Mafia p1

Meghan LuceSant’Anna InstituteProf. CorbinoMidterm Pres.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING: CHINA

2.5 million people forced into labor.

It is estimated that 1.2 million children are traffi cked each year.

People are traffi cked from 127 countries, to be exploited in 137 countries.

$31.6 bill ion dollars in profi ts annually.

In 2006 only 5,808 prosecutions and 3,160 convictions through out the world.

BACKGROUND FACTS

Preference for sons in China combined with easy access to sex-selective abortions has led to a gender imbalance (3)

Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB) is over 130 in several provinces in China (3)

Preference for Sons: higher wage earning capacity, continue the family line, recipients of inheritance. (6)

Preference has led to female infanticide and abandonment and neglect of girls (6)

SON PREFERENCE IN CHINA

Until 1960’s it was encouraged to have as many children as possible. (7)

The policy was introduced in 1979 (7)

‘One-Child Policy’ introduced to address overpopulation. (7)

One-Child in urban areas, exception: including twins, rural couples, ethnic minorities, and couples who are both only children themselves. (7)

ONE-CHILD POLICY: ‘FAMILY PLANNING’

10%-20% excess of young men across large pats of China (3).

2005- 1.1 million excess males born across China (3).

Societal Implications: percentage of male population will not be able to marry

GENDER IMBALANCE AS A RESULT OF POLICY

China is a source & destination country for human traffi cking (8).

Cross-border traffi cking of women is increasing (8).

Purposes of cross-border traffi cking: commercial sexual exploitation and forced marriage to i l legal adoption, forced labor, and begging (8).

Source Provinces: Yunnan & Guizhou (8)

Destination Provinces: Fujian, Guangdong & Shangdong (8)

HUMAN TRAFFICKING: CHINA

Majority occurs within borders, around 600,000 migrate annually overseas. (9)

Causes: lack of employment & rural-urban internal migration (9)

Chinese Government placed on Tier 2 Watch List for 7 th consecutive year (9).

HUMAN TRAFFICKING: CHINA

Triad- refers to the many branches of Chinese transnational organized crime organizations. (11)

Emerged in the 17 th century with the emergence of secret societies founded by Shaolin Monks (11).

By 1950 300,000 Triad members in Hong Kong (11)

9 main operating Traids: Wo Hop To, Wo Shing Wo, Rung Tung, Chuen Shing, Sun Yee On, 14k, and Luen (11)

ORGANIZED CRIME IN CHINA: TRIAD

Destroyed Criminal Groups: (10) 1986- 30,000 1994: 150,000

Arrested Members: (10) 1986- 114,000 1994- 570,000

Most cities are safe, lack of police force (10) 12 offi cers per 10,000 residents Police force: ill equipped, ill-trained, under funded, and

understaffed

ORGANIZED CRIME IN CHINA: TRIAD

1880s- Counterfeiting (all 11)

1960’s & 1970’s- counterfeiting Chinese currency, copying books & black market

Recently: watches, fi lms, designer items

Since the 1970’s more activity with legitimate business

Triads are more active in costal provinces (12)

About 200 billion yuans ($24.7 billion) laundered in China each year. (12)

TRIAD: CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES & PROFITS

Unemployment & Policy Change

RESOLUTION?

2:http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/19/china-gender-ratio -women-men

3: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110314132244.htm

6:  http://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c2216 7:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy 8:http://www.no-traffi cking.org/china.html

9:http://www.humantraffi cking.org/countries/china

10:http://www.nytimes.com/ref/col lege/coll-china-polit ics-005.html 11: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_%28underground_society%29 12:   http://eng.globalaff airs.ru/number/n_7981

SOURCES