PHYSIOGRAPHY
Andhra Pradesh is located in the Southern peninsula of
India and has a coast line of 974 km.
Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 19.07°N
latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude.
Indian standard Eastern Longitude passes through 82 .5
Degrees.
Area of Andhra Pradesh is 1,60,205 Sq. Kms. It is the 8th
largest State in the Country.
Boundaries of the State – Chattisgarh; Odisha ;
Telangana; Tamil Nadu; Karnataka; Bay of Bengal.
Second largest Coastline next to Gujarat.
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Srikakulam has the longest coastline in Andhra Pradesh.
There are Thirteen Districts.
Ananthapuram is the largest district; Srikakulam is the
smallest district.
Coastline of Andhra Pradesh forms part of Coromandel
Coast.
Coastline is broad at – West Godavari; East Godavari;
Krishna; Guntur.
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THREE MAIN PHYSIOGRAPHIC
REGIONS
The coastal plain to the east, extending from the Bay of
Bengal to the mountain ranges;
The mountain ranges themselves, the Eastern Ghats,
which form the western flank of the coastal plain;
In the southwest, the plateau to the west of the Ghats.
The coastal plain, also known as the Andhra region, runs
almost the entire length of the state and is watered by
several rivers, flowing from west to east through the
hills into the bay.
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The deltas formed by the most important of those
rivers—the Godavari and the Krishna—make up the
central part of the plains, an area of fertile alluvial soil.
The Eastern Ghats are part of a larger mountain system
extending from central India to the far south and
running parallel to the east coast.
Interrupted by the great river valleys, the mountains do
not form a continuous range.
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Names of Eastern Ghats at
various places
Kurnool – Nallamala Kondalu
Ananthapuram – Mallappa Kondalu; Madaka Sira
Kondalu; Penukondalu.
Kadapa – Seshachalam; Palakondalu
Chittoor – Seshachalam; Avalapalli Kondalu; Horseli Hills
(Enugu ellama Kondalu).
Nellore – Yerramala; Veli Kondalu.
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Guntur – Nagarjuna Konda; Vinu Konda; Mangalagiri
Kondalu; Bellampalli Kondalu; Gani Kondalu; Kondaveeti
Konda.
Krishna – Kondapalli Kondalu; Mogalaraju Puram
Kondalu.
Godavari Districts – Papikondalu; Dhuma Kondalu
Vishakapatanam – Simhagiri Kondalu; Bala kondalu;
Dolphin House Kondalu.
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The plateau region in the southwestern portion of the
state—part of the Deccan (peninsular India) and
commonly called Rayalaseema.
Highest peak of the Eastern Ghats - Arma
Konda (1680 m), Deomali (Odisha); Gali Konda (1643 m)
and Sinkram Gutta (1620 m).
Arama Konda or Sitamma Konda, is a mountain peak in
the northern part of the Eastern Ghats and located
in Godavari river basin. It is located in the Madugula
Konda sub range north of Paderu village
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The plateau region in the southwestern portion of the
state—part of the Deccan (peninsular India) and
commonly called Rayalaseema.
The Penneru River forms the main drainage system.
As the result of erosion, the plateau is a region of
graded valleys, with red sandy soil and isolated hills.
Black soil is also found in certain parts of the area.
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CLIMATE
A summer that lasts from March to June, a season of
tropical rains that runs from July to September, and a
winter that lasts from October to
February constitute the three seasons of Andhra
Pradesh.
Summers are extraordinarily hot and humid, with
maximum daily temperatures exceeding 35 °C and even
surpassing 40 °C in the central portion of the state.
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Winters are somewhat cooler, with January maximum
temperatures between 30 and 35 °C in all but the
northeastern portion of the state.
Winter lows drop below about 15 °C only in the extreme
northeast.
Annual precipitation, which derives largely from the
southwest monsoon rains, generally decreases toward
the southwestern plateau area.
Coastal areas receive about 100 to 120 cm per year,
while the westernmost part of the plateau may receive
only half that much.
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Rainfall due to retreating monsoons; Highest in Nellore.
Cold being more in Rayalaseema Region.
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SOILS OF ANDHRA PRADESH
RED SOILS - Parts of Kadapa, Anantapur, Chittoor and
Nellore; Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, Parts of
East Godavari and West Godavari; Krishna and Guntur; Red
Soils are the Extensively spread across the States.
LATERITES - Very small pockets in Visakhapatnam,
Srikakulam and West Godavari.
BLACK COTTON SOILS - Kadapa, Anantapur, Kurnool, Guntur,
Prakasam, Krishna, and Nellore districts.
DELTAIC ALLUVIUMS - Parts of East and West Godavari ,
Krishna and Guntur.
COASTAL SOILS - Along the coast in Visakhapatnam, East
and West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur ,Prakasam and Nellore.
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Salt affected soils - Occur in large areas in coastal
districts of Nellore, East and West Godavari,
Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam besides Prakasam,
Guntur and Krishna.
Saline - alkali soils and alkali soils - Among coastal
districts, Anantapur, Kurnool.
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NATURAL VEGETATION
Andhra Pradesh has 36,914.7 Km2 of notified forest
land, which is 22.73% of the Geographical area.
The Forests are confined to mountain ranges begining
from Tirupathi hills in the south and along the eastern
ghats to Mahendragiri—in north and to Balaghat
mountains in the west. All the plains are devoid of
forest trees as they are required for cultivation.
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Ananthapur - 1945.60
Chittoor - 4496.10
East Godavari - 3235.39
Guntur - 1476.91
Kadapa - 5052.90
Krishna - 644.52
Kurnool - 3554.78
Nellore - 2379.96
Prakasham - 4828.96
Srikakulam - 721.71
Vishakapatnam - 4631.37
Vizianagaram - 1219.28
Godavari Districts - 2650
Total - 36914.78
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The forest cover - is 23399.95 Km2 , which is 15.24% of
the Geographical area.
In terms of the forest canopy cover density classes the
State has - 651.25 Km2 of Very Dense Forest,
11810.20 Km2 of Moderately Dense Forest
10938.50 Km2 of Open Forest.
The area of the Scrub is 9241.79 Km2
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TROPICAL SEMI-EVERGREEN - Tropical semi ever green
forest at Galikonda near Araku in Visakhapatnam
district; Borra blocks of Vijayanagaram district; Tekkali
and Pathapatnam of Srikakulam district.
TROPICAL MOIST DECIDUOUS FORESTS
DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS
SAVANNAH
MANGROVES
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RIVERS
Andhra Pradesh is a riverine state with 40 major, medium andminor rivers.
Godavari, Krishna, Vamsadhara, Nagavali and Pennar are majorinterstate rivers.
River Vamsadhara is an important eastflowing river between Rushikulya and Godavari,in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh states in India.
The river originates in the border of Thuamul Rampur inthe Kalahandi district and Kalyansinghpur in Rayagada districtof Odisha and runs for a distance of about 254 kilometers, where itjoins the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
The River Nagavali also known as Langulya is one of the mainrivers of Southern Odisha and Northern Andhra Pradesh Statesin India, between Rushikulya and Godavari basins.
Rises in Kalahandi District in Odisha; Opens in to Bay of Bengal.
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Palar - It rises in Nandi Hills, India in Kolar district
of Karnataka state, and flows 93 kilometres in
Karnataka, 33 kilometres in Andhra Pradesh and 222
kilometres in Tamil Nadu before its confluence into
the Bay of Bengal
Swarnamukhi River – Source - Near Chandragiri hills;
Pattapupalem, Chittoor .
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IRRIGATION
Major & Medium (Before 1956) – 2701447 ( Andhra)
271274 (Rayalaseema) 2972721 (Total) (In Acres).
Major & Medium (From 1956 -2015) - 2913010 (Andhra)
1022679 (Rayalaseema) 3935689(Total in Acres).
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HEAVY & MEDIUM IRRIGATION
PROJECTS
Nagarjuna Sagar – KRISHNA (Guntur; Prakasam)
Srisailam Right Bank Canal – Krishna (Kurnool; Kadapa).
Telugu Ganga Project – KRISHNA (Kurnool, Kadapa,
Chittoor, Nellore).
Somasila Project – Penna (Nellore)
Sir Arthor Cotton Barrage – (East & West Godavari) –
Godavari
Yelaru Reservoir – (East Godavari) – Yeluru
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Vamsadhara Project – Srikakulam
Tungabhadra Project – Ananthapuram; Kadapa; Kurnool.
Pullivendula – Tungabhadra – Kadapa.
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AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is the main occupation of about 62 per cent ofthe people in Andhra Pradesh.
Rice is a major food crop and staple food of the Statecontributing about 77 per cent of the food grainproduction.
It is also the leading producer of cash crops like Tobacco,Groundnut, Chillies, Turmeric, Oilseeds, Cotton, Sugarcaneand Jute
Other important crops are jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, smallmillets, pulses, castor.
Andhra Pradesh produces some of the finest varieties ofMangoes, Grapes, Guavas, Sapotas, Papayas and Bananas.
Important forest products are teak, eucalyptus, cashew,casuarina, bamboo, softwood, etc
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The key strengths of the state are:
A wide range of agro-climatic conditions suitable for a variety of crops.
Extensive water sources.
Large area under vegetables, fruits, flowers & plantation crops
Average rainfall of the State
A variety of natural sources and important rivers for irrigation.
Agricultural University
It also has strong R&D infrastructure and institutions
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MINERAL RESOURCES
Resourceful land of minerals which includes coal, oil &natural gas, bauxite, limestone, gold, diamonds.
The State produces about 42 Industrial Minerals includingcertain Minor Minerals. Some of the Minerals produced haveplaced the State among the leading producers in theCountry.
The state accounts for considerable reserves of importantminerals, viz, Barytes (97%), Calcite (75%), Vermiculite(27%), Limestone (44%), Garnet (23%), Feldspar (5%) Fuller'sEarth (6%), Dolomite, Asbestos (96%), Fire clay, Ball clay(55%), Soapstone, Quartz, Silica sand, Graphite, Quartzite,Diamond, Corundum, Mica, Pyrophillite, Kyanite, Granite,Marble, Ochre, Apatite, Chromite, Shale, Slate, Tungsten,Limeshell, Limekankar, Green Quartz etc.
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POPULATION
As of 2011 Census of India, the state had a population of49,386,799 with a population density of 308/km2.
The total population constitute, 70.4% of rural populationwith 34,776,389 inhabitants and 29.6% of urban populationwith 14,610,410 inhabitants.
Children in the age group of 0–6 years are 5,222,384,constituting 10.6% of the total population, among them2,686,453 are boys and 2,535,931 are girls.
Visakhapatnam district has the largest urban population of47.5% and Srikakulam district with 83.8%, has the largestrural population, among others districts in the state.
The overall population of the state comprises 17.1% ofScheduled Caste and 5.3% of Scheduled Tribe population.
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There are 24,738,068 male and 24,648,731 female
citizens—a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males,
higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.
The literacy rate of the state stands at 67.41%. West
Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.6%
and Vizianagaram district has the least with 58.9%
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PORTS AND HARBOURS
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