Madina Arabic : Book 1: Class Notes AbdurRahman.Org

ARIC Arabic Class NotesPart 1 (ver. 1.1)

1

TopicsParts of Speech English vs. Arabic

Arabic Alphabets

Arabic Vowel Signs

Indefinite & Definite

Noun Endings

The Nominal Sentence

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ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 1 (ver. 1.1)

Revision History

2

Date Ver Author Revision Comments

Mar. 1, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version

Mar. 10, 2010 1.1 Zahid Naeem Multiple Corrections (e.g., to , genetive to genitive)

There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Sabilillah Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to [email protected]


Parts of Speech English vs. Arabic

English has eight parts of speech

1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus)

2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and we used to replace a noun)

3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tall man)

4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takes place, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow)

5. Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. hello and hi)

6. Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink)

7. Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but)

8. Preposition (A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at)

Arabic has only three parts of speech

1. Noun

2. Verb

3. Particle

3


Parts of Speech English vs. Arabic

4

English Arabic

Noun

Noun Pronoun

Adjective

Adverb

Interjection

Verb Verb Conjunction

Particle Preposition


Arabic Alphabets

Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet

Consonants (have speech sound) : 28

Alif: serves two purposes

Elongates a consonant, e.g.

Act as a bearer of (hamza), e.g.

5

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21


Arabic Vowel Signs

There are 3 short vowel signs in Arabic

Fathah ( ) denoting a, e.g. da () Kasrah ( ) denoting i, e.g. di () Dummah ( ) denoting u, e.g. du ( )

Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by Sukun ( ), e.g. notice in Long vowels are formed by adding the associated letters to the short vowels

to elongate fathah, e.g. daa () to elongate kasrah, e.g. dii () to elongate dummah, e.g. duu ( )

6


Indefinite & Definite

Like English, Arabic nouns can be indefinite ( ) or definite ( )

An indefinite noun is indicated by , which doubles the vowel sign at the end of the word, e.g.

A book

A chair - A Definite noun is indicated by prefixed to the noun. This also results in

eliminating the at the end of the word, e.g.

The book -

The chair -

and cannot coexist. So will be incorrect

Please note many proper nouns, e.g. , end with , but they are still definite

7


Noun Endings

In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence

These are called noun cases ( )

8

EnglishName

Arabic Name

Ending Vowel Sign

Function in a sentence

Examples

Nominative Dummah Subject , , ,

Accusative Fathah Object of a verb , , ,

Genitive Kasrah Possessor of a thing, or comes after a preposition or an adverb

, , ,


The Nominal Sentence ( )

A sentence that starts with a noun

Has a subject ( ) and a predicate ( ) The subject is always nominative ( ) The predicate is always nominative ( ), if it is one word The subject is mostly definite ( ) The predicate is mostly indefinite ( )

9

ARIC Arabic Class NotesPart 2 (ver. 1)

1

TopicsThis () vs. That ()Solar vs. Lunar Letters

The Joining Hamza ( )

Examples from Quran ( , , )What () vs. Who ()

Particle of Interrogation and Answer

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ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 2 (ver. 1)

This () vs. That ()

2

This is a book ( )

That is a door ( )

Demonstrative pronoun () : :

Like all pronouns, these are definite

These are masculine , i.e. these are used when pointing to masculine nouns

They have feminine counterparts will learn later

and are pronounced as and respectively,but are written without the alif


Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2)

3

Of 28 consonant letters, 14 letters are called solar letters ( ) and 14 are called lunar letters ( )

This distinction is only for pronunciation of words starting with these letters

when prefixed with (the definite article)

Articulation of solar letters involves the tip of the tongue, e.g., , , , ,

Tip of the tongue plays no role for lunar letters, e.g., , , , ,

When is prefixed to a noun beginning with a solar letter, the of the is assimilated to the solar letter, e.g., al-shamsu is pronounced as ash-shamsu

The assimilation is indicated by the shaddah on the first letter of the noun

In writing, the is not assimilated, e.g., No such assimilation takes place for lunar letters, e.g., al-qamaru is pronounced

as al-qamaru ()

)1 .rev( 2 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA

)2 fo 2( sretteL ranuL .sv raloS

4


The Joining Hamza ()

5

The in (the definite article) is called If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced

E.g., (the house) is pronounced al-baitu and (and the house) is pronounced as wa l-baitu and not wa al-baitu

also appears words without the , e.g., (name)

(son)

To signify as , look for one of the following three conditions: A symbol on alif, as

Without any or symbol on alif

Completely omitted in writing, e.g., Both and in are not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter and

is preceded with another word

E.g., is pronounced as wan-najmu and not wa al-najmu or wa an-najmu

(Joining, uniting,

attaching)


6

As opposed to , is always pronounced, regardless of its position in the sentence

is usually written with a symbol on (or below) the Alif, as follows:

Examples:

(one)

(when) ...

(Cutting,

Discontinuing, Separating)


) , , ( naruQ morf selpmaxE

7

secnatsni dna )( srettel ranul ,) ( srettel ralos dniFahitaF-lA haruS ni dna fo

rettel ranuL rettel raloS


What () vs. Who ()

8

Meaning What Who

Usage Used for irrational things

( ), e.g. non-living things, animals, plants etc.

Used for rational beings

( ). Three categories include humans, jinns, and angels.

Example What is this? () Who is he? ()


Particle of Interrogation and Answer

9

This is a house ( )

Is this a house? ( )

Prefixing to a statement turns it into a question

Used in this context is called (particle of interrogation)

means no

means yes

and are called (particles of answer)


1

TopicsPreposition ( ) & Genitive Case ( )

Detached Pronoun ( )

Possessed & Possessor ( )


Revision History

2



Mar. 14, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added section for and more description for

Mar. 20, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added more content for and



Preposition ( ) & Genitive Case ( )

3

Literal meaning of is a particle of pulling

Examples of preposition ( ):

In

On

From

To When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said to

be in genitive case ( )

The house - , In the house

A house - , In a house

is a (phrase) It looks like a sentence but is not one

Same as

got pulled to because of the preceding

ARIC Arabic Class Notes Part 3 (ver. 3) 4

More Prepositions and Examples from Quran

(59:21) Had We sent down this Quran on a mountain

... On (96:2) He created man from a clot

From (26:50) we shall but return toour Lord

To (97:1) We have indeed revealed this (Message) in the Night of Power

In (2:119) And thou will not be asked about the owners of hell-fire

About, concerning

(2:284) To Allah belongswhatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth.

Belongs to, for

(2:153) O ye who believe! seek help with patient perseverance and prayer; for Allah is with those who patiently persevere.

By, at, in


Nominal Sentence with

5

Muhammad is in the mosque

the mosque in Muhammad

It is on a table

a table on It



6

3rd Person

Masculine

Singular He, It

Dual They (2) Plural They

Feminine

Singular She, It Dual They (2)

Plural They

2nd person

Masculine

Singular You

Dual You (2) Plural You (>2)

Feminine

Singular You Dual You (2)

Plural You (>2)

1st person Masc. & Fem.Singular I

Plural We



7

Are never attached with any other word

Are always (definite)

Are considered (nominative case), even though most of them do not have a (dummah) ending

Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does not change

In Arabic such nouns are called (fixed)


Possessed & Possessor

(of) Bilal book

Bilals book

(of) the teacher table

The teachers table

Used to convey a possession relationship between two nouns

Also referred to as (Al-Idaafatu) English uses of or s for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilals book

Made up of two parts:

Possessed (or possession) Possessor

Possessed - Can take any case ending,

as the need be

Never takes (tanwin) or (the definite article)

Is (definite) by position

Possessor - Is always (genitive

case)

Can take (tanwin) or (the definite article)

Can be (indefinite) or (definite)


Definite vs. indefinite

Different case endings for

Noun after is always

9

Examples of Valid

(of) the teacher table on

On the teachers table

(of) the teacher table Verily

Verily the teachers table

(of) the teacher table

The teachers table

(of) the student book

The students book

(of) a student book

A students book

01 )3 .rev( 3 traP setoN ssalC cibarA CIRA

tcerroC .sv tcerrocnI

evah tonnac

evah tonnac

eb tonnac

eb tonnac


More on

Whose book?

(of) who book

Even though is , it does not have (kasrah) ending, because it is (indeclinable). Other similar examples:

(Whose pen?) (Whose son?)

Mosque of Allahs Prophet

(of) Allah (of the) prophet mosque

Notice two sets of . is in and it is in .


Examples from Quran -

(110:1) When comes the help of Allah

(114: 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind (24:35) Allah is the light of the heavens and the earth

(7:73) This is the she camel of Allah

(48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah

(6:127) For them is the home of safety (40:55 & 77) Therefore have patience (O Muhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promise of Allah is true


Nominal Sentences with

13

Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah

(of) Allah Messenger Muhammad

The students pen is broken

broken (of) the student pen


1

TopicsTopicsGender Introduction

Substitute ( )

Adverb ( )

Adjective ( )

The Relative Pronoun ()

The Past Tense Verb ()


Revision History

2



Apr. 4, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added Substitute and Adverb slides

Apr. 10, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added Adjective slides

Apr. 24, 2010 4 Zahid Naeem Added more slides for Adjective and the Past Tense Verb

May 1, 2010 5 Zahid Naeem Added slides for The Relative Pronoun



Gender Introduction

3

All nouns in Arabic are either masculine or feminine

Usually a masculine noun can be changed to feminine, by:

1. Adding a (closed ta ) at the end and,

2. Putting a (fathah) on the letter before

Not all feminine nouns have a or ending

Not all nouns ending with or are feminine

Two feminine nouns with a (open ta )ending


Feminine: This () vs. That ()

4

is pronounced as but is written without the alif

This is a watch ( ) This is a watch ( )

That is a car ( ) That is a car ( )


Gender of Body Members

5

(head)

(nose)

(face)

(mouth)

(hand)

(eye)

(ear)

(leg)

Double members are usually feminine

Single members are usually masculine


ecnetneS lanimoN dna redneG

6

emas eht eb tsum dna fo redneG


(is) new The house This

This house

This house is new

Substitute -

7

This is new

The house is new

A substitute ( ) is a definite noun ( ) following a demonstrative pronoun ( )


Adverb -

Examples of Adverb of Place (Examples of Adverb of Place ()

is a noun that indicates the place or time

acts like a , so the noun following it is can never be a (subject), even if the sentence starts with it

(under) (under)

(behind) (behind) (in front)

Examples of Adverb of Time ( Examples of Adverb of Time ( )

(there) (there)

(here) (here) (over) (over)

(today)

(near) (near)

(between) (between)

(tomorrow) (tomorrow) (yesterday) (yesterday)

(night) (morning) (morning) (evening) (noon)


Examples from Quran -

9

(16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted [others] from the way of Allah - We will increase them in punishment over [their] punishment for what corruption they were causing.

:

(48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance to you under the tree and He knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, He sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded them with a victory close by.

:(4:159) And there is none from the People of the Scripture but that he will surely believe in Jesus before his death. And on the Day of Resurrection he will be against them a witness.

:

(18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, I will do that tomorrow," . Except [when adding], "If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will guide me to what is nearer than this to right conduct."

:

:(2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and His books and His messengers, [saying], "We make no distinction between any of His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the [final] destination."

:


Adjective -

In Arabic the (adjective) comes after the . In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifies

A new house

A noun that describes or qualifies another noun is

called (adjective)

The noun being described or qualified

is called

A house

is also called

Adjective = = is also called

Noun Qualified = =


Agreements between and

and should be in agreement in the following:

This is a small boy

This is a small girl

Gender1

The new teacher is in the class

Bilal is a new teacher

Indefinite vs.

definiteIndefinite vs.

definite

2

I am in a new house

This is a new house

Case3

That is a new student

Those are new students

Number

4


htiw ecnetneS lanimoN

moor eht ni si riahc nekorb ehT

drib llams a si worraps ehT

loohcs yradnoces eht ni ma I


References from Quran -

(5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come to you from Allah light and a luminous Book.

:

(68:4) And undoubtedly, you possessexcellent manners.

:

(44:17) and an honourable Messenger came to them.

:

(1:6) Guide us in the straight path. :

(45:10) And for them is a great torment. :

(8:274) For them is forgiveness and honourable provision.

:

(61:13) help from Allah and a near victory :


Where is the ?

The Arabic is an easy language

The Arabic language is easy

Exercise

Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern. Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.


or not

A new book

The new book is heavy

The book is new

This book is new

This new book is heavy

Abbas is a merchant

11

22

33

44

55

66

Exercise

Make two additional sets of sentences on the above pattern. Write their meaning and the analysis, as shown above.


The Relative Pronoun -

is called the relative pronoun () It is translated as:

Who for all rational beings

Which for all irrational beings and things

It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later

It is always followed by a description, which is known as

The man, who left the room, is a merchant

The book, which is on the table, belongs to the teacher


sa

tnahcrem a si ,moor eht tfel ohw ,nam ehT

tnahcrem a si nam ehT

tnahcrem a si nam llat ehT


The Past Tense Verb ()The Past Tense Verb ()

Verb = Action =

Doer = Subject =

Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past tense () The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3rd person

singular masculine pronoun, i.e. he ()

The doer of the action ( ) is hidden ( ) within the base form of the verb ( ). Notice the hidden he in

(He left)


Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb

Almost all Arabic verbs can be traced back to a three letter verb. The remaining few exceptions are traced to a four letter verb.

To understand their structure, the three letter verbs are defined on

the pattern of as follows.

(He left)

(1st radical)

(2nd radical)

(3rd radical)


Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb

In the base form for all 3 letter past tense verbs:

and always have a

can have a , , or

Meaning

He left

He sat

He helped

He heard

He became noble


Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb

Suffix He They (2) They (>2)

She They (2) They (>2) You You (2) You (>2) You You (2) You (>2) I We

All in this group are either or have a sukun on them, so this

group is called

All in this group have some vowel sign on them so this group is

called

This alif is called (alif of protection). It protects the from being mistaken for the conjunction (and). It is written but not pronounced

This is (ta of feminine)


selpmaxE breV esneT tsaP ehT fo noitagujnoC

xiffuS eH )2( yehT )2>( yehT

ehS )2( yehT )2>( yehT uoY )2( uoY )2>( uoY uoY )2( uoY )2>( uoY I eW


1

TopicsTopicsAttached Pronoun ( )

Early Predicate and Late Subject ( )

Plural ( )

Numbers ( )

Diptotes ( )

Types of khabar ( )


Revision History

2


Apr. 24, 2010 1 Zahid Naeem Initial version

May 1, 2010 2 Zahid Naeem Added more notes on Attached Pronoun

May 8, 2010 3 Zahid Naeem Added Early Predicate and Late Subject ( )

May 15, 2010 4 Zahid Naeem Added Plural () slides

Jun. 19, 2010 5 Zahid NaeemAdded a slide for plurals of irrationals and adjective for mudaf vs. mudafilaihi

Jun. 26, 2010 6 Zahid Naeem Added slides for Numbers ( )

Jul. 10, 2010 7 Zahid NaeemAdded slides for singular, dual and plural case endings, grammatical analysis & Diptotes

Jul. 24, 2010 8 Zahid Naeem Added slide for types of khabar



Attached Pronoun ( )Attached Pronoun ( )

Muhammads book.

His book

His book

Your book

Your book

and are attached pronouns ( )

An attached pronoun ( ), when attached to a noun, is always and the noun it is attached to is

The attached pronoun in this case is always

+

+


Attached Pronoun ( )Attached Pronoun ( )

From Muhammad

Him From

From him

Them From

From them

and are attached pronouns ( )

An attached pronoun ( ), when attached to a (preposition), is always

+

+


Attached Pronoun ( ) vs. Detached Pronoun ( )Attached Pronoun ( ) vs. Detached Pronoun ( )

5

3rd Person

Masculine

Singular He, It

Dual They (2) Plural They

Feminine

Singular She, It Dual They (2)

Plural They

2nd person

Masculine

Singular You

Dual You (2) Plural You (>2)

Feminine

Singular You Dual You (2)

Plural You (>2)

1st person Masc. & Fem.

Singular I Plural We

(Detached Pronoun) (Detached Pronoun) (Attached Pronoun) (Attached Pronoun)


Attached Pronoun ( ) vs. Detached Pronoun ( )Attached Pronoun ( ) vs. Detached Pronoun ( )

6

Always (definite)

Are (fixed)

Always (nominative)

Always (definite)

Are (fixed)

Always (genitive) or (accusative)

Can be attached to a noun, verb or a particle

This is called (ya-ulmutakallim) Ya of the first person


sa ) ( nuonorP dehcattA sa ) ( nuonorP dehcattA

siH ).sam 2( riehT ).sam 2>( riehT reH )mef 2( riehT )mef 2>( riehT ruoY ).sam 2( ruoY ).sam 2>( ruoY )mef( ruoY )mef 2( ruoY )mef 2>( ruoY yM ruO

eht fo rettel tsal ehT

nehw a steg A . ot dehcatta rettel tsal eht no eht edam evah dluow .tluciffid noitaicnunorp

segnahc ehT ti nehw a ot na yb dewollof si .nuonorp dehcatta


snuoN laicepS htiw ) ( nuonorP dehcattAsnuoN laicepS htiw ) ( nuonorP dehcattA

neewteb artxe eht ecitoN emas yB . dna rehtaf sdammahuM nekot

eb lliw laiceps 4 eht fo 2 era . artxe siht ekat hcihw ,snuon .retal owt rehto eht nrael lliW

ton seod artxe rof elur ehT era snuon eseht nehw ylppa

yb dewollof


sa ) ( nuonorP dehcattA

+ =

fo dne eht ta ehT si ti nehw )ay( a ot segnahc dehcatta na yb dewollof .nuonorp

ot morf egnahc eht eciton oslA.nuonorp dehcatta eht rof

rof eurt si emaS


sa ) ( nuonorP dehcattA

a steg noitisoperp ehT na yb dewollof si ti nehw eno htiw ,nuonorp dehcatta .woleb ees ;noitpecxe

sti sniater noitisoperp ehT ot dehcatta si ti nehw


.sv .sv xiffuS breV esneT tsaP

xiffuS breV esneT tsaP


Early Predicate and Late Subject ( )

The man is in the house

A man is in the house

A (phrase), e.g. (prepositional phrase) or (adverbial phrase) can never be (subject), even though a sentence may begin with it.

A garden is in front of the masjid


Plural ( )

Plural Plural

Broken Plural Broken Plural

Sound Plural

Sound Masculine Plural Sound Masculine Plural

Sound Feminine Plural Sound Feminine Plural

The singular word is broken to create the plural,

e.g. -> , -> . Broken plurals have many patterns, as explained later.

The singular word stays intact in the plural, e.g.

->

Has an na ( ) ending, e.g. ->

Has an tun ( ) ending, e.g. ->

Some nouns have multiple plural

forms, e.g., has two plural forms

1) and 2)


41

larulP nekorB fo snrettaP


51

larulP nekorB fo snrettaP

) ( etotpiD retal snrettap erom nrael lliw eW


Plural Demonstrative Pronouns

( )

This is a teacher

This is a (female) teacher

These are teachers

This is a book

These are books

There are exceptions to these rules, which we will learn later


17

Treatment of vs. Plurals

This is a new student

These are new students

In classical Arabic, sometimes broken plural for rational being is also treated as feminine singular.

This is a new teacher

These are new teachers

This is a new book

These are new books

This is a new watch

These are new watches

Is the door of the house open? Yes, it is open. .

Are the doors of the house open? Yes, they are open .


for

The teachers new book

The new teachers book

and always come together, so the for either one of them must come after

The case ending of the tells us if it is for or

Note the is definite if its is definite, so its must also be


Numbers -

Numbers ( singular: ) in Arabic are fully declinable nouns

The noun being counted with a

number is called

The rules for the and the change after every few numbers


01 ot 1 srebmuN rof seluR

sa nuon eht wollof 2 dna 1 htoB

eht dna eht os ,evitcejda . fo selur eht lla wollof

2 - 1 srebmuN

) ( rebmuN

eht erofeb semoC

) ro niwnat on ecneh( sI

) ( detnuoc gnieb nuoN

) ecneh( sI

sI si dna fo redneg ehT

etisoppo

01 - 3 srebmuN


larulP dnuoS dna lauD ,ralugniS rof sgnidnE esaC

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (


)12 .hC ,1 kooB( sisylanA lacitammarG - ssalC yM

siht loohcs ym

ti raen morf dijsam eht

ti loohcs gib

sah ti eerht srood

srood sti nepo won

ni loohcs eht sessalc ynam

siht ssalc ruo

dna ti ssalc suoicaps


The Diptote

literally means indeclinable Impermissible, prohibited Inflection, declension

Diptote ( ) is category of nouns and adjectives1. Which never get a tanwin and

2. Their genitive ( ) case is represented by fathah ( ) Compare diptotes to regular nouns (a.k.a Triptotes), which

1. Get a tanwin, when theyre indefinite and

2. Decline to kasrah ( ) in their genitive ( ) case

Diptote -

Triptote -


) ( sweN fo sepyT) ( sweN fo sepyT

ecnetneS esarhP drow enO

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