Machines that Think? Electronic Computers Sketch 23 Presented By: Peter Haagenson.

Machines that Think?Machines that Think?Electronic ComputersElectronic Computers

Sketch 23Sketch 23

Presented By:Presented By:Peter HaagensonPeter Haagenson

The BeginningThe Beginning Centuries ago the first attempts were made to attempt to Centuries ago the first attempts were made to attempt to

streamline calculations by using some kind of mechanical streamline calculations by using some kind of mechanical device.device.

About 5000 years ago, the Oriental abacus, was the first About 5000 years ago, the Oriental abacus, was the first known calculating device.known calculating device.• The Oriental abacus was a calculating device of beads The Oriental abacus was a calculating device of beads

and rods.and rods.• The abacus was used by merchants who needed ways to The abacus was used by merchants who needed ways to

keep track of what they bought and sold.keep track of what they bought and sold.• However, the abacus was still not mechanical. The However, the abacus was still not mechanical. The

person operating the abacus still had to do the person operating the abacus still had to do the calculations in their head.calculations in their head.

Napier’s BonesNapier’s Bones 1617- John Napier used a set of logarithms along 1617- John Napier used a set of logarithms along

with movable sticks numbered so that when slid with movable sticks numbered so that when slid together correctly, multiplication was done together correctly, multiplication was done automatically!automatically!

The chart could multiply any numbers from 2-9!The chart could multiply any numbers from 2-9!

The PascalineThe Pascaline

Between 1642 and 1652, Blaise Pascal designed an Between 1642 and 1652, Blaise Pascal designed an adding and subtracting machine called the Pascaline.adding and subtracting machine called the Pascaline.

The machine works somewhat like a car’s odometer.The machine works somewhat like a car’s odometer.• Uses base-ten systemUses base-ten system• Used dials numbered 0 through 9Used dials numbered 0 through 9• One full revolution on one dial would automatically move One full revolution on one dial would automatically move

the next dial to the next number.the next dial to the next number.

PascalinePascaline Demonstration Demonstration

The Difference EngineThe Difference Engine

Invented by Charles Babbage Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822.in 1822.• Built to generate accurate Built to generate accurate

logarithmic and astronomical logarithmic and astronomical tables.tables.

• Also used for navigationAlso used for navigation• Became obsolete when Became obsolete when

Joseph-Marie Jacquard Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented a loom that was invented a loom that was guided by cards with holes guided by cards with holes punched in them.punched in them.

The Analytical EngineThe Analytical Engine Also designed by BabbageAlso designed by Babbage Made calculations by accepting data from Made calculations by accepting data from

punched cards.punched cards. The engine was run with the same The engine was run with the same

technology that was used to run technology that was used to run locomotives… steam!locomotives… steam!

Led to the writing of the first significant Led to the writing of the first significant computer program. The program was a computer program. The program was a “loop” and was used for repeating steps “loop” and was used for repeating steps automatically. automatically.

Boolean AlgebraBoolean Algebra Invented in the mid-1800s by George Boole.Invented in the mid-1800s by George Boole.

• Boole thought that his findings would never have any Boole thought that his findings would never have any practical application.practical application.

Set of algebraic rules in which 0 and 1 are equated to TRUE Set of algebraic rules in which 0 and 1 are equated to TRUE and FALSE. and FALSE.

Boolean Operators: AND, OR, NOT, NAND(not And), NOR(not Boolean Operators: AND, OR, NOT, NAND(not And), NOR(not or), and XOR(exclusive OR).or), and XOR(exclusive OR).• These can be used to manipulate TRUE and FALSE These can be used to manipulate TRUE and FALSE

values.values. Boolean algebra has become the theoretical key to all the Boolean algebra has become the theoretical key to all the

“thinking” circuitry of today’s computers“thinking” circuitry of today’s computers Used to search databases to find results that are relevant to Used to search databases to find results that are relevant to

the search.the search.

1930s & 40s1930s & 40s

Konrad Zuse Konrad Zuse • Invented an electromechanical binary computer Invented an electromechanical binary computer

called “Z1” called “Z1” The computer read instructions from punched tape.The computer read instructions from punched tape. Words could be read from and written to by the punch Words could be read from and written to by the punch

cardscards John Atanasoff & Clifford BerryJohn Atanasoff & Clifford Berry

• Built a programmable computer (The ABC Built a programmable computer (The ABC Computer) that solved systems of linear Computer) that solved systems of linear equations by storing numbers in a capacity drums equations by storing numbers in a capacity drums and then adding or subtracting the numbers from and then adding or subtracting the numbers from other numbers stored in other drums.other numbers stored in other drums.

The ColossusThe Colossus

Designed to break the German “Enigma code”Designed to break the German “Enigma code” Used around 1500 vacuum tubes.Used around 1500 vacuum tubes. Decoded messages in hours rather than weeks or Decoded messages in hours rather than weeks or

months.months. Twice as fast as a modern Pentium PC doing the Twice as fast as a modern Pentium PC doing the

same decoding task.same decoding task. Ten were made, but all were dismantled and their Ten were made, but all were dismantled and their

diagrams were burned after the war.diagrams were burned after the war. Some of their decryption algorithms are still Some of their decryption algorithms are still

confidential.confidential.

The ENIAC-1946The ENIAC-1946 Electronic Numerical Integrator and CalculatorElectronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator Built by J. Presper Eckert & John MauchlyBuilt by J. Presper Eckert & John Mauchly Used to help in WWII by calculating naval artillery Used to help in WWII by calculating naval artillery

firing charts, but the war ended before it could be firing charts, but the war ended before it could be used.used.

DimensionsDimensions• Forty-two 9x2x1 ft. panals!Forty-two 9x2x1 ft. panals!• More than 18,000 vacuum tubes!More than 18,000 vacuum tubes!• 1500 electrical relays!1500 electrical relays!• Weighs more than 30 tons!Weighs more than 30 tons!

•Programming had to be done by Programming had to be done by rearranging external wiring and rearranging external wiring and throwing switches manually.throwing switches manually.•Had virtually NO data storage Had virtually NO data storage capacitycapacity

EDSAC-1949EDSAC-1949 Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic ComputerElectronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computer The world’s first ever practical stored program electronic The world’s first ever practical stored program electronic

computer.computer. Used mercury delay lines for memoryUsed mercury delay lines for memory The input consisted of a 5-hole punched tape and the The input consisted of a 5-hole punched tape and the

output came through a teleprinteroutput came through a teleprinter Instructions available:Instructions available:

• Add, subtract, multiply, collate, shift left, shift right, load Add, subtract, multiply, collate, shift left, shift right, load multiplier register, store (and optionally clear) accumulator, multiplier register, store (and optionally clear) accumulator, conditional skip, read input tape, print character, round conditional skip, read input tape, print character, round accumulator, no-op and stop.accumulator, no-op and stop.

• There was no division instruction.There was no division instruction.

Important AdvancesImportant Advances Early 1950s Bell Labs invented the transistorEarly 1950s Bell Labs invented the transistor

• Device used as an amplifierDevice used as an amplifier

• The transistor led to “second generation” technology The transistor led to “second generation” technology which was a large step in making technology smaller, which was a large step in making technology smaller, faster and more powerful.faster and more powerful.

Mid-1960s- circuitry was introducedMid-1960s- circuitry was introduced• This invention led to the availability of personal computers.This invention led to the availability of personal computers.• Since this invention circuitry has become much smaller, much Since this invention circuitry has become much smaller, much

more powerful, and much faster.more powerful, and much faster.

Fastest Growing Technology in the World!Fastest Growing Technology in the World!

““There has never been a technology in the history There has never been a technology in the history of the world that has progressed as fast as of the world that has progressed as fast as computer technology… If automotive technology computer technology… If automotive technology progressed as fast as computer technology progressed as fast as computer technology between between 19601960 and today, the car of today would and today, the car of today would have an engine less than one tenth of an inch have an engine less than one tenth of an inch across; the car would get 120,000 miles to a across; the car would get 120,000 miles to a gallon of gas, have a top speed of 240,000 miles gallon of gas, have a top speed of 240,000 miles per hour, and would cost $4.”per hour, and would cost $4.”

--The Analytical Engine(1990)The Analytical Engine(1990)