Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Tradi3onal forms of collabora3ve ac3on
• 20th century • Large scale projects • Typically hierarchical • Top‐down model
• Typically state or market led – (see Shirky, 2008)
2
3
4
Government steering group
Project lead (eg IBM)
Passports HMCR NI DVLA NHS
Doc control
Consultants
Doc control
Consultants
Doc control
Consultants
Doc control
Consultants Consultants
Doc control
Tech roll out Tech roll out Tech roll out Tech roll out Tech roll out
Test Test Test Test Test
ID Cards
Wikipedia
5
Wikipedia
Staff
Hardcore contributors
Casual users
Regular contributors
Link editor
Fact editor Text
editor
Image editor
New forms of collabora3on
• 21st century • Mass collaboraYon
• DemocraYc parYcipaYon
6
We‐think?
• Sharing of informaYon via Internet – improves creaYvity
– improves ideas – improves innovaYon – improves democracy
– h5p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiP79vYsdo
7
Crowdsourcing?
• Outsourcing of ideas to a large undefined group – open calls for help – the hive mind – collecYve problem solving
– cheap!
8
Crowdsourcing?
• Outsourcing of ideas to a large undefined group – open calls for help – the hive mind – collecYve problem solving
– cheap!
9
Crowdsourcing?
• Outsourcing of ideas to a large undefined group – open calls for help – the hive mind – collecYve problem solving
– cheap!
10
Crowdsourcing?
• Outsourcing of ideas to a large undefined group – open calls for help – the hive mind – collecYve problem solving
– cheap!
11
Crowdsourcing?
• How do you count the stars? • h5p://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7894071.stm
12
Wikipedia in figures
• 2001: 15,000 arYcles • 2009: 2.7 million+ arYcles • 1 million+ registered users • 100,000 users posted 10+ arYcles • 75,000 regular editors • 5,000 hardcore maintain site • 5 paid staffers
– See Tapsco5 & Williams, 2008: 72; h5p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Wikipedia
13
Wikipedia: how big is the crowd?
14
Wikipedia
Staff
Hardcore contributors
Casual users
Regular contributors
Link editor
Fact editor Text
editor
Image editor
Cri3cisms?
• Reliability?
15
Power of the crowd?
• Facebook ToS February 2009 – h5p://consumerist.com/5150175/facebooks‐new‐terms‐of‐service‐we‐can‐do‐anything‐we‐want‐with‐your‐content‐forever
16
Examples of collec3ve produc3on
• BitTorrent swarms • Second Life • Distributed compuYng
• Google search • Facebook • Li5leBigPlanet • Podzilla • Lego Mindstorms
17
Google search
• “Search engines like Google, which run on algorithms that rank results according to the number of previous searches, answer our search queries not with what is most true or most reliable, but merely what is most popular. As a result, our knowledge … is being shaped by nothing but the aggregaYon of responses. The search engine is a quanYtaYve historical records of previous responses” – Andrew Keen ,2008: 92‐2
18
Search for…
• White House …
19
Search for…
• Miserable failure
20
Wisdom of crowds?
21
• 21st century is the era of mass collaboraYon
• CollaboraYon benefits business and culture alike
• The crowd is a resource? • DemocraYsing force?
22
Ques3ons
• Do the benefits of crowdsourcing outweigh the problems?
• Is the future one of mass collaboraYon?
23
Sources and reading • Digital Britain report, January 2009,
h5p://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/broadcasYng/5631.aspx • Jeff Howe, 2008, Crowdsourcing: How the Power of the Crowd is Driving
the Future of Business, London: Random House Business Books. • Andrew Keen, 2008, The Cult of the Amateur: How today’s Internet is
killing our culture and assaulAng our economy, London: Nicholas Brearly Publishing
• Charles Leadbe5er 2008, We‐Think: Mass innovaAon, not mass‐producAon, London: Profile Books Ltd.
• Clay Shirky, 2008: Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without OrganizaAons, London: Allen Lane.
• James Surowiecki, 2005, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few, London: Abacus.
• Don Tapsoc5 & Anthony D. Williams, 2008, Wikinomics: How Mass CollaboraAon Changes Everything, London: AtlanYc Books
24
Related Documents
