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FACULTY OF LANGUAGES
SYLLABUS
FOR
M.A. (PUNJABI) (Semester: I–IV)
Examinations: 2015–16
GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY
AMRITSAR
Note: (i) Copy rights are reserved.
Nobody is allowed to print it in any form.
Defaulters will be prosecuted.
(ii) Subject to change in the syllabi at any time.
Please visit the University website time to time.
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1
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI)
gkm-eqw
SEMESTER–I
gfjbk gouk L nkgFB (i) r[owfs ekft
nkgFB (ii) r[o{ BkBe pkDh ftF/F nfXn?B
d{ik gouk L gzikph ;{\h ekft
shik gouk L ;kfjs f;XKs ns/ Gkosh ekft Fk;so
u"Ek gouk L b'eXkok ftfrnkB ns/ gzikph b'eXkok
gzitK gouk L m~DkwlIn pMjwbI vwrqk
SEMESTER–II
S/tK gouk L Grsh ;kfjs
;stK gouk L gzikph feZ;k s/ fposKs ekft
nZmtK gouk L gzikph nkb'uBk
B"tK gouk L gzikph ;fGnkuko
d;tK gouk L nkX[fBe gzikph tkose
SEMESTER–III
frnkoQtK gouk L nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk (1960 se)
pkjotK gouk L gzikph Bktb
s/jotK gouk L gzikph GkFk ns/ GkFk ftfrnkB - I
u"XtK gouk L gzikph BkNe ns/ ozrwzu - I gzdoQtK gouk L prvwsI pMjwbI swihq
SEMESTER–IV
;'btK gouk L nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk (1960 s'_ pknd)
;skotK gouk L gzikph fBZeh ejkDh
nmkotK gouk L gzikph GkFk s/ GkFk ftfrnkB - II
T[BhtK gouk L gzikph BkNe s/ ozrwzu - II
thjtK gouk L pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq
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2 AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr pihlw)
gfjbk gouk L nkgFB (i) r[owfs ekft
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H r[owfs ekft L
(T) ekft-Fk;soh gfog/y
(n) r[owfs ekft dk fJfsjk;
(J) ftukoXkok
2H r[o{ BkBe d/t L nk;k dh tko
3H r[o{ noiB d/t L ;[ywBh ;kfjp
4H r[o{ s/| pjkdo ih dh pkDh L Fpd s/ Fb'e
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3
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr pihlw)
gfjbk gouk L nkgFB (ii) r[o{ BkBe pkDh ftF/F nfXn?B
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H r[owfs ekft dk fJfsjk;
(T) r[o{ BkBe pkDh L ftukoXkok
(n) r[o{ BkBe pkDh L ekft-;kFsoh gfog/y
2H ig[ih ;kfjp
3H f;ZX r';fN
4H pkojwkj s[ykoh
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4
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr pihlw)
d{ik gouk L gzikph ;{\h ekft
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H gzikph ;{\h ekft L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H ;/] cohd L Fpd s/ ;b'e
3H Fkj j[;?B L ek\hnK
4H p[Zb/ Fkj L ek\hnK
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5
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr pihlw)
shik gouk L ;kfjs f;XKs ns/ Gkosh ekft Fk;so
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H ;kfjs f;XKs
(T) ;kfjs dh gqfeosh s/ gqekoi
(n) ;kfjs nkb'uBk
(J) ;kfjs s/ ;wki
(;) ;kfjs s/ F];hns
2H (T) no;s{ L nB[eoD f;XKs, fto/uD f;XKs
(n) oj`;tkd, :EkoEtkd, o{;h o{gtkd, wkoe;tkdh nkb'uBk gqDkbh.
3H Gkosh ekft Fk;so
Gkosh ekft Fk;so L w[`Ybh gSkD
;zgodktK L o;, X[Bh ns/ nbzeko
4H ftjkoe nkb'uBk L
(T) ftjkoe nkb'uBk L f;`XKse g`y (eftsk ns/ tkose)
(n) eftsk iK tkose N[eVh dh ftjkoe ;whfynk
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6
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr pihlw)
u"Ek gouk L b'eXkok ftfrnkB ns/ gzikph b'eXkok
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H (T) b'eXkok L gfoGkFk s/ gqfeosh, b'eXkok nfXn?B dk ftFk y/so
(n) b'eXkok ns/ nkX[fBesk, b'eXkok ns/ ;zuko wkfXnw
2H (T) b'e ;kfjs (;zebg, w[Zy tzBrhnK), ;kfjs ns/ b'e ;kfjs L nzso
fBy/Vk
(n) b'e tkose fposKs, b'e ekft, b'eXkok ns/ ;kfjs
3H gzikph b'eXkok L b'e ftFtk; s/ oj[-ohsK, b'e Xow, b'e ebktK
4H b'e rhs$b'e ejkDh dk ftjkoe nfXn?B L b'e ozr (;zgkH ;fszdo n"by, r[owhs
f;zx), gqekFe L r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh nzfwqs;o, g[;se d/ nkXko *s/ .
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AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr pihlw)
gzitK gouk L w`XekbhB gzikph tkose
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H w`XekbhB gzikph tkose L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H iBw ;kyh r[o{ BkBe d/t ih eh L fgnko f;zx (;zgkH)
3H w[`Ybh gzikph tkose L vkH skoB f;zx
4H w[`Ybh gzikph tkose L ftjkoe nfXn?B
(T[go'es eqw nze BzL 2, 3 ftu nzfes gkmK d/ nkXko *s/)
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AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr dUjw)
S/tK gouk L Grsh ;kfjs
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H Grsh ;kfjs L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ fgS'eV
2H Grs epho L ;b'e
3H Grs Bkwd/t
4H Grs oftdk;
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9
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr dUjw)
;stK gouk L gzikph feZ;k s/ fposKs ekft
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H feZ;k s/ pho ekft L ekft-Fk;soh gfog/y, gzikph feZ;k s/ pho ekft dk fJfsjk;
2H tko; Fkj L jho
3H r[o{ r'fpzd f;zx L uzvh dh tko
4H Fkj w[jzwd L izr fjzd-gzikp
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AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr dUjw)
nmtK gouk L gzikph nkb'uBk
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H gzikph nkb'uBk L nkozG ns/ ftek;
(T) nkozGe nkb'uBk
(n) wkoe;tkdh nkb'uBk
(J) o{gtkdh-;zouBktkdh
2H ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ L ;kfjfsnkoE
3H jfoGiB f;zx L w[b s/ w[bzeD
4H Biw j[;?B ;`:d L ;/XK
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AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr dUjw)
B"tK gouk L gzikph ;fGnkuko
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H (T) ;fGnkuko L gfoGkFk ns/ bZSD
(n) ;fGnkukoe gfotosB
2H (T) ;fGnkuko dk G{r'b, ;fGnsk, fJfsjk;, wB'ftfrnkB, nkoEesk, Xow,
okiBhsh Bkb ;zpzX
(n) ;fGnkuko s/ ;kfjs, ;fGnkuko s/ GkFk
3H (T) gzikph ;fGnkuko dh G{r'fbe ;fEsh ns/ fJfsjk;e ;ot/yD
(n) gzikph ;fGnkuko d/ w{b ;'w/
(J) gzikph ;fGnkuko ftu ;w/_ ;w/_ nkJ/ gfotosB
4H (T) gzikph ;fGnkuko d/ fB`yVt/_ bZSD
(n) gzikph ;fGnkuko L gzikphns
(J) gzikph ;fGnkuko ns/ ephb/
(;) ftFtheoB s/ gzikph ;fGnkuko
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AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr dUjw)
d;tK gouk L nkX[fBe gzikph tkose
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsK L
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H nkX[fBe gzikph tkose L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H r[op]F f;zx L f}zdrh dh eftsk
3H pboki ;kjBh L w/oh fcbwh nksweEk
4H vkH nsoihs e"o ;{oh L w/ok nop d/;K dk ;\oBkwk
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AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr qIjw)
frnkoQtK goukL nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk (1960 se)
;wKL 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H XBh okw ukfsqe L uzdBtkVh
3H gq'H w'jB f;zx L ;kt/ g`so
4H pktk pbtzs L pzdorkj
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AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr qIjw)
pkotK gouk L gzikph Bktb
;wKL 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H gzikph Bktb L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H BkBe f;zx L fu`Nk bj{
3H r[ofdnkb f;zx L nDj'J/
3H fwZso ;?B whs L e"ot ;Gk
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AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr qIjw)
s/jotK gouk L gzikph GkFk ns/ GkFk ftfrnkB-.
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/. fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H GkFk L GkFk dh gfoGkFk, gqfeosh ns/ ftF/FsktKl GkFk ftfrnkB - gfoGkFk ns/ y/sol
GkFk ftfrnkB ns/ GkFk Fk;sol GkFk ftfrnkB ns/ j'o ftfrnkB - wkBt ftfrnkB,
wB'ftfrnkB, ;kfjs, doFB ns/ e[dosh ftfrnkB
2H ;"f;T{o ns/ nkX[fBe GkFk ftfrnkB L GkFk ns/ p'bh (Langue and Parole)l fujB,
fujBe s/ fujBsl fJekbe (synchronic) ns/ pj[ekbe (diachronic) nfXn?Bl eVhdko
(syntagmatic) ns/ bVhdko (paradigmatic) ;zpzXl fujB ftfrnkB (semiology)
u"w;eh d/ GkFkJh ;zebg L GkFkJh :'rsk (Competence) ns/ fBGkU (performance),
rfjB (deep) ns/ ;sjh (surface) i[rsl tkezF T[;koh (pharase structure) B/wkl
o{gKsoh (transformation) B/w, X[Bh o{gkswe B/w .
3H X[Bh ftfrnkB L X[Bh ftfrnkB dh gfoGkFk ns/ gqekol T[ukoB nzrl T[ukoB gqfefonk
ns/ g'DXkok ftXhnKl yzvh X[BhnK - ;to ns/ ftnziB X[BhnK dk fBy/Vk ns/ torheoBl
nyzvh X[BhnK - ;[o, pb, Bkf;esk ns/ tke ;[o .
Page 17
16
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr qIjw)
4H gzikph X[Bh ftT[_s L X[Bh (phone), ;fjX[Bh (allophone) ns/ ;koEe X[Bh (phoneme) dk
fBy//Vkl gzikph ftu ;to ns/ ftnziB X[BhnK dh tos'_ - tzv s/ bZSD, gzikph ftu d[Zs
ftnziB (geminate), ;z:[es ftnziB (consonant cluster) ;to ;z:'rK (vowel sequance)
ns/ d'jo/ ;toK (dipthongs) dh tos'_ d/ B/w, gzikph ftu nyzvh X[BhnK dh tos'_ d/
B/w, gzikph ;[o gqpzX ns/ tke ;[o gqpzX, gzikph T[uko-yzv (syllable) dh pDso .
gzikph dhnK X[BhnK d/ gfotosB dhnK fdFktK L b'g, nkrw, fteko, ;wheoB,
ftFwheoB, ftgoi .
Page 18
17
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr qIjw)
u"XtK gouk L gzikph BkNe ns/ ozrwzu-.
;wKL 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H gzikph BkNe ns/ ozrwzu L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H jouoB f;zx L ebQ n`i s/ Gbe
3H vkH nkswihs L foFfsnK dk eh o`yhJ/ BK
4H ;tokipho L Xowr[o{
Page 19
18
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr qIjw)
gzdoQtK gouk L prvwsI pMjwbI swihq
;wKL 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H prvwsI pMjwbI swihq L f;`XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H ;HgHf;zx (;zgkH) L gotk;h gzikph eftsk
3H ;toB uzdB L Bt/_ foFs/
4H ioB?b f;zx L Nkto} (ejkDh-;zrqfj)
Page 20
19
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr cOQw)
;'bQtK gouk L nkX[fBe gzikph eftsk (1960 s'_ pknd)
;wKL 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H nkX[fBe gzikph ekft L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H irsko L uB[eoh Fkw
3H ;[oihs gkso L b\}K dh dorkj
4H gkF L ;kv/ ;fwnK ftu
Page 21
20
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr cOQw)
;skoQtK gouk L gzikph fBZeh ejkDh
;wKL 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H gzikph fBZeh ejkDh L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H e[btzs f;zx ftoe L d[nkdFh
3H nihs e"o L w"s nbh pkp/ dh
4H tfonkw ;zX{ L u"Eh e{N
Page 22
21
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr cOQw)
nmkotK gouk L gzikph GkFk s/ GkFk ftfrnkB-..
;wK 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H(T) gzikph dhnK ftnkeoDe fJekJhnK L ftnkeoDe fJekJhnK - gfoGkFk ns/ pDsol
tke - gzikph tke pDso L T[gtke - ;tkXhB ns/ gokXhBl tkezF - BKt tkezF
ns/ fefonk tkezF l Fpd-o{g ns/ ekoi d/ nkXko T[s/ Fq/fDe tzv, Fpd ouBk
dhnK ftXhnK, GktzF (morpheme) ;EkgB d/ nkXko, o{g (morph), ;fjo{g
(allomorph) ns/ GktzF dk fBy/Vk, GktzF dhnK fe;wK - w[es, :[es, f;\o,
;wX[Bhl Xks{ ns/ tX/so dk fBy/Vkl tX/so tzBrhnK - nr/so ns/ fgS/so d/ w[Zy
bZSDl tX/soK d/ ekoih gZy - ftT[_sgs ns/ o{gKsohl F/qDh ofyne ns/ Fq/Dh
pdb{ .
(n) gzikph d/ ftnkeoDe tor (Categories) L tuB, fbzr, ekb, tku, g[oy, ekoe
ns/ nk;g?eN dh ;EkgBk d/ nkXko .
Page 23
22
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr cOQw)
2H(T) noE-ftfrnkB L gfoGkFkl Gkosh noE f;XKs, e'Fekoh ns/ gzikph
e'Fekoh - ;fEsh s/ ;zGktBktKl e'Fekoh d/ gfog/y ftu Fkpfde ns/ gq;zfre noE
dk fBy/Vk, noE nkXkos Fpd tzBrhnK - ;wkBkoEe, fto'XkoEe, pj[-noEe, ;w{j
noEe, ;wBkw Fpdl noE gfotosB dhnK fdFktK - noE ft;sko, noE ;ze'u,
noE gbNk .
(n) Gkosh GkFkJh gfotko L Gkosh nkohnkJh GkFk gfotko dk ftek;l gqkuhB Gkosh
nkohnkJh GkFk gfotko Bkb gzikph dk ;zpzXl gzikph GkFk dk fBek;l gzikph GkFk
dk ftek; L i[rs s/ tos'_ dk ftek; .
3H T[g-GkFk ftfrnkB L GkFk ns/ T[g-GkFktK - f;XKse ;zebg, bZSD ns/ ;Ekgshl
gzikph dhnK T[g-GkFktK L ikD-gSkD, y/so ns/ ftF/FsktK .
4H r[ow[yh nkoE'rok\h L nkoE'rok\h d/ sZs L ykek, soehpK, fbgh, ftokw fuzBQ, Fpd
i'V L r[ow[yh nZyoK s/ brK wksoK dh tos'_ d/ B/w - wksok ns/ wksok-tkjel
gzikph ;[o ns/ r[ow[yh, fpzdh, fNZgh s/ nZXel gzikph Fpd-i'Vl r[ow[yh fbgh dk
fBek; ns/ ftek; L gzikph GkFk ns/ r[ow[yh fbgh .
Page 24
23
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr cOQw)
T`[BQhtK gouk L gzikph BkNe s/ ozrwzu–II
;wKL 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H gzikph fJeKrh L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H ;zs f;zx ;/y'_ L S/ xo
3H niw/o n"by L fJFe pkM Bwk} dk jZi Bjh_
4H e/tb Xkbhtkb L ;wK wzr eodk j?
Page 25
24
AYm.ey. pMjwbI (smYstr pRxwlI) (smYstr cOQw)
thjtK gouk L pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq
;wKL 3 xzN/ e[b nzeL 80
gqhfyne bJh jdkfJsKL
;b/p; d/ uko Gkr jB go gqFB-gZso d/ gzi Gkr j'Dr/ . ;b/p; d/ ukoK GkrK ftu'_
d'-d' b/y-B[wk gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ fiBQK ftu'_ gqhfynkoEhnK B/ fJe-fJe gqFB eoBk j't/rk .
jo/e dk T[`so S/$;Zs gzfBnK ftu fdZsk ikt/rk . fJj uko/ gqFB gzdoK-gzdoK nzeK d/
j'Dr/ . gqFB-gZso dk gzitK Gkr bk}wh j't/rk i' ;w[`u/ ;b/p; ~ nkXko pDk e/ g[ZfSnk
ikt/rk . fJ; ftu d'-d' nzeK d/ ;zy/g T[`soK tkb/ d; bk}wh gqFB g[ZS/ ikDr/ . fJBQK
gqFBK d/ T[`so tZX s'_ tZX gzikj-gzikj FpdK ftu d/D/ j'Dr/ .
gkm-eqw
1H pwiksqwnI pMjwbI swihq L f;XKs, fJfsjk; s/ gqftoshnK
2H nso f;zx s/ irsko (;zgkH) L d[y dfonkU_ gko d/
3H w[;sBZ;o j[;?B skoV L gy/o{
4H fJ;jke w[jzwd L e[eB[;