Macromolecules Standard I h: Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.
Dec 24, 2015
Macromolecules Standard I h: Students know most
macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.
Mono = one Poly = many
Monomers are single units (like bricks) Polymers are long chains of monomers (like a
wall)
Macromolecules in cells are created from
ANSWERS: A) groups of cells B) toxic substances C) small molecules D) one element
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Ex:glucosestarch (plants) storageglycogen (animals) storagecellulose (plants) structurechitin (insects,fungi) structure
Monomers = monosaccharidesPolymers = polysaccharides
Uses: Main energy source for cells, Structure
Lipids
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats•Animal fat
•Solid @ room temp•Glycerol w/ 3 fatty acid tails•All single bonds
•Plant fat•Liquid @ room temp•Glycerol w/ 3 fatty acid tails•1 or more double bonds
Monomers = glycerol + fatty acidsPolymers = LipidsUses: Energy storage, chemical messengers, cell membrane Ex: Saturated & Unsaturated Fats, Phospholipids, hormones
Phospholipids Sterols•Make up cell membrane•Glycerol w/ 2 fatty acid tails + phosphate•“Head” likes water (hydrophilic)•“Tails” hate water (hydrophobic)
•Cholesterol, hormones (testosterone, estrogen)•Complex ring structure
Nucleic Acids
DNA RNA
Monomers = Nucleotides (3 parts: sugar, phosphate, base)Polymers = Nucleic AcidsUses: Store & Transmit genetic info Ex: DNA & RNA•Deoxyribonucleic acid•Double-stranded•Contains blueprint for you!•Made of nucleotides• Sugar
(deoxyribose)• Phosphate• Base (A, T, G, or
C)
•Ribonucleic acid•Single-stranded•Copy of blueprint used to build proteins•Made of nucleotides• Sugar (ribose)• Phosphate• Base (A, U, G, or C)
ProteinsMonomers = Amino acids (Held together by peptide bonds)Polymers = ProteinsUses: Responsible for EVERYTHING about you! (Gene expression) Ex: Enzymes
Peptide bond
This group carries out gene expression (structure, transport, defense, enzymes).
ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
This group contains molecules that make up the cell membrane.
ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
This group is the main source of energy for all cells and, in plants, it is stored as starch.
ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
This group contains genetic information and can be found in the nucleus of a cell.
ANSWERS: A) Carbohydrate B) Lipid C) Nucleic Acid D) Protein
Enzymes Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up
chemical reactions made by living organisms.
Enzymes are proteins (long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds)
They fold into specific 3D shapes determined by the amino acid sequence (coded in DNA)
An enzyme has an active site where the substrate attaches/binds.
The enzyme must be the perfect shape or it won’t work!
There are many different enzymes located inthe cytoplasm of a single cell. How is a specific enzyme able to catalyze a specific reaction?
A. Different enzymes are synthesized in specific areas of the cytoplasm.B. Most enzymes can catalyze many different reactions.C. An enzyme binds to a specific substrate (reactant) for the reaction catalyzed.D. Enzymes are transported to specific substrates (reactants) by ribosomes.
Function
Enzymes speed up reactions by: A. lining up
molecules so they can react (matchmaker!)
B. putting pressure on bonds to break up molecules (homewrecker!)
Reaction Energy
By lining up the molecules involved, enzymes lower the activation energy necessary for the reaction to happen.
Factors affecting Enzyme activity Temperature
What causes tomatoes to ripen much more slowly in a refrigerator than they do if left on a table at room temperature?
A. Tomatoes need sunlight to ripen.B. Humidity accelerates the ripening process.C. Low temperatures reduce the action ofripening enzymes. D. Enzymes produced by bacteria inhibit ripening.