencialis gonivrulad ver iyenebda.
noe Jordania qarTvel nacionalistebs, marTalia, burJuaziuli
batonobis gavrcelebasa da glexebis CagvraSi adanaSaulebda, magram
erovnul-demokratiuli jgufs warmomadgenelTa zemoT citirebul
mowodebaSi Znelia dainaxo glexTa Cagvris survili (burJuaziis
ganviTarebis survilis ki aucileblad dainaxavT). erovnul-demokratebs
barJuaziuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba marTlac progresul movlenad
miaCndaT. isini imedovnebdnen, rom am gziT feodalur wyobilebaSi
didxans darCenili qveyana progresis gzaze Sedgeboda. socialist-
demokrateis ki, saqarTvelos ganapira regionebSi socializmis ideebs
avrcelebdnen, radgan nacionalizms muSaTa da social-demokratiis mtrad
sTvlidnen.
“amaTTvis (nacionalistebisaTvis) nacionalizmi, eris uflebaTa
dacva aris mxolod is pirbade, romliTac sazogadoebaSi gamodian da
Tavis klasiur batonobas icaven”221, – werda noe Jordania.
sabednierod, socializmis qadagebas saingiloSi savalalo
Sedegebi ar moutania. es, albaT, ingiloTa sidinjisa da patriarqalur
bunebis `brali~ ufroa. faqti ki erTia, rodesac social-demokratebi
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socializmisa da muSaTa klasis interesis dacvas qadagebdnen, erovnul-
demokratiuli partiis warmomadgenlebi ekonomiur winsvlas, dauRalav
Sromas da amiT saqarTvelos resurebis srul gamoyenebas uWerdnen mxars:
`gamdidrdiT, imuSaveT, SeiZineT! – mivmarTavdiT glexs, muSas, Tavad-
aznaursa da inteligencias~222, – werda erovnul demokratiuli partiis
erT-erTi aqtiuri wevri.
erovnul-demokratiulad ganwyobili qarTvlebis politika
saingilosTan damokidebulebaSic SesaniSnavad gamoikveTa. XX saukunis
aTiani wlebis saingilo Semdeg qveTavSi ufro detalurad warmoCindeba,
am qveTavSi ki is zogadi ganwyoba aRvbeWdeT, romliTac imdroindeli
qarTveli patriotebi saqarTvelos erT-erT ZirZvel kuTxes ekidebodnen.
2.socialuri problemebi saingiloSi
am qveTavSi ramdenime nawiladiqneba warmodgenili is ZiriTadi
problematika, romelic saingilos olqs 1918 wlis maisamde awuxebda.
saingilos, rogorc mTlianad saqarTvelos, uamravi gasaWiri hqonda,
sxvaze rom ar visaubroT, mxolod pirveli msoflio omi da am omisagan
moyenebuli materialuri Tu sulieri zarali rad Rirs, magram gazeT
`saqarTveloSi~ warmodgenili publikaciebi Temis sami kuTxiT gavrcobis
saSualebas gvaZleven. visaubrebT sursaTis naklebobasa da vaWrobis
danaSaulebriv gzebze, mZime kriminalur mdgomareobasa da ganaTlebis
sakiTxebze.
2.1 sasursaTo problema
1915 wels dasavleT saqarTvelos gvalvam da upurobiT
gamowveulma saSinelebam 1916 wels saingiloSi gadainacvla. marTalia,
omi iyo da gzebic Caketili gaxldaT, magram mefis ruseTis
mTavrobisagan mainc veRirseT ramodenime vagon xorbals. upurobiT
gatanjul saingiloSi ki puri kvlavac ar Cadioda, vagonebi stavropolSi
iyvnen gaCerebulni, saxelmwifo rkinigza xorblis Camotanas aferxebda,
kerZo sarkinigzo kompaniebi ki TiTsac ar anZrevdnen, radgan saxelmwifo
tvirTis gadazidvidan mcire Semosavali ergebodaT.223
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Saqris fasi 70 kapikamde gaizarda (omis damTavrebame ki sam
maneTamde gaZvirda), magram gaZivrebuli Saqaric ar iSoveboda, radgan
erTma somexma saingiloSi Semosuli mTeli Saqris maragi Seisyida da
mxolod Tavad yidda. mTavrobam akrZala saingilosa da daRestans Soris
vaWroba, ris gamoc daRestanSi gaZvirda is, rac saingilodan SehqondaT
(Cai, Saqari, brinji), saingiloSi ki cxvari da erbo deficiti gaxda.224
ar iSoveboda Sabiamani (es, mTeli saqarTvelos problema iyo da
pirveli demokratiuli respublikis Semdegac ver gadawyda), ris gamoc
nadgurdeboda venaxebi, kargi mosavalis bolo imedic gauqarwylebiaT
Semoseul frinvelebs (#115, 1916w.).
omis paradoqsi, roca fuli gaqvs, magram verafers iSovni,
saingilos yoveldRiur realobad iqca. sofel kaxsa da zaqaTalaSi
gaxsnili samomxmareblo sazogadoebebi ver asrulebdnen sakuTar
daniSnulebas. imis magivrad, rom mTavrobis mier regionSi SeRavaTian
fasad Segzavnili produqti mosaxleobisaTvis gaenawilebinaT,
samomxamreblo sazogadoebis wevrebi erTmaneTSi iyofdnen nadavls da
mere gacilebiT Zvirad yiddnen (#288, 1916w.).
mosaxleobis gausaZlisi mdgomareobiT sargeblobdnen somexi
vaWrebi. meabreSumeobis mimdevar ingiloebs an Zvirad aZlevdnen abreSumis
Tesls, anda ufulod miscemdnen, samagierod ki, moyvanili abreSumis erT
mesameds an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, erT meoTxeds arTmevdnen (#101; #137,
1916w.).
aravis surda ganapira, mZime pirobebSi mcxovreb mxareSi eqimad
wasvla, `saqarTvelo~-s erT-erT nomerSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor scema
dagvianebisaTvis axalmivlinebulma rusma eqimma pacienti. saingiloSi
momuSave sami eqimidan sabolood erTi, moxuci eqimiRa SemorCa, amitomac
dalaqebs, xabazebs da sxva profesiis xalxs xeloba SeucvliaT da
eqimbaSoba dauwyiaT, erTma aseTma TaTarma eqimbaS-dalaqma kinaRam
imsxverpla pacienti (#288, 1916w.).
gaWirvebam da yoveli saxis produqciis deficitma ingilos
gauCeneli gaaCenina. gazeT `saqarTvelo~-Si vkiTxulobT, rom ingiloebs
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gamougoniaT xis kustaruli fexsacmeli, romelic sami maneTi Rirda da
weliwadnaxevari Zlebda (#288, 1916w.)
produqtis (puris, Saqris, Sabiamnis, abreSumis, Teslis...) erTi
piris mier Sesyidva da monopolizebam; agreTve daRestansa da saingilos
Soris vaWrobis akrZalvam daaCqara ukanono vaWrobis procesi. am
sakiTxze miZRvnil publikaciaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani werilis
avtori gvatyobinebs: `aqauri vaWroba xom sul mTlad somxebisa da
TaTrebis xelSia. es ori eri, umetesad vaWrebi raRac gaurkvevlad erTi-
meores ekinklaveba da oriveni erTad ki Rarib-ratak macxovreblebis
zurgze gadadian~. zaqaTalaSi damkvidrebul cxovrebis wess rom
gaecnobiT, maSin mixvdebiT, Tu ratom uwoda germanulma gazeTma ruseTis
imperiis vaWrebs `наши союзники в тылу русской армии~.225
dabolos, saingiloSi gamefebuli usursaTobis, utansacmlobis,
ueqimobis mZime mdgomareoba, romelsac sastiki da usamarTlo vaWrobis
wesi ufro amZimebda, ar iqneba srulyofili, Tu ar aRvwerT saingilos
administraciuli centris zaqaTalis mdgomareobas.
`saqarTvelo~-s korespondentis TqmiT, zaqaTalaSi daingra arxebze
gadebuli xidebi, aiyara qvafenili da wvimis dros talaxSi Cafluls
Znelad Tu vinme amogiyvandaT. aRar naTdeboda quCebi, qalaqis axalma
Tavma ganaTebis imedic ki gaanadgura, roca boZebidan farnebi Camoxsna,
Jurnalistis saboloo Sefaseba aseTia: `Sesabralis qalaqi zaqaTala~.226
gausaZlisi ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis logikuri Sedegi iyo
kriminaluri situaciis gamwvaveba, Tumca am obieqtur mizezebs 1917 wlis
Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg kidev erTi, yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
mizezic daerTo.
2.2. mZime kriminaluri mdgomareoba
saingiloSi gamefebuli mwvave kriminogenuli viTarebis mizezi
gaxldaT revoluciis Semdeg arsebuli samarTaldamcavi organoebis
daSla, amierkavkasiis erTiani mTavrobis pirobebSi ki axali struqturebi
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ver iqmneboda. Zalovani struqturis arqonis pirobebSi aTasi juris
damnaSave mTel saingiloSi Tavisuflad dadioda.
saingilom Tavisufleba (mefis ruseTis daSla) 25 marts didi zar-
zeimiT aRniSna. iqaurma inteligenciam bazarTan axlos mitingi gamarTa
`oratorebi rig-rigobiT umarTavdnen xalxs Tavisuflebis mniSnvelobas,
yvelani Tav-Tavis enazed qarTulzed, somxurzed, TaTrulsa da
lekurzed... yvela oratori mouwodebda yvelas Tavisuflebis
gamocxadebasTan erTad wasul erovnul qiSpobisa da mtrobis daviwyebas
da erTad moqmedebas da Zmoba-erTobas.227~
Tavisuflebam, romelsac aseTi zar-zeimiT Sexvdnen ingiloebi,
bevri simware moutana zaqaTalis olqs. gavrcelda saocari qurdoba da
yaCaRoba. iparavdnen gasalew xorbals, saxlebs Tavs esxmodnen da
saqoneli mihyavdaT, xalxi jguf-jgufad dadioda, marto siaruls ver
bedavdnen moTareSe avazakebis SiSiT. cocxlad dawves mozardi, romelmac
icno Tavisi kameCebis qurdebi (#291, 1917w.). cocxlad dawva SurisZiebis
friad miRebuli forma iyo, radgan qristiani mRvdeli mixeil yuloSvili
(ara dayaCaRebis gamo, aramed sarwmuneobrivi SuRlis gamo) aseve
cocxlad dawves (#6, 1918w.). ingiloebma icodnen, Tu vin iyo damnaSave,
magram SiSiT ver amxeldnen.
z. edili 1918 wels saingiloSi dabrunda. kaxeTis rkinigziT
mgzavrobisas sakuTari TvaliT naxa, Tu rogor waarTves lekebs Saqari,
Cai da TuTuni ker somexma jariskacebma, Semdeg ki, qarTvelma
jariskacebma, amierkavkasiis erTiani saxelmwifos arsebobas xom sammagi
(qarTuli, somxuri, azerbaijanuli) armiebi icavdnen. jariskacebma ar
ismines saingilos mkvidri lekebis mudara: Rvinos Cven ara vsvamT da
arays, Cai mainc SegvarCineTo. z. edilis TqmiT, lekebi gaocebulni
yofilan, gana ra davuSaveT qarTvelebs, rom ase sastikad gveqceviano?
(#35, 1918w.)
saingilos administraciuli centri q. zaqaTala TiTqmis
dacarielda, ori-sami somexis mkvlelebis Semdeg qalaqi ZiriTadad
somxurma mosaxleobam datova, vaWroba Cakvda. lekebis araerTi Txovnis
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miuxedavad, somxebi ar brundebodnen, produqtze arsebuli deficiti
ufro gaizarda, somexTa arakanonieri vaWrobac k,i sanatreli gaxda
saingilosaTvis (#35, 1918w.).
wesad iqca qristianuli eklesiebisa da soflebis darbeva.
darbevis ZiriTadi mizezi religiuri daundobloba iyo, mizani ki xelis
moTboba da Zarcva gaxldaT. daarbies qristianuli sofeli kaxi (#35,
1918w.), daarbies qurmuxis wminda giorgis taZari. taZari, romelsac
mahmadiani ingiloebic ki ficulobdnen, gazeTi `saqarTvelo~
gvatyobinebs: sofel alibegiloSi ramdenime qristiani ingilos mokvla
aravis gahkvirvebia, radgan es `es axalia, Zvelia~, magram qurmuxis taZris
Sebilwva da gaZarcva warmoudgeneli siTavxedva, radgan `amaze met
Seuracxyofas ver miayenebT ingilos~ (#98, 1918w.).
mkvidr mosaxleobas araferi gamoepareboda, xvdebodnen, rom maT
Tavs datexil ubedurebaSi lekebs amjerad wvlili ar miuZRodaT.
avazakebi ZiriTadad TaTruli soflis geinuqis (nuxis mazra) mkvidrni
iyvnen. geinuqis TaTar mosaxleobas ZalmomreobiTa da Zarcva-glejiT
saxeli Sors hqonda ganTqmuli. am saerTo ubedurebam saingilos lekebi
da mahmadiani Tu qristiani ingiloebi gaaerTiana. kakis darbevis dros
lekebs bevri qarTveli SeufarebiaT da maTi qonebis nawilic
gadaurCeniaT.
1917-1918 wlebSi msoflio omSi TurqeTis warmatebebma
panislamisturad ganwyobili kavkasiis TaTrebi gaaTavxeda. isini
Zalmomreobdnen aSkarad da yvelgan (samcxe-javaxeTSi, aWaraSi), sadac
xeli miuwvdebodaT Tavis nebas ZaladobiT axvevdnen Tavs adgilobriv
mosaxleobas. nel-nela naTeli xdeboda, rom qarTveli menSevikebis
umravlesobis mier lamis saocnebod gamocxadebuli internacionaluri
saxelmwifo kavkasia (romlis SigniTac erovnuli TviTmmarTvelobebi
iqneboda) ar Sedga228, amierkavkasiis erebs bevr saerTo mizanTan erTad
erTi-ori iseTi mizanic aRmoaCndaT, sadac maTi interesebi erTmaneTs
ejaxebodnen, amisi dasturia, Tundac 1918 wels TurqeTsa da
amierkavkasiis mTavrobas Soris gamarTuli trapzonis sazavo
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molaparakeba, sadac azerbaijaneli delegatebi TurqeTis interesebs
ufro icavdnen, vidre amierkavkasiis saxelmwifosas.
rogor cdilobdnen ingiloebi Tavis dacvas? mimarTavdnen
mTavrobas (amierkavkasiis komisariats), saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos,
kaTalikozs, Seix-ulislams da amaod elodnen daxmarebas. adgilobrivi
aRmasrulebeli komitetebi, iseve, rogorc mTeli mTavroba, uZluri iyo.
`saqarTvelo~-s korespondentma 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg
saingiloSi Seqmnili viTareba ase Seafasa: `ver CamoiTvleba yvela is
ubedureba, romelic am `Tavisuflebis~ xanas miayenes mahmdianebma Cvens
moZme ingiloebs... saqristiano saingilos anadgureben ise, rom momaval
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi ingiloebis saxsovrad SeiZleba dagvrCes
mxolod TbilisSi macxovrebeli oriode ingilo~.229
`saqarTvelo~-s korespondents esmoda, rom saerTo anarqiis Jams
saingiloSi ideluri yofa ver iqneboda, magram imas, rac kaxSi da sxva
qristianul soflebSi datrialda saerTo anarqiac ver amarTlebda.230
bunebrivia, aseTi yofa isedac gaucxovebuli ingiloebis ndobas
samSoblosadmi ufro Selaxavda, uTqvamT kidev Tbilisis wreebSi
miRebuli zaqaria edilisaTvis: `aravin movida, aravin mogvxedao, ramdeni
telegrama gavagzavneT da erTi sanugeSo sityvac aravin mogvwerao. gana
saWiro ar iyo, rom moverigebineT erTmaneTTan da aseTi ram aRar
dagvmarTnodao... RmerTmac dagviviwya da qarTvelebmaco~.231
2.3 ganaTlebis sakiTxebi
XX saukunis aTiani wlebis saingilos yofis socialuri mxare
arasrulyofili iqneboda ganaTlebis Sesaxeb Seqmnili sagazeTo
publikaciebis gareSe. `saqarTvelo~-m sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis es mxare,
ra Tqma unda, gamoxmaurebis gareSe ar datova. am gazeTs araTu swavla-
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ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi, aramed isic ki ainteresebda,
saingiloSi rogori amindi iyo.
z. edilma Tavis saistorio narkvevSi `saingilos gadagvareba~232
ingiloTa asilimaciis XVII saukuneSi dawyebuli procesi dawvrilebiT
aRwera, manve aRniSna is umTavresi istoriuli faqtebi, romlebmac
daaCqares zaqaTalas olqSi qarTuli cnobierebis aRmofxvra. publikaciis
bolos avtorma dasva kiTxva: `ra unda vqmnaT, ranairad unda
gamovasworoT saqme?~ da iqve upasuxa: `Cveni sxna erovnul skolebSia~.233
saingiloSi erTaderTi orklasiani normaluri saswavlebeli
arsebobda sofel kaxSi, iqac qarTul enas Zlier mwirad aswavlidnen.
ingilosTvis rom gekiTxa, qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebs ratom ar iwero,
getyoda, ena ar vicio. ingiloebma rusuli wera ukeTesad icodnen, vidre
qrTuli da ojaxaebSi xSirad naxavdiT Svilebis gamogzavnil werilebs,
sadac qarTuli sityvebi rusuli asoebiT iyo dawerili.234
saingiloSi skolis dasaarseblad saWiro cnobebi unda moekriba
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis wevrs r. burWulaZes. misi
dakvirvebiTm qarTuli skola unda gasxniliyo sofel TasmaloSi,
romelic zaqaTalasa da kaxs Sua mdebareobda da, amdenad, yvelasaTvis
xelsayreli gaxldaT.
ai, rogor afasebda r. burWulaZe saingiloSi erovnuli skolis
mniSvnelobas: `saingilos qarTvel mahmadianebs Tavisi erovnuli vinaoba
daukargavT da sarwmunoebas da erovnebas erTmaneTisagan ver arCeven.
aqaur qarTvel mahmadianebis warmodgeniT, SeuZlebelia, kaci qarTveli
iyves da amave dros qristiani ar iyves is, amitomac, qarTuli kulturis
yovelive nasaxs gaurbian da samSoblo enasac nel-nela iviwyeben... aseTi
Seugnebloba da mtruli ganwyobileba qarTuli kulturisadmi ar
arsebobda arc aWaraSi da arc mesxeT-javaxeTis mahmadian qarTvelTa
Soris. amis gamo didi Sromaa saWiro, Sroma xangrZlivi da didi
`saqarTvelo~-s 1916 wlis #109-Si gv. 3 vkiTxulobT: `zaqaTalas mxurvale mzis sxivebi saamurad dahyurebs mTels are-mares da sicocxles hfens. saRamoobiT ki cota wvima wamova”.
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sifrTxiliT, rom saingilos mahmadian qarTvelTa Soris amoZravdes
erovnuli grZnoba.235~
amave publikaciaSi gamoCnda is didi sifrTxile, romliTac
erovnuli cnobierebis gaRvivebasa da skolis daarsebas cdilobdnen.
kerZod, Tasmalos qarTuli skolis gasaxsnelad saWirod CaTvales: a)
maswavleblad mamakaci moewviaT, radgan patriarqalur saingiloSi
(aWarisgan gansxvavebiT) qals gavlena ar hqonda, b) unda moewviaT
qarTulis mcodne mola, romelic mSobliur enaze aswavlida mahmadis
sjuls. Tasmalos skolis gaxsnaSi did daxmarebas gauwevdnen
adgilobrivi mRvdeli mixeil yuloSvili da axalgazrda z.
edilaSvilio (es z. edilia). Tasmalos skola aucileblad gaixsneboda,
rom ara, 1917 wlis Tebervlis revolucia. Tumca, revoluciis Semdeg
saingiloSi ufro didi qarTuli skolis gaxsna.
1917 wlis 25 marts, revoluciis aRsaniSnavad gamarTul mitingze
gadawyda, rom kaxSi gaexsnaT 1905 wlis revolucioneris ingilo
konstantine bairamaSvilis saxelobis skola. erT-erT gamomsvlels
(erovnebiT TaTars) gulisamaCuyebeli sityvac ki warmouTqvams imis
Sesaxeb, rom saingiloSi somxuri da TaTruli skolebia gaxsnili, sxva
erovnebis warmomadgenelT aq aravin sdevnis da axla ki droa
qarTvelebsac TavianTi skola hqondeTo da am saqmis bolomde misayvanad
iqve 285 maneTi aukrebiaT.236
Tavisuflebam, romelmac rbeva da aoxreba moutana saingilos, es
mcire saCuqaric ki ver gaimeta amisTvis. paradoqsia, magram ruseTis mefis
daxmobis Semdeg ar gauqmebula mefis moxeleTa struqturebi, oRond am
Zvel usamarTlobas, axali, anarqiuli yofiT gamowveuli uaknonobac
daerTo.
swored es mRvdeli gaxda religiuri devnis msxverpli, amaze dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi
visaubrebT.
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A anarqiis gamo miyenebuli zarali ukve aRvwereT kriminaluri
situaciisadmi miZRvnil qveTavSi, mefis moxeleTa ukanono Zalmoreobis
sailustraciod ki isic kmara, rom konstantine bairamaSvilis saxelobis
erovnuli skola ar gaixsna, Senoba ar dasTmo realuri saswavleblis
mefisdroindelma direqtorma sofinma. ufro metic, axali erovnuli
skolis gaxsnis nacvlad daixura mahmadian ingiloTa sofel aliabaTis
qarTuli skolac.237
skolebis problemac mougvarebeli rCeboda XX saukunis aTian
wlebSi, magram ingiloTa (gansakuTrebiT qristian ingiloTa) midrekileba
swavlisadmi uzomo iyo. m. janaSvilis cnobiT, pirvelma ganswavlulma
ingilom dimitri janaSvilma Tavis Semdeg bevri ingilo maswavlebeli
datova da skolebis ararsebobis miuxedavad XX saukunis dasawyisSi 14000
qristianma ingilom saqarTvelos misca ramdenime inJineri, agronomi, eqimi.
ilia Wyonias TqmiT, ganaTlebuli adamianebis raodenobiT saingilom
saqarTvelos sxva kuTeebs (xonis garda) gauswro238.
aseTi damangreveli Sedegebi moutana saingilos Tavisuflebam,
mZime socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi meorexarisxovani mizezi iyo;
kriminaluri mdgomareobis ukiduresi gamwvaveba saxelmwifos (mefis
ruseTis) ngrevam da axali saxelmwifos arsebobam gamoiwvia. zustad amave
mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli religiuri dapirispirebac. SegveZlo am
dapirispirebis amsaxveli sagazeTo publikaciebic kriminaluri
situaciisadmi gankuTvnil paragrafSi gagveerTianebina, magram, Cveni
azriT, religiuri devna ufro sxva saxis, gansakuTrebuli tipis
kriminalia, romelic socialur problematikis farglebs scdeba, amitom
religiuri dapirispirebas calke qveTavi mivuZRveniT.
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3. religiuri brZola saingiloSi
z. edils Tu davujerebT, saingilos TaTrebi qristian
mosaxleobisagan yidulobdnen daklul saqonels, mahmadiani ingilo ki,
qristianis dakluls arafers Wamda da im WurWliT, romliTac qristiani
svamda, wyals arafriT dalevda239.
ilia Wyonia ki, sul sxvanairad aRwers mahmadianTa da qarTvelTa
urTierTobas. misi TqmiT, qristianul eklesias kurmuxs saingilos mTeli
mahmadianoba (lekebi, TaTrebi, ingiloebi) pativs scemda. erTmaneTis
rwmenas rom angariSs uwevdnen, amis dasturad ilia Wyonia Semdeg ambavs
mogviTxorbs: kaxis saboqaulos erT-erT lekur sofelSi qristianuli
eklesiis nangrevebi iyo SemorCenili, eklesiis ezoSi ori uzarmazari
ramodenime saukunovani kakali idga. erT vaWars satyeo
zedamxedvelobisagan gamouTxovia am kaklebis moWris nebarTva. xis
mosaWrelad mosuli vaWari lekebs dautyvevebiaT da kaxis qarTveli
boqaulisaTvis miugvriaT:
`Tu qristiani xarT, daicaviT RvTis sakuTrebao. Cven mahmadianebi
varT, magram am adgils adaTiT did pativsa vcemT, radgan RmerTi
erTiao.~240 am qveTavis dasawyisSi es ambavi imitom moviyvaneT, rom
gvjera, sarwmuneobrivi Semwynarebloba, erTmaneTis adaTebis pativiscema
saingilos mkvidri mosaxleobisaTvis Cveulebrivi movlena gaxldaT.
religiuri uTanxmoebebic iyo, magram amas sistematiuri xasiaTi ar
eqneboda.
ruseTis monarqiuli wyobis daxmobisa da pirvel msoflio omSi
TurqeTis dawinaurebis Semdeg musulmanTa (ZiriTad TaTarTa)
Zalmomreobas da qristianobis devnas masiuri xasiaTi mieca.
adgilobrivma aRmasrulebelma komitetma gadawyvita saingiloSi
ori qarTuli skola daearsebina da gaexsna sasoflo-sameurneo
saswavlebeli, aikrZala gasaTxovari qaliSvilebis gayidva. erovnuli
Semecnebis sasikeTod gadadgmuli es nabijebi saingilos mahmadinianebma
gaqristianebis dasawyisad aRiqves da Sedegmac ar daayovna. saingilos
aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomarem lekma yafiz efendim Tavis
razmTan ertad daawioka qristiani ingiloebi, markoz firosmaniSvils
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coli waarTva da musulmans SerTo, eqvsi ingilo ZaliT gaamahmadiana,
kondaxiT araerTi mosaxle scema.241
mahmadianTa aulagmavi TareSis dros aikles kurmuxis wminda
giorgis eklesia, siwmindeebis moparvas ar dasjerdnen, xatebi xanjliT
daCexes, fexiT gaqeles, eklesiis gumbaTidan jvari Zirs dasces, mxolod
saxareba darCenila xeluxlebeli.242
musulmanuri sisastikis msxverpli Seiqmna mRvdeli mixeil
yuloSvili. misi gvami Tvrameti dRis Semdeg ipoves, mRvdels xelebi
hqonda Sekruli, ramodenime dRis naSimSilari yofila, xerxemlis
gaswvriv iyo nacemi, malebi Camtvreuli hqonda, bolos yeli gamouWriaT
da gvamis dawvas cdilan, magram ar gamosvliaT. yvela xvdeboda, rom
mRvdeli religiur niadagze iyo mokluli, radgan igi gamudmebiT
amxelebda molebis uvicobas, ilaSqrebda iseTi mavne tradiciebis
winaaRmdeg, rogoricaa colis warTmeva, gasaTxovari qaliSvilis
qmrisadmi miyidva, ZaliT gamahmadianeba da amis gamo araerTxel
damuqrebian mahmadianuri rjulis `damcvelni~.243
saingilos mahmadianTa aseTma qcevam, bunebrivia, qarTveli
qristianebis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. haidar beg abaSiZem gazeT
`samSobloSi~ ukmayofileba gamoTqva, rom r. ingilo mahmadianebsa da
qristianebs Soris uTanxmoebas aRvivebda. am metad saCoTiro braldebaze
sapasuxod r. ingilo ambobda, rom araerTxel gaukicxavs xalxi, vinc
saingiloSi qristianobis propaganda scada, magram aseTive damRupveli
Sedegebi moaqvs mahmadianobis propagandas. Tumca, is rac zaqaTalas
olqSi xdeba mahmadianobis propaganda ki ara, teroriao. Cemi
publicisturi werilebis mizani religiuri sakiTxebis garCeva sulac ar
gaxlavT, erTaderTi, rac gvsurs isaa, rom ingilo qarTvelebma
(qristianebi iqnebian Tu mahmadianebi) sarwmunoebrivi gansxvavebulobis
miuxedavad erTmaneTi Zmebad aRiaron `erTi idea gvasuldgmulebs da
gvametyvelebs dRes Cven... es gaxlavT saqarTvelos samkvidreblis aRdgena,
saqarTvelos mTliani saxis ganmtkiceba kaTolike da marTlmadidebeli,
mahmadiani da grigoriani – yvela qarTveli Tavis samSoblos uzenaes
xelmwifobis sruluflebiani wevri Seiqmneba~244, – wers r. ingilo.
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maSasadame, saingiloSi 1917 wlamde arsebuli religiuri SuRli ar
atarebda sistematiur xasiaTs, xSir SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva sarwmuneobis
mimdevarni erTmaneTis rwmenas pativiscemiT epyrobodnen. gazeTma
`saqarTvelo~-m asaxa qristianuli sarwmuneobis is sastiki devna,
romelic saxelmwifoebrivi dacvis Sesustebam gamoiwvia. marTalia,
gazeTi yovelTvis cdilobda didi sifrTxiliT mohkideboda erovnul Tu
religiur konfliqtebs, romlebic qveynis erTianobas safrTxes uqmnidnen,
magram `zogjer Tqma sjobs araTqmasa~. `saqarTvelo~-m Tqma amjobina,
amave dros yvelaferi gaaketa, raTa saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi
mcxovrebi mahmadianebi ar gaexelebina.
4. saingilos istoriisa da tradiciis asaxva gazeT
`saqarTvelo~-s furclebze
publicisturi narkvevebi saingilos istoriis Sesaxeb saukeTeso
saSualeba iyo erovnuli mTlianobis ideis gansamtkiceblad. istoriis
calkeuli epizodebis mTlianobaSi gaazreba naTels hfenda saingiloSi
mimdinare procesebs. z. edili saingilos gadagvarebis XVII saukuneSi
dawyebul process Tanmimdevrulad aRwers. Sah-abazis sastiki politikis
miuxedavad ingiloebma `kideva hqnes eroba~. 1803 wels ruseTma saingilo
saqarTvelos rom SemouerTa, War-belaqneli ingiloebis moTxovniT
lekebma piroba dades: `War-belaqnis lekebi movaleni varT, dReis ukan
aliabaTis qarTvelebs xeli aRar SevuSaloT qristianuli sarwmunoebis
aRiarebaSi da eklesiaTa aSenebaSi~.245 platon ioselianis cnobiT bodbis
episkoposi saingiloSi gadacmul mRvdlebs agzavnida, romelTac sanTel-
sakmeveli mihqondaT da wirva-locvas asrulebdnen, magram...
ahanyda leki haji-murTuzi. igi Samils ebrZoda, Samilis
damarcxebis Semdeg iolad ver Seelia mxedrul cxovrebas da saingiloSi
qristianobis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. imis SiSiT, axali Samili ar
mogvevlinoso, ruseTis mTavrobam sajarod aRiara rwmenis Tavisufleba.
ise ki moxda, rom Tavisufali rwmena mahmadianTa privilegiad iqca,
qristiqnebs ki sxvadasxvanairi zewolis saSualebid amahmadianebdnen. ase
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iqcnen namdvil mahmadianebad saingilos qarTuli soflebi, mxolod xuTi
sofeliRa SemorCa Zvel, qristianul sarwmunoebas.246
bevr lekurad miCneul ojaxSi, moepovebodaT `gujar-qaRaldebi
qarTvel mefeTagan micemuli, romelTac malaven da iSviaTad Tu aCveneben
vinmes. eseni arian WavWavaZeebi sofel gogamSi, leoniZeebi da erisTavni
WarSi, vaCnaZeebi belaqanSi da sxvani da sxvani. exla rasakvirvelia, maT
qarTvelobisa ara scxiaT ra da arc qarTvelebad moaqvT Tavi, mxolod
sxovna, cariela xsovnaTa SerCeniaT, rom maTi winaprebi odesTac
gurjebi, qarTvelebi yofilan~.247
z. edils ekuTvnis aseve saingiloSi arsebuli sxvadasxva
eklesiaTa nangrevebis mokle mimoxilva. Tavis werils avtori ase
asrulebs: dangreuli eklesia – monastrebidan zogs gumbaTic ki SerCenia,
geografiuli saxelebi qarTulad JReren – TeTri saydari, darbazis
saydari, berTa bina - `yvelaferi qarTvelTa warsul cxovrebas da
majiscemas mogagonebT~.248
saqarTvelos uZvelesi istoriis amsaxvel fragmentebs Seicavs
ilia Wyonias publicisturi werili, romelSic aRwerilia saingiloSi
SemorCenili uZvelesi qarTuli qalaqebis bazarasa da siRnaRis naSTebi.
aseve samonastro kompleqsis, fifineTis nangrevebi. gamocdili arqeologi
romc ar iyoT, mainc mixvdebiT, rom miwasTan sul axlos aris
saqarTvelos uZvelesi yofis amsaxveli masalebio249, – wers avtori. misi
azriT, nuxis mazraSi SemorCenili legendebi feria-xaTunze Tamar mefis
Sesaxeb Seqmnili Tqmulebebia, Tamaris sidiades amtkiceben mis dros
agebuli xidebic, romelta umravlesobac TiTqmis dauzianebeliao.250
saingilos tradiciebis gasacnobad aris Seqmnili z. edilis
werili `kasris saydarzed~.251 samebis dResaswaulze ingiloebi kasris
saydris dReobaze midian, am dros gazafxulia, yvelaferi yvavis da
afeTqebuli xeebis fonze dedofaliviT mosCans kasris TeTri saydari.
amohyavT dasaklavi saqoneli, amoaqvT sanovage da saxalxo dResaswauli
imarTeba. sadilis Semdeg imarTeba Siproba (cekva), romlis drosac
specialur fexsacmelebs icmeven, moSiprave qalebs kacebi fuliT
asaCuqreben, mandilosnebic ar ukadrisoben xolme.252
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kasris saydris dReobis aRwera rom ufro metyveli gaexada,
avtori (savaraudoa, namdvil) ambavs mohyva. ingilo vaJs qerimas uyvarda
mezoblis qali galusta. magram galusta, ingiloTa wesis mixedviT,
akvnidanve sxvaze iyo daniSnuli. Tanac qerima sayvareli qalis, mSoblebs
25 Tumans ver uxdida. galusta sxvaze gaaTxoves. kasris saydris
dResaswaulze qerimam sacekvaod gamoiwvia galusta. maTi Siproba iseTi
STambeWdavi iyo, rom dRoebaze mosuli xalxi monusxuliviT Sescqeroda,
es mSvenieri sanaxaoba maSin Sewyda, roca galustas mTvralma qmarma
qerimas xanjliT guli gaupo.253
udavoa, am romanuli epizodiT z. edilma ingiloTa cxovrebis
sinamdvile mkiTxvelisaTvis xelSesaxebi gaxada, es Jurnalistis
mcdeloba iyo, rom saingilos yofa qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro
axlobeli gaexada.
amrigad, saingilos istoriisa da tradiciebis amsaxveli sagazeTo
publikaciebi saqarTvelos erovnul mTlianobas amtkicebda.
`saqarTvelo~-s publicistebma istoriul faqtebs mouxmes imis dasturad,
rom sarwmuneobrivi gansxvavebuloba, ingiloTa gaucxoveba danarCeni
saqarTvelosagan Cvenma saerTo, bedukuRmarTma bedukuTRmarTi istoriave
RaRadebda, rom ingiloebi qarTveli eris erT-erTi uZvelesi da
Rirseuli warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.
d a b o l o s, 1917-18 wlebSi saingilosa da afxazeTis mTielTa
kavSirSi Sesvlis sakiTxi daisva. `zaqaTalisa da soxumis olqebis
Sesaxeb komitetma daadgina, rom mTielTa mTavroba maT erovnul,
kulturul da politikur sakiTxebze avrcelebs kompetencias. rac
Seexeba am olqebze mTielTa mTavrobis saxelmwifoebriv movaleobis
axlave an sruliad gavrcelebas, anda maT mier kavkasiis droebiTi
mTavrobis kompetenciis sferoSi darCenas, miendos zaqaTalisa da
afxazeTis erovnul sabWoebs~.254
am gadawyvetilebis miRebamde samurzayanoSi Catarebul krebaze
afxazeTis delegatma ajemovma megrelebs ultimatumi wauyena: `Tu Tqven
megrelebi xarT wadiT da saqarTvelos SeuerTdiT, Cven araferi
sawinaaRmdego ara gvaqvso, da Tu afxazebi xarT, maSin Cventan unda
wamoxvideT da SeuerTdeT mTielTa kavSirsao.255
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saingiloSi ki msgavsi ram ar momxdara. ingiloebs (qristianebs)
arbevdnen, mahmadian da qristian ingiloebs – orTaves – ar hqondaT
sakvebis arCevani, TiTqmis ar arsebobda erovnuli skolebi da mainc,
mxolod TiTo orola mware sayveduri iTqva, arsad Tqmula qarTvelebs
movSordeT da mTielTa kavSirs SevuerTdeTo.
piriqiT, ingiloebis erT-erTi cnobili warmomadgeneli r. ingilo
werda: zaqaTalis olqs saqarTvelo ver daTmobs, radgan `aq qristianoba
wminda ninoze uwin uqadagia episkoposs elises. man Semoiara hereTi da
nuxis maxloblad aago didebuli taZari, giSis monastrad wodebuli,
romelic dRes somexTa xelSia. amgvari istoriuli naSTebiT savsea
saingilo... didi muyaiToba gvWiria, rom es kuTxe gadagvarebas avacdinoT.
am wminda saqmeSi daxmareba unda vsTxovoT Cvens Zmeb aWarlebs, romelnic
cxadze ucxadesad daumtkiceben ingilo mahmadians, rom erTsa da imave
dros SeiZleba iyo mahmadianic da qarTvelic256.
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1 gagoSiZe SoTa; qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria (XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi) nakveTi I;
Tb; 2004w; gv: 3
2 kedia spiridon; “Cveni sityva”; “saqarTvelo”; 1915w; #1; gv: 2
3 iqve.
4 adamaSvli m; “karebebi CavketoT (gadamijnvis safuZveli)”; “saqarTvelo”; 198w; # 19; gv: 2.
5 janeliZe oTar; spiridon kedia politikuri portreti; Tb. 2002 w.
6 iqve; gv: 45-55.
7 iqve; gv: 45.
8 iqve; gv: 46.
9 janeliZe oTar; narkvevebi erovnul-demokratiuli partiis istoriidan; Tb 2002w; gv: 166
10 janeliZe oTar; spiridon kedia politikuri portreti; Tb. 2002 w; gv: 47-48.
11 “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #19.
12 janeliZe oTar; spiridon kedia politikuri portreti; Tb. 2002 w; gv:gv: 54
13 janeliZe oTar; narkvevebi erovnul-demokratiuli partiis istoriidan; Tb 2002w; gv: 382-
383.
14 am-beri; “iloris bedi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #25; gv: 2.
15 veSapeli grigol; “afxazeTisaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 107; gv: 2.
16 ap. wulaZe; mogzauris rame-rume; “saqarTvelo;” 1916 weli; # 211; gv 3.
17 s.k-dia; saingilo da w. k. sazogadoeba; “saqarTvelo;” 1915 weli; # 10; gv 1.
18 WumburiZe dodo; istoriuli portretebi, dasawyisi XX saukunisa; Tb; 2008w; gv: 209-210.
19 edili z; “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris StabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #9;
gv: 4.
20 iqve.
21 edili zaqaria, “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”, “saqarTvelo” ; #8;
1918w; gv: 3.
22edili zaqaria; “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w;
#35, gv 3.
23 janeliZe oTar; saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria, Tbilisi, 2009w; gv: 123.
24 edili zaqaria, “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”, “saqarTvelo” ; #8;
1918w; gv: 3.
25 iqve.
26 Белая книга Абхазии; moskovi; 1993w; gv:30.
27 ToTaZe anzor; afxazeTis mosaxleoba istoria da Tanamedroveoba; Tb; 1995w; gv: 81-107.
28 ToTaZe anzor; afxazeTis mosaxleoba; istoria da Tanamedroveoba; Tb; 1995w; gv: 82-86.
29ToTaZe anzor; afxazeTis mosaxleoba; istoria da Tanamedroveoba; Tb; 1995w; gv: 87.
30 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi
(statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 49
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31 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi
(statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 49 ix. sqolio
32 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi
(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 49.
33 ToTaZe anzor; afxazeTis mosaxleoba; istoria da Tanamedroveoba; Tb; 1995w; gv: 87.
34 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi
(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 146.
35 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; gv: 52; Tbilisi;
2006w.
36 iqve.
37 gabedava meri, sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 ww; Tb; 1993w; gv:11.
38 gamaxaria jemal; qarTul afxazur urTierTobaT istoriidan; Tb; 1991w; gv :21-22.
39iqve.
40iqve.
41 TavdgiriZe niko; qarTuli presa; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #171; gv:2.
42 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 13-14.
43 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 19.
44 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 15.
45 iqve; gv: 16-17.
46 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 20.
47 iqve; gv: 21.
48 iqve; gv: 24.
49 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w; gv: 244.
50 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 27.
51 janeliZe oTar; saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria; Tbilisi; 2009w; gv: 124.
52 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 31.
53 iqve.
54 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 36.
55 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 21.
56 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 23.
57 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 2.
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126
58 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w; gv: 280.
59 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w; gv: 245.
60 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 41.
61 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis parlamentis istoriidan; Tb; 2002w; gv: 1.
62 veSapeli grigol; “afxazeTisaTvis”; “saqarTvelo; 1917w; # 107; gv: 2.
63 T-di etre anCabaZe; T-di meliton emuxvari’ “mciredi ganmarteba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916 w;
#99; gv: 3.
64 Aaskaneli pr; “soxumi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #150; gv: 4.
65 Aiqve.
66 ApapuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi
(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 162-164.
67 “qarTuli ena da soxumis episkoposi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #42; gv: 2.
68 edili zaqaria; “skolebis gaerovneba saqarTvelos sanapiroebSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #
269; gv: 3-4.
69 edili zaqaria; “saingilodan afxazeTamdis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #193; gv: 4.
70 edili zaqaria; “afxazeTis viTareba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #234; gv: 4
71 papuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi
(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 152-153.
72 “mciredi ganmartebis gamo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #100; gv: 2.
73 “soxumis ambebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #130; gv: 3.
74 papuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi
(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 49
75 papuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi
(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 150-151.
76 edili zaqaria; “afxazeTis eklesiis garusebis istoriidan”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #37; gv:
4.
77 iqve.
78 iqve.
79 “afxazTa deputacia”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; # 99; gv: 2.
80 “afxazeTis Suamdgomloba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #87; gv: 3.
81 “afxazeTis xma”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; # 87; gv: 2.
82 “afxazTa deputacia egsarxosTan”; “saqarTvelo”; # 100; gv: 2.
83 “afxazebis deputacia”; “saqarTvelo”; # 99; gv: 2.
84 iqve.
85 Eedili zaqaria; “saingilodan afxazeTamdis”; 1917w; #269; gv: 3-4.
86 “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 24;
87 edili zaqaria; “avtokefaliis sakiTxi afxazeTSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #128; gv: 4.
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127
88 edili zaqaria; “avtokefaliis sakiTxi afxazeTSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #128; gv: 4.
89 iqve.
90 iqve.91 edili zaqaria; “afxazeTSis viTareba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; #125; gv: 4.
92 veSapeli grigol; “afxazeTisaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 107; gv: 2/
93 “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 35; gv: 3.
94 Eedili zaqaria; “afxazeTis siwmindeni”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #237; gv: 4.
95 edili zaqaria; “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918
w; #9; gv: 3.
96 edili zaqaria; “afxazeTis siwmindeni”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #234; gv: 4.
97 iqve. 98 edili zaqaria; “Savi zRvis sanapiroebze (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918
w; #8; #9; #10.
99 Aam-beri; “iloris bedi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #25; gv: 2.
100 iqve.
101 iqve.
102 iqve.103 “afxazeTis eklesia”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919 w; #198; gv: 1
104 iqve.105 Waxraki; korespondencia “giorgi ServaSiZis xsovnis aRniSvna q. soxumSi (werili
soxumidan)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 183; gv 3-4.
106 papuaSvili nugzar; ambrosi (xelaia) ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi
(“statiis gamo “xma soxumidan”); Tb 2005w; gv: 32.
107 veSapeli grigol; “afxazeTisaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 107; gv: 2.
108 iqve. 109 “kai”; “werili afxazeTidan”; “saqarTvelo”; 1916w; # 125; gv: 4.
110 Eedili zaqaria; “saingilodan afxazeTamdis”; 1917w; #269; gv: 3-4.
111 “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; #278; gv: 3.
112 “soxumi, mTielTa avtonomiis teritoria”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917 weli; #278; gv. 3.
113 janeliZe oTar; saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria; Tbilisi; 2009w; gv: 124.
114 “osmaleTis desanti soxumSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 126; gv: 2.
115 iqve.
116 “soxumis olqSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 128; gv: 2.
117 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 24.
118 “brZola axal aTonTan”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 170; gv: 3.
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128
119 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 24.
120 TavdgiriZe niko; “afxazeTisa da jiqeTis sakiTxi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 183; gv: 3.
121 “afxazeTi da saqarTvelo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; # 73; gv: 3-4
122 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w.; gv: 244.
123 kakabaZe s; “Savi zRvis sanapirosaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 190; gv: 1.
124 iqve; gv: 257.
125 “SeTqmuleba afxazeTSi (mTavrobis oficialuri cnoba)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 192; gv:
3.
126 iqve.
127 “saomar moqmedebaTa dawyeba soWis olqSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #30; gv: 2.
128 iqve.
129 “sagareo saqmeTa ministris nota inglisisadmi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #32; gv: 3.
130 “soWi da baTomi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; # 31; gv: 1.
131 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 31-33.
132 “soxumSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 198w; # 44; gv: 4.
133 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 34.
134 “bolSevikebi soxumSi”; “saqarTvelo” 1918 w; # 70; gv: 3.
135 “a.i. Cxenkelis mimarTva afxazebisa da samurzayanolebisadmi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 86;
gv: 3.
136 “juRelis moxseneba soxumis ambebis Sesaxeb”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 106; gv: 3-2.
137 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 35.
138 “bolSevikebis damarcxeba soxumis olqSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 126; gv: 3.
139 “tuafses aRebis gamo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 153; gv: 1
140 TavdgiriZe niko; “Savi zRvis piris Cveni jaris brwyinvale gamarjvebis ambavi”;
“saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 185; gv: 3.
141 “general mazniaSvilis operacia”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 155; gv: 1.
142 gabedava meri; sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba afxazeTSi 1917-21 wlebSi; Tb; 1993w;
gv: 36.
143 “afxazeTSi”; 1921w; #41; gv: 2.
144 “gagris fronti”; “saqarTvelo”; 1921w; #42; gv: 2.
145 Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi; Tb; 2006w.
146 iqve; gv: 126.
147 Ggivi gollend; “giorgi ServaSiZe”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 45; gv: 3.
148 iqve.
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129
149 Waxraki; korespondencia “giorgi ServaSiZis xsovnis aRniSvna q. soxumSi (werili
soxumidan)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 183; gv 3-4.
150 Kkai, “werili afxazeTidan”; “saqarTvelo’; 1916w; #125; gv: 4.
151 juanSer; “kidev provokacia”; “saqarTvelo”; 1917w; # 108; gv: 3.
152 iqve.
153 in-ri; “soxumis ambebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 130; gv: 3.
154 iqve.
155 “tuafses aRebis gamo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #153; gv: 1.
156 TavdgiriZe niko; “Savi zRvis piris Cveni jaris brwyinvale gamarjvebis ambavi”;
“saqarTvelo # 186; gv: 3.
157 iqve.
158 iqve.159 iqve.
160 iqve.
161 Citaia daviT “afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi”; Tb. 2005 w; gv: 555.
162 rioneli; “afxazeTis arCevnebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918 w; # 241; gv: 3 – 4.
163 iqve.
164 iqve.
165 “afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; #67; gv: 2
166 iqve.167 iqve.
168 kakabaZe s; “Savi zRvis sanapirosaTvis”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; 190; gv: 1.
169 iqve.
170 TavdgiriZe n; “afxazeTisa da jiqeTis sakiTxi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 183; gv: 3.
171 iqve.
172 “soWis olqi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; # 40; gv: 1.
173 iqve.
174 “miwebis CamorTmeva abxazeTSi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #6; gv: 3.
175 edili z; “afxazeTSi (mgzavris STabeWdilebani)”; “saqarTvelo”; 1919w; # 20; gv: 3
176 TavdgiriZe n; “erovnuli politikis uqonlobis Sedegebi”’ “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 137; gv:
2-3
177 “tuafses aRebis gamo”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 153; gv: 1
178 TavdgiriZe niko; “Savi zRvis piris Cveni jaris brwyinvale gamarjvebis ambavi”;
“saqarTvelo # 185; gv: 3.
179 “qarTul-osuri konfliqtis istoriuli da politikur-samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi da misi
mogvarebis ZiriTadi gzebi”; Tb; 1992; gv: 3.
180 iqve.
181 “samxreT oseTis yrilobis rezoluciebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 173; gv: 4.
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182 iqve; # 207
183 iqve; # 207
184 sonRulaSvili avTandil; “samxreT oseTi” saqarTveloSi?!”’ Tb; 2009w; gv: 138
185 pavliaSvili daviT; “Sida qarTlis socialur-ekonomikuri struqtura”; Tb; 1998w; gv: 18-
19.
186 ToTaZe anzor; “osebi saqarTveloSi: miTi da realoba”; Tb; 2006w; gv: 34.
187 qarTul-osuri konfliqtis istoriuli da politikur samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi da misi
mogvarebis ZiriTadi gzebi”; Tb; 1992; gv: 6; 13
188 “osebis tavdasxma cxinvalze”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 64; gv: 3.
189 iqve.190 “cxinvalis ambebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 70; gv: 3 – 4.
191 iqve192 iqve
193 iqve194 amirejibi Salva; “cxinvalis fronti”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 64; gv: 2.
195 iqve.
196 iqve.
197 amirejibi Salva; “giorgi maCabeli”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #69; gv: 3.
198 iqve.
199 iqve.
200 “cxinvalis ambebi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; #66; gv: 3.
201 iqve.
202 a.l; drevandeli oseTi (qarTlSi osebis gamosvlis gamo)“; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 69; gv:
3-4.
203 iqve.
204 iqve.
205 “osTa yriloba”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 110; gv: 3.
206 iqve.
207 g.q. “osTa sakiTxi”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 124; gv: 1.
208 iqve.
209 iqve.
210 iqve.
211 a.l. “axlandeli mdgomareoba cxinvalSi da cxinvals zemoT”; “saqarTvelo”; 1918w; # 140;
gv: 4
212 iqve.
213 i. Wyonia, “saqarTvelos sanapiroebi”, “saqarTvelo”, 1917 w, #120, gv. 3
214 iqve
215 i. Wyonia, “saqarTvelos sanapiroebi”, “saqarTvelo”, 1917 w, #120, gv. 3
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216 iqve
217 m. janaSvili “saingilo”, “saqarTvelo”, 1917w. #125, gv.4
218 z. edili “saingilodan afxazeTamdis”, “saqarTvelo”. 1917w. #123, gv. 4
219 m. janaSvili “saingilo”, “saqarTvelo”, 1917w. #125, gv.4
220 iqve
221 n. Wordania, `qarTveli nacionalistebi~, rCeuli anawerebi, Tb.,
222 r. gabaSvili, `rac maxsovs~, dabruneba, Tb., 1992w., t. 3, gv. 114
223 z. edili, saingilodan, `saqarTvelo~, 1916w., #101, gv. 4.
224 63 z. edili, `werili saingilodan~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #137, gv. 4.
225 gur-li, `q. zaqaTala~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #42, gv. 3.
226 iqve.
227 z. edili, `saingilo~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #73, gv. 4.
228ix. Jordania noe `nacionaluri kiTxva amierkavkasiaSi~, 1917w
229 `aoxrebuli mxare~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w., #98, gv. 3.
230 iqve.
231 z. edili `saingilos mdgomareoba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w., #35, gv. 4.
232 `saqarTvelo~, 1916w., #13, #14.
233 iqve.
234 iqve.
235 `skolebis saWiroeba saingiloSi~, `saqarTvelo~, 1916w., #50, gv. 4.
236 z. edili, `saingilo~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #73, gv. 4.
237 z. edili, `skolebis gaerovneba saqarTvelos sanapiroebSi~,
`saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #269, gv. 3-4.
238 m. janaSvili, `saingilo~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #125, gv. 4.
239 z. edili, `saingilos gadagvareba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1916w. #13
240 i. Wyonia, `saqarTvelos sanapiroebi~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #120
241 z. edili, `saingilos viTareba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #113 gv. 4.
242 `aoxrebuli mxare~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w. #98.
243 v-li `areuloba saingiloSi~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w. #6.
244 r. ingilo, `miviwyebuli kuTxe~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #110, gv. 4
245 z. edili, `saingilos gadagvareba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1918w., #14 Gv: 4
246 iqve
247 z. edili, `saingilos gadagvareba~, `saqarTvelo~, 1916w., #13.
248 z. edili, `werili belaqanidan~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #281.
249 i. Wyonia, `saqarTvelos sanapiroebi~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #120, gv. 4.
250 iqve.
251 z. edili, `kasris saydrzed~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #149, gv. 3-4.
252 iqve.
253 z. edili, `kasris saydarzed~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #149, gv. 3-4
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marTlmorwmune mahmadiani da patrioti qarTvelic!~
254 afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #278, gv. 3.
255 z. edili, mTielTa kavSiri da afxazeTi, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w., #251, gv. 4.
256r. ingilo, `saqarTvelo teritoriis sakiTxi da singilo~, `saqarTvelo~, 1917w.,
#282, gv. 3.
G
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12. istoriuli hereTi-saingilo; Tbil; 2001w.
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19. “qarTul-osuri konfliqtis istoriuli da politikur-samarTlebrivi
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21. Citaia daviT; afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi;
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24. janeliZe oTar; saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria,
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25. janeliZe oTar; “rogor iqmneboda samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
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