ÉNERGIE L IBRE ISSUE #2, OCTOBER 2012 THE GREEN ECONOMY ARISES FROM YOURSELF PHYSICAL ECONOMY OF S. PODOLYNSKY. IDEAS ABOUT ENERGY BUDGET OF THE TERRITORY GLOBAL WARMING: JUDGMENT BY OURSELVES ENERGY PROSPECTS FOR STATEWIDE AUTOMATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. EVERYTHING NEW IS WELL-FORGOTTEN OLD WORLD`S LARGEST CARBON FUNDS: CREATION, PERSPECTIVES ON FUNCTIONING AND DEVELOPMENT
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ÉNERGIE L IBRE
ISSUE #2, OCTOBER 2012
THE GREEN ECONOMY ARISES
FROM YOURSELF
PHYSICAL ECONOMY OF S. PODOLYNSKY.
IDEAS ABOUT ENERGY BUDGET OF THE
TERRITORY
GLOBAL WARMING: JUDGMENT BY
OURSELVES
ENERGY PROSPECTS FOR STATEWIDE
AUTOMATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.
EVERYTHING NEW
IS WELL-FORGOTTEN OLD
WORLD`S LARGEST CARBON FUNDS: CREATION,
PERSPECTIVES ON FUNCTIONING
AND DEVELOPMENT
n its path to global prosperity the global economy has ignored environmental
issues for too long. As a result nowadays the world faces a lot of problems, including
ecological catastrophes, environmental pollution, climate change, food and energy crisis.
Having assessed the risks related to such unconcern we should try to correct the current
situation by directing all means of the global economy.
In order to promote sustainable development of a planet, our magazine "Énergie Libre"
is focused on means and initiatives which try to achieve this goal, namely international
agreements on protection of environment, environmental economy, carbon market,
alternative energy and energy efficient technologies, etc.
From the editors of
“ÉNERGIE LIBRE”
O
ÉNERGIE LIBRE
BFSE.COM.UA
THE CONTENT OF THE ISSUE
POLICY
Global warning: judgment by ourselves……………………………………….…....4
ECONOMICS
Physical economy of S.Podolynsky. Ideas about energy budget of the
territory……………………………………………………………………………...6
FINANCE
World`s largest Carbon Funds: creation, perspectives on functioning
and development……...………………………………………...………………….11
FEUILLETON
The Green Economy arises from your self……………………………...……… ...17
TECHNOLOGIES
Energy prospects for Statewide Automated Management System.
Everything New is Well-Forgotten Old…………….………………..…………….20
BFSE.COM.UA
ÉNERGIE LIBRE
GLOBAL WARMING: JUDGMENTS BY OURSELVES.
o you know that according to sci-
entists’ predictions the population
of polar bears will shrink by two
thirds till 2050? In perspective polar bears
will be for our posterity what dinosaurs for
us are. Global warming is to blame for this,
as for 90% of problems of planetary scale.
All of us know theoretically the nature and
consequences of this phenomenon, but few
people realize its effects in full, and mainly
how soon we will feel real changes. So, we
continue to live our usual life passing the
buck to anyone – politicians, scientists, big
corporations, non-governmental organiza-
tions. The year 2010 was the hottest of the
last 130 years, and 12 of 15 last years were
the warmest by the average annual temper-
ature. According to some scientists’ re-
searches, this tendency will lead to the rise
of sea level by 1, 2 meters till the end of the
century. The problem is, this process is ir-
reversible. Even if humankind stops carbon
emission at all till 2100, New-York, Hong
Kong will be wiped off the map to the end
of the millennium, and small island coun-
tries like Grenada – even earlier. That’s
why Small Island State Union appeal to the
world community with the request to limit
global average temperature increase to no
more than 1,5°C above pre-industrial level
while it has already been exceeded by 0,8
degree. Otherwise it could be evaluated as
a genocide against island countries. One
more reason to sound the alarm is the
threat of fatal diseases spread - first of all
malaria. Rainfalls acceleration, tempera-
ture background and humidity rising create
favorable conditions for spread of malaria
agents and for expansion of its carriers –
mosquitoes. Annually 300-500 millions of
people have malaria, half a million of which
dies. Global warming will double these fig-
ures. Fever, cholera, meningitis, plague and
sleeping sickness will be widespread too.
In addition to that nutrition problems
D “Besides, two degrees warming worldwide means
3.5 °С warming in Africa.... “
There is little doubt that the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have altered the Earth’s climate, some uncertainty remains about whether and when such changes will become unmanageable.
ÉNERGIE LIBRE POLICY
BFSE.COM.UA 4
will be accentuated. American scientists
assert, that climate changes will lead to
significant crop reduction in tropics and
subtropics turning formerly fertile territo-
ries into deserts. That’s why half of the
earth population will starve in the next
century. This situation will be aggravated
by water shortage and its poor quality.
Mass nation migration can be the main
consequence of it.
With regard to the flora and fauna
changes, 1,5 – 2,5°С rise of average annu-
al temperature will place 20-30% of exist-
ing animal and plant species in jeopardy,
where fishes and polar bears mentioned
before are at the head of the list
(according to Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change).
In the year 2009 London newspaper
«The Guardian» initiated publication of
article with appeal for solving the climate
change problem in 45 editions worldwide.
At that time in Copenhagen was taking
place UNO conference dedicated to world
climate changes.
German language business newspaper
«Handelsblatt» called this summit “climate
disaster in political dimension”. Despite
civil society expected adoption of agree-
ment that will reduce carbon emission
firmly, only declarative document was the
result of the summit. It was admitted that
2°С rise of average annual temperature
may have disastrous consequences ,but
clear mechanism of combating actions
wasn’t developed. At the same time appli-
cation of small island country’s Tuvalu rep-
resentative for correction of the summit
aims was rejected (he requested the aim
of the summit was to prevent 1,5°С rise of
average annual temperature instead of
stated 2°С). This 0,5°С may be crucial for
small island countries in future: they will
be inundated by rising seas. Besides, two
degrees warming worldwide means 3.5 °
С warming in Africa, that will lead to
droughts, famines, and millions of climate
refugees. However, one of the biggest pol-
luters – USA – recognized the necessity of
reducing 4% global warming pollution be-
low 1990 levels by 2020, while for achiev-
ing no more than 2 degrees warming re-
ductions must be at least ten times larger:
40% below 1990 levels by 2020. Naomi
Klein in her article “Better to have no deal
at Copenhagen than one that spells catas-
trophe” wrote USA “…have carved up the
last remaining unowned resource and allo-
cated it to the wealthy." Such a situation
was considered by world community as
“climate colonialism”. Concrete decisions
has been shifted to the Cancun conference
held in December 2010.
“Annually 300-500 millions of people have malaria, half a
President Barack Obama speaks at the climate summit in
BFSE.COM.UA 6
PHYSICAL ECONOMY OF S.PODOLYNSKY.
t a time when the linear model of ag-
gressive economic growth seen in the
coordinates of "human - society",
"human - environment" we received a num-
ber of natural disasters, shortage of natural
resources and the devaluation of "financial
unit" as a market regulator.
Scientific research carried out by S.
Podolynsky on the edge of natural and so-
cial sciences. He was the first who com-
bined the physical processes with economi-
cal, methodologically demonstrating the
need of the synthesis of natural and cost
parameters store solar energy in the pro-
cess of economic activity. So today we can
apply a macroeconomic approach, which
would be focused on adequate outcomes of
natural systems , which consider the com-
ponents of the system: "human" - "society" -
"ecology" (Human? Economy? Ecology? ) in
reciprocal communication. Only in such
coordinates can find an optimal solution,
and for the further development of humani-
ty - to ensure sustainable development
(figure 1).
Difficulty links between different compo-
nents of this system does not permit today
to build such a conceptual model of it that
would adequately describe the interaction
between its components and the environ-
ment. Such model should meet the require-
ments of structural, dynamic and infor-
mation completeness. In such cases, carry
out decomposition of the system, under-
standing under this procedure - the selec-
tion and examination of all major subsys-
tems that affect the ultimate goal of the
system. It is possible on the basis of deduc-
tive approach.
Fgure 1 – Model of sustainable development
A
Today, from our point of view, due to some problems with of energy, raised by environmen-tal concerns such as environmental, it is im-portant analyze so-called energy budget of ter-ritory. Because we do not have well-established scholars over Ukraine's energy strategy, includ-ing appropriate plant operation, development of alternative energy sources, including prospects to develop agriculture. Study of Scientific Her-itage S. Podolynsky allows him to consider ap-proaches to improve the concept of our country in particular energy budget of its territory.
ÉNERGIE LIBRE ECONOMICS
Ukrainian scientist S.Podolynsky
BFSE.COM.UA 7
Using elements of deductive approach, the
energy budget of any territory can be pre-
sented in the scheme (figure 2).
In terms of system analysis of this struc-
ture can be classified as:
open system where matter and
energy are transformed;
system is not homogeneous, as its
structure can be distinguished as the set of
subsystems
a system in which signs of the
product (quantity, quality, etc.) make it
difficult to determine its value.
A key element of the studied system is
energy. On the one hand, it is one of the
basic properties of matter, the total meas-
ure of all forms of movement, on the other -
the ability to perform some work or the
source of the force, which will perform the
work. Hence the "energy" in general we
understand the ability to develop force. At
the same time converting and makes ener-
gy conservation work, this leads to its accu-
mulation at the disposal of mankind. The
role of energy conservation law in society
and the impact of people on the transfor-
mation of energy on Earth showed S.
Podolynsky. He gave an analysis and classi-
fication of types and sources of energy
available to mankind at that time. This -
solar energy (radiation, photosynthesis,
wind, falling water), energy of Earth's rota-
tion (inflows), accumulated on the Earth
Solar energy (coal, oil). Movement and
transformation of matter and energy in the
ecosystem is shown in Figure 3. Sun contin-
ues to offer us a huge amount of non con-
verted energy and its stock is still very
large. But it does not run that the distribu-
tion of energy on the Earth's surface would
be most beneficial to human life . Possibility
of the better distribution of the energy - to
some extent – is in the hands of the person.
Quantitative characteristic in this case is
“energy capacity”
Figure 2 – Scheme of the “Energy budget of territory”
Figure 3 – Scheme of movement and transformation
of matter and energy in ecosystems
ÉNERGIE LIBRE ECONOMICS
BFSE.COM.UA 8
- the property system to perceive, process,
absorb and transport the external energy,
and give it away outside the system. This
property is closely linked to productivity,
as evienced by the last unit of measure -
the mass or amount of energy that is con-
centrated in the mass. In a mass of differ-
ent substances are different amounts of
concentrated energy. Types of energy and
their characteristics are presented in Ta-
ble. 1.
Investigating energy, S. Podolynsky
proceeded from the fact that the amount
of energy is a universal value that is un-
changed. But in some parts of Earth it is
distributed unevenly, causing wide-
spread tendency to counterbalance it and
the gradual dissipation. Regarding energy,
as global figure S. Podolynsky showed
ability of the person to influence its
movement and accumulation. Natural sys-
tem receive external energy from the sun,
which emits gamma spectra of complex
rays in a wide range of wavelengths - from
0,1 to 3000 nm.
Conservation and energy conversion
based on the equation of energy balance.
Human play the role of the transformer,
obtained from the Sun to give energy
work. Structures which was built on Earth,
have a high price because of work, be-
cause they spent lots of solar energy.
Podolynsky never minimalized role of so-
cially useful work, he was more interested
in the accumulation of living matter on the
planet - or, more simply organic matter,
begotten by the Sun, as a precondition for
any work and most earthly wealth - abso-
lute capital.
Podolynsky showed that human labor is
useful, mainly in agriculture, reducing the
scattering of solar energy, increases its
fate, which piled on the Earth's surface in
the form of "transformed" energy. Also
S.Podolynsky made definition for the con-
cept "useful work" it is "all mechanical and
mental consumption of human and animal,
which increasing budget of transformed
energy on the earth's surface"
He distinguished two aspects of ener-
gy: physical and social .
Physical - to reduce all forms of energy
dissipation through the rational use of en-
ergy accumulated on the Earth.
Social - is to save energy (wealth) be-
tween generations. In relation to the whole
generation it has an integral character.
Exploring the system in general,
S.Podolynsky in the "work of man and its
relation to energy distribution" summariz-
es the components of energy budget areas:
• The total amount of energy derived
Earth's surface, gradually decreasing, but
also its accumulation at the disposal of
mankind under the influence of increased
labor rights and pets;
• Perfect machine is humanity with
all its economy (fields, droves, machines,
etc.). Productivity increases human con-
sumption of this work on the transfor-
mation of higher energies into the higher
(production of machines, etc.);
Types of energy
Characteristics
Internal energy Energy system, which depends on the internal state of the system (it includes all
forms of energy system components)
Mechanical energy The energy of mechanical motion and interaction of bodies or their parts (energy
magnetic field - magnetic energy, electromagnetic energy fields - electromagnetic
energy, energy of moving particles - the kinetic energy, energy particles fixed in a
gravitational field - potential energy, energy of the atomic nucleus - nuclear energy)
Heating energy Level or change the thermal state (heat) system (the body) during the process
Electric energy The energy of interaction and motion of electric charges
Table 1 - Types of energy and their characteristics
“The role of energy conservation law in society and
the impact of people on the transformation of energy
Photograph by Michael Melford Sourse :http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/09/solar/johnson-text
ÉNERGIE LIBRE ECONOMICS
“Investigating energy, S. Podolynsky proceeded from
the fact that the amount of energy is a universal value
that is unchanged. “
BFSE.COM.UA 10
The Carbon fund operations have demonstrated numerous opportunities for collaborating across sectors, and have served as a catalyst in bringing climate issues to bear in projects relating to rural electrification, renewable energy, energy efficiency, urban infrastructure, waste manage-ment, pollution abatement, forestry, and water resource management.
WORLD'S LARGEST CARBON FUNDS: CREATION,
PERSPECTIVES ON FUNCTIONING AND DEVELOPMENT
fter adoption of Kyoto Protocol to
the United Nations Framework Con-
vention on Climate Change, crea-
tion of the European Union Emis-
sions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) we faced a
tremendous growth on the global carbon
market. The major instrument on this mar-
ket is emission reduction, which allows to
emit the specific amount of greenhouse
gases. This market is called “carbon mar-
ket” and today the word “carbon” we also
use with widely known processes and insti-
tutions (such as financing, funds, exchange
etc.). Carbon market is a relatively new
market, where huge risks, low liquidity, the
lack of guarantees, specific goods and spe-
cial pricing conditions are present, as in
every new market worldwide. But despite of
numeral negative characteristics this mar-
ket increases the concentration of capital
from year to year very fast, becomes more
attractive for investors and integrates more
and more financial institutions (see Fig. .1).
One of such institutions is carbon fund,
which acts as guarantor, reduces risks, in-
creases liquidity and is responsible for the
evolution of the carbon market. The main
initiative to establish carbon funds are in-
ternational financial institutions financed by
private and public funds. In addition, there
are funds that are fully subordinated to cor-
porations and banks. Their main feature of
all funds is that they finance projects aimed
at reducing emissions and purchase of so
called “reduction units”. To show the
A
ÉNERGIE LIBRE FINANCE
BFSE.COM.UA 11
role of financial institutions in this market
we will try to demonstrate the size and char-
acteristics of some carbon funds. The largest
carbon funds in the world are:
a. Thirteen carbon funds of the
World Bank.
b. Six carbon funds of the Euro-
pean Investment Bank.
c. Carbon Funds of the European
Bank for Reconstruction and
Development.
d. Two carbon funds of the Asian
Development Bank.
e. Carbon fund sof the Kfw
(Kreditan-stalt für Wiederauf-
bau).
f. European Carbon Fund.
One of the largest international financial
institutions - the World Bank, also does not
evade the problem of climate change and
has pioneered the creation of has estab-
lished the maximum number of carbon
funds. Unlike other institutions, the World
Bank does not provide or guarantee loans
for projects, but purchases the reduction
units by paying for them one-off or periodic
payments after the units have been con-
firmed. Financial resources of the World
Bank all carbon funds of in 2010 amounted
to 2.3 bln. USD. First Carbon Fund of the
World Bank, called Prototype Carbon Fund
(PCF), was founded in 2000 (See Table 1).
Since then, almost all World Bank funds
CFU (Carbon Finance Unit) are formed by
private and government funds. Total number
of private companies that participated in the
formation of carbon funds of the World Bank
is 66, governments - 16.The activities of the
funds focus on projects within the Clean
Development Mechanism and Joint Imple-
mentation of Kyoto Protocol. The largest
number of reduction units is achieved by
carbon funds through the implementation of
projects in the field of alternative energy,
energy efficiency and reduction of industrial
fluorinated gases HFC-23. Geography of the
funds is Latin America, Europe, Asia and
Africa (see Table 2).
Considering the largest number of pro-
jects among the carbon funds of the World
Bank, we can identify Community Develop-
ment Carbon Fund (CDCF). Founded in
2003, the fund acquired reduction units in
28 projects, of which 43% - the projects in
the field of alternative energy. Interesting is
the fact that the founders
Fund name Fund budget (millions of USD)
Number of Projects Volume, (million tonnes of
CO2)
Prototype Carbon fund
128,6
24
28,2
Tabl.1. Key performance indicators of the Prototype Carbon Fund
Source: http://wbcarbonfinance.org
The World Bank Carbon
Finance Unit(СFU)
Number of Projects
Value of Projects (bln.
USD)
Volume, (million tonnes of
CO2)
155 1,7 208
Tabl.2. Investment portfolio of World Bank carbon funds
Fig.1. Global carbon market capitalization, bln. USD.
Source: http://wbcarbonfinance.org
ÉNERGIE LIBRE FINANCE
BFSE.COM.UA 12
of the fund include are the governments of
9 countries governments and 16 private
companies (see Table 3).
Among World Bank carbon funds, in
terms of amounts of funding and number of
emission reductions acquired, we can note
Umbrella Carbon Facility tranche 1.
This fund was founded in 2006 with capital-
ization of 775 million euros. By now Um-
brella Carbon Facility tranche 1 has 129
million of emission reduction units. These
units were acquired from Greenhouse Gas
Reduction Projects (HFC-23). Just after
Durban Climate Change Conference
(November/December 2011) the World
Bank, together with Deutsche Bank, GDF
Suez and Swedish Energy Agency an-
nounced the creation of a new carbon fund
- Umbrella Carbon Facility tranche 2.
The activities of this fund will allow project
developers to continue selling carbon cred-
its generated after 2012, under the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM).
Other significant carbon funds of the
World Bank are: The Bio Carbon Fund,
Carbon Partnership, Spanish Carbon
Fund and Danish Carbon Fund (see Fig.
2).
Another significant player in the carbon
market is the European Investment Bank
(EIB). The appearance of a large number of
carbon funds managed by this organization
is caused by, firstly, the commitments made
by the European Union to reduce emissions
under the Kyoto Protocol, and secondly, the
introduction of European Union Emissions
Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The EIB started
to finance its carbon projects simultaneous-
ly with the World Bank – in March 2007.
International financial institutions are man-
aging the Carbon Fund for Europe with a
capitalization of about 50 million euros and
3.1 million metric tons of CO2 emission re-
ductions. Another 5 carbon funds are man-
aged by the EIB. (See Table 4).Carbon EIB
Funds are generated by private and govern-
ment resources. The financial resources of
the EIB carbon funds amount to about 809
million euros. Such institutions as KfW,
Caisse des Dépôts, Nordic Investment
Bank, Zeroemissions, CEZ and Endesa
contribute significantly in the financing of
these funds.
Tabl.3.Key performance indicators of Community Development Carbon Fund (CDCF)
Fund name Budget
(millions of USD) Number of Projects
Volume, (million tonnes
of CO2)
Community Development Carbon
Fund 128,6 29 7,1
Source: http://wbcarbonfinance.org
90,4 mln $ 140 mln €
The Bio Carbon Fund (Tranche1,2) Carbon Partnership Facility
220 mln €
90 mln $
Spanish Carbon Fund Danish Carbon Fund
Source: http://wbcarbonfinance.org
ÉNERGIE LIBRE FINANCE
Fig.2. Capitalization of some carbon funds of the World Bank
BFSE.COM.UA 13
Financial flows of the funds are aimed
both at development of relevant projects and
purchase of reduction units, under the Clean
Development Mechanism and Joint Imple-
mentation of Kyoto Protocol.
The European Investment Bank cooper-
ates very successfully not only with the
World Bank (they have a common carbon
fund), but also with the European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).
The result of such cooperation is Multilat-
eral Carbon Credit Fund (MCCF), created
in 2005 with a budget of 208.5 million euros.
MCCF focuses on projects in the field of
energy, energy efficiency, developing alter-
native sources of energy and other projects
aimed at reducing greenhouse gases emis-
sions. The fund is developing projects in
different countries of Eastern and Central
Europe and Central Asia etc.). In Eastern
Europe, in addition to the development of
projects under the Joint Implementation
Mechanism, MCCF works under the scheme
of "green investments". For this purpose the
fund has divided its budget into two parts:
Green Fund (58.5 million euros) and Project
Fund (150 million euros).
After 17 UN Conference in Durban
(South Africa) the future of the Kyoto Proto-
col remains indefinitely, creating a signifi-
cant risk for the use of Kyoto units that will
be issued after 2012. However, these cir-
cumstances do not apply to Carbon Fund
Post-2012, founded by the EIB and other 4
financial institutions with high credit rating.
The fund was launched in March 2008 with
a budget of 125 million euros. Post-2012
Carbon Fund focuses on buying carbon
credits to be received after 2012. The Fund
is interested in projects in the field of renew-
able energy, energy efficiency, projects to
reduce methane emissions at industrial
sites and projects for disposal of greenhouse
gases - Carbon Capture and Storage pro-
jects (CCS). Today the Post-2012 Carbon
Fund is dealing with projects for 1 million
tonnes of reduction units (see Table 5). As-
sets of this fund are managed by Connie
(Europe) Limited – an investment adviser to
the fund First Climate.
The international institution - Asian
Development Bank's (ADB) supported the
economies of low-carbon in Asia and the
Pacific, proposing to implement Carbon
Market Program (CMP). The main result
Name Period of generation, years Expected amount of reductions (СERs)
1. Nigeria Landfill Gas Project. 2013-2017 700,000
2. India Wind Energy Project. 2013-2020 260,000
Tabl.4. The largest carbon funds managed by the EIB
Tabl.5.Emission reduction projects, managed by the Post-2012 Carbon Fund
Fig.3 Price trend of CER Spot prices at Bluenext Exchange
ÉNERGIE LIBRE FINANCE
BFSE.COM.UA 16
ost of the people haven’t hear so
much about green economy, but
majority see it as “a recent phe-
nomenon, something that has sud-
denly sprang up” and the time is not ripe
for action now. BUT the green economics is
the economics of the real modern world—
not just about the environment, but the
world of work, human needs, the Earth’s
materials, and how they mesh together
most harmoniously. It is about regenera-
tion (not about accumulation) of individuals,
communities and ecosystems. So every Hu-
man being and human worker can no longer
serve as cogs in the machine of accumula-
tion, be it capitalistic or socialistic. It’s a
brand new system, which has been chang-
ing all the spheres of people’s lives and
minds. So, you still think that it for all you
cares!?
Certainly we must move to harmonize
with natural systems. But doing this re-
quires great human creativity, tremendous
knowledge, and the widespread participa-
tion of everyone: individual, government,
businessmen, household, community. But I
would like to illustrate the impact of busi-
ness into the green world, to show the first
steps on the way of global green regenera-
tion. Today, green business is profitable
branch of the business world. Probably this
is the reason why such companies are criti-
cized. The green business is really in its
infancy, and the future of being green will
no doubt distill down to some very real and
definable goals and practices. But my aim is
to involve nonchalant individuals into the
green world, that’s why I’ll be consider
them as the most progressive link in the
green movement chain. Today’s business is
all about being green. From Wall-mart to
Apple, everyone is talking about how green
their approach, packaging, or methods are.
In order to be considered a green business,
a company must use practices which are
viewed as sustainable and environmentally
friendly. These practices might include the
use of organic and natural products to build
its factories, tighter protections against
emission, and environmentally responsible
sourcing of supplies.
Fashion
THE GREEN ECONOMY ARISES FROM YOURSELF
“Wal-Mart took up the "green" initiative, and introduced
plans for an environmental overhaul, including making
its trucks more efficient...”
M
It's time to see green economy as a pathway out of economic recession. Green economy is one that will drive investment and financial flows towards restoring our environ-
ment and generating a better quality of life for all.