M U LT I W E L F A R E Comparing how local welfare systems respond to immigration Ferruccio Pastore and Irene Ponzo Seminar on «Migrants and Welfare» Centro.

MULTIWELFAREComparing how local welfare systems

respond to immigration

Ferruccio Pastore and Irene Ponzo

Seminar on «Migrants and Welfare»Centro Einaudi, Torino, 13 June 2013

What we are presenting

• Main results of a comparative empirical study on how local welfare systems respond to immigration (viewed as major exogenous transformative factor, in a context of wider and more complex transformations)

• A privately funded study, where the funders are themselves part of the research object

• An interdisciplinary and collective research project (the team)

Exogenous (demand-side) transformative factors of local welfare systems: a recursive interaction

Localwelfaresystem

Changesin demand

for welfare

Changes in supply

of welfare

Newchanges

in demandfor

welfare

And so on…

on the backdrop of our research…

•Pre-crisis decade: South European labour immigration boom•Crisis slowdown in arrivals, but net migration still positive and comparatively high•Closure of long-term planned admissions BUT

- continuing regularisations (2009 and 2012)

-continuing family regroupments (140,000 new permits, -21% on previous year)

TO SUM UP: Changes in composition, steps back in integration Growing pressure on welfare

Our territorial and thematic focus

• Local welfare systems, functionally identified (on the basis of the criterion of relative autonomy of local systems)

• Two largest immigration basins in Piedmont (one of the main receiving regions in Italy)

• Asymmetrical comparison: City-level in torino, Province-level in cuneo (why comparing apples and pears makes sense)

• Thematic focus on social policies (one of the areas where migration-induced transformations have been most precociously evident)

Our analytical tools (I):welfare mix, broadly meant

PUBLIC

PRIVATENON-PROFIT

PRIVATEFOR-

PROFIT

SEMI-PUBLIC

NON-PROFIT(foundations)

PRIVATENO-PROFIT

COMMUNITY-BASED

Our analytical tools (II):A classification of welfare services/ provisions based on relation with immigrant beneficiaries

Migrant-specific:Access formally restrictedto foreigners/immigrants

Universalistic

Migration-blind

Migration-sensitive:Incorporating specific

devices or approachesaimed at facilitating

access for immigrant minorities

Methodological choicesMethodological strategy apt to analyse a situation in turbulent, unplanned and largely unforeseeable evolution:- strong empirical focus- mix of qualitative and quantitative methods- participatory approach

THEREFORE:Quantitative analysis of demographic dataQuantitative analysis of data on welfare providersQualitative analysis of interviews with key actorsDiscussion with local Steering groups made up of experts and practitioners

Starting with demographic data (indicators of potential demand)In Turin the demographic weight of immigration is

higher than in Cuneo

Share of foreign residents on total (31 Dec. of each year)

Source: Istat Demo – Own elaboration

Settlement processes are advanced in both territories

Born in Italy as % of foreign residents (Istat – Demo, own elaboration)

Acquisitions of citizenship as % of

foreign residents

(Istat – Demo,

own elaboration)

Inflows remain sizeable in spite of the crisis

New foreign residents (registrations from abroad) – Absolute values, 2002-2010

Source: Istat Demo – Own elaboration

Levels of diversity (in terms of national origin) are similar in the two territories

Composition of foreign population by citizenship – Percentages at 31 Dec. 2010

Municipality of Torino

Province of Cuneo

What about the actualdemand of welfare?A comparison between

the two target areas

MORE IMMIGRANT BENEFICIARIES IN CUNEOThe share of foreign beneficiaries of public social

provisions is higher in Cuneo than in Turin

Share of foreign beneficiaries of public provisions (%)

Source: Regione Piemonte – Relazione Enti Gestori dei Servizi Socio-Assistenziali - Own elaboration

MORE WELFARE-CONSUMING IMMIGRANTS IN CUNEO?The share of foreigners who benefit from public social

provisions is higher in Cuneo than in Turin

Share of residents who benefit from social provisions by nationality (%)

Source: Regione Piemonte – Relazione Enti Gestori dei Servizi Socio-Assistenziali - Own elaboration

2,2% 2,1% 2,2%

6,4% 6,7%

9,0%

12,6%

15,2% 15,6%

4,1% 4,6% 4,7%

0,0%

2,0%

4,0%

6,0%

8,0%

10,0%

12,0%

14,0%

16,0%

18,0%

2008 2009 2010

Stranieri a Torino Italiani a Torino Stranieri a Cuneo Italiani a Cuneo

FALSE EXPLANATIONS

Contrary to widespread beliefs, the differences between Cuneo and Turin can not be explained just

with:

1. Immigration stocks and inflows2. Amount of public expenditure for migrant-specific

provisions

IN FACT, expenditure for migrant-specific social provisions is lower in Cuneo than in Torino

Public expenditure for migrant-specific provisions, 2010

Source: Regione Piemonte based on ‘Indagine Istat sugli interventi e servizi sociali dei comuni singoli e associati’ - Own elaboration

Areas ExpenditureShare of totale

expenditure for migrant-specific provisions

Province Cuneo € 416,802 0.6%

Municipality of Torino € 10,881,858 3.79%

Piedmont Region € 13,449,432 2.06%

OUR EXPLANATIONS

Differences between Cuneo and Turin seem to depend mainly on:

1. Composition of public expenditure for migrant-specific provisions and per capita-cost of

migrant-specific provisions

2. Types of local welfare mix: size and indipendence of no-profit welfare providers and funders

In Cuneo migrant-specific expenditure is concentrated on cheap services addressing not marginalised migrants

Composition of public expenditure for migrant-specific provisions, 2010 Municipality of Turin

Province of Cuneo

Types of provisionShare of migrant-

specific expenditure

Professional social work 21.8%Accomodation and residential services 40.1%Cultural mediation and orientation to services 2.9%Other provisions 35.2%

Types of provisionShare of migrant-

specific expenditure

Professional social work 9.10%

Cultural mediation and orientation to services 53.50%

Accomodation and residential senrvices 11.9%

Other provisions 25.5%Source: Regione Piemonte su dati Indagine Istat sugli interventi e servizi sociali dei comuni singoli e associati - Own elaboration

The outsourcing of social provision managementto no-profit organisations is higher in Torino than in Cuneo

Share of social workers employed in contracted no-profit organisations

Source: Regione Piemonte – Relazione Enti Gestori dei Servizi Socio-Assistenziali Own elaboration

In the immigration policy area, public contributions to no-profit associations are generally higher, particularly so in Torino

Public expenditure for social provisions and the share given to no-profit associations

by policy sector, 2010

 Policy areas

Expenditure for social provisions

of which for supporting

no-profit organisations

of which supporting no-profit

organisations (%)

Municipality of Turin

Immigration € 10,881,858 € 1,567,762 14.4%

Total € 292,711,493 € 6,197,768 2.1%

Province of Cuneo

Immigration € 470,901 € 37,557 8.0%

Total € 90,021,532 € 436,756 0.5%

Source: Regione Piemonte su dati Indagine Istat sugli interventi e servizi sociali dei comuni singoli e associati - Own elaboration

Expenditure by bank foundations is higher in Torino than in Cuneo

Foundations YearExpenditure for social

projectsExpenditure for migrant-specific

projects

CSP2009 € 30,001,196 € 2,811,000

2010 € 32,576,437 € 2,736,763

Foundations YearExpenditure for social

projectsExpenditure for migrant-specific

projects

CSP2009 € 573,000 € 102,000

2010 € 889,375 € 0

CRC2009 € 2,841,360 € 50,000

2010 € 2,601,920 € 35,000

Municipality of Torino

Province of Cuneo

Source: Relazioni annuali delle fondazioni – Own elaboration

What is changing with the crisis? 2 preliminary hypotheses

1. The growing ‘projectification’ of welfare has its pros and cons

An increasing use of calls for projects – as a way to fairly distribute insufficient resources? – seems to produce:InnovationIncreasing investments in fund-raising and accounting activities by welfare providers Obstacles to empowering strategies

What is changing with the crisis? 2 preliminary hypotheses

2.Even ‘light welfare mix’ solutions are increasingly under strainCare workers applying for support to find a job at the desk «Sportello Assistenti familiari»

in Reggio Emilia

Families applying for mediation to find a (migrant) careworkerat the desk «Sportello Assistenti familiari» in Reggio Emilia

Source: Sportello Assistenti Familiari Reggio Emilia, report 2012

Anno Numero di domande2006 6342007 6392008 8612009 9632010 10452011 11622012 1605

Anno Numero di domande2009 9402010 8582011 972 2012 709

TO SUM UP:

Welfare provisions on offer locally differ widely by:-Type of provisions (mediation and orientation services vs. accommodation)-Primary targets (less or more disadvantaged)-Nature of providers (with a wider or smaller role played by no-profit sector)Demand is dependent upon supply, particularly in terms on composition of local welfare and of expenditureA more sophisticated qualitative analysis of the interaction of demand and supply as a possible new research step