Swachh Bharat Mission Swachh Bharat Mission ( SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a count ry- wide campaign init iat ed by t he Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid wast e management . It is a rest ruct ured version of t he Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended targets. [2][3] Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat mission lasted till October 2019. Phase 2 will be implemented between 2020–21 and 2024-25. [4]
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Swachh Bharat Mission
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India
Mission is a country- wide campaign init iated by the Government of
India in 2014 to eliminate open defecat ion and improve solid waste
management . It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended
targets.[2][3] Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat mission lasted t ill
October 2019. Phase 2 will be implemented between 2020–21 and
2024-25.[4]
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
Slogan One step towards cleanliness.
Country India
Status Phase 1 ended, phase 2 launched[1]
Website swachhbharat.mygov.in (http://swachhbharat.
mygov.in/)
mission is aimed at progressing towards target 6.2 of the
Sustainable Development Goals Number 6 established by the United
Nat ions in 2015.
The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it t
ranslates to "Clean India Mission". The campaign was officially
launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat , New Delhi by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with
three million government employees and students from all parts of
India part icipat ing in 4,043 cit ies, towns, and rural communit
ies. At a rally in Champaran, the Prime minister called the
campaign Satyagrah se Swachhagrah in reference to Gandhi's
Champaran Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1916.[7]
The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas
"SBM - Gramin" was financed and monitored through the Minist ry of
Drinking Water and Sanitat ion; whereas "SBM - urban" was overseen
by the Minist ry of Housing and Urban Affairs.[8][9][10][11]
As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swachhagrahis, or
"Ambassadors of cleanliness", promoted indoor plumbing and
community approaches to sanitat ion (CAS) at the village
level.[7]
Other act ivit ies included nat ional real- t ime monitoring and
updates from non-governmental organizat ions such as The Ugly
Indian, Waste Warriors, and SWaCH Pune (Solid Waste Collect ion and
Handling).[12]
The government provided subsidy for construct ion of nearly 110
million toilets between 2014 and 2019,[13][5] although some Indians
especially in rural areas choose to not use them.[14] The campaign
was crit icized for using coercive approaches to force people to
use toilets.[15] Some people were stopped from defecat ing in open
and threatened with withdrawal from government benefits.[16]
Coverage about open defecat ion and contaminat ion of drinking and
bathing water in India prompted government to take measures to deal
with the problem.[17][18][19] In 2014, India was the country with
the highest number of people pract icing open defecat ion, around
530 million people.[20]
Previous sanitation campaigns
A formal sanitat ion programme was first launched in 1954, followed
by Central Rural Sanitat ion Programme in 1986, Total Sanitat ion
Campaign (TSC) in 1999 and Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in
2012.[26][27][28][29] A limited randomized study of eighty villages
in rural (Madhya Pradesh) showed that the TSC programme did modest
ly increase the number of households with lat rines, and had a
small effect in reducing open defecat ion. However, there was no
improvement in the health of children."[30][31] The earlier "Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan" rural sanitat ion program was hampered by the
unrealist ic approach.[32][33][34] Consequent ly, Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan was restructured by Cabinet approval on 24 September 2014
as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[24] The rural household toilet coverage
in India increased from 1% in 1981 to 11% in 1991, to 22% in 2001,
to 32.7% in 2011.[35]
Since 2014, the Government of India, has made remarkable st rides
in reaching the Open Defecat ion Free targets. 36 states and union
territories, 706 dist ricts and over 603,175 villages have been
declared open defecat ion free as of Jan 2020.[36] India has made
rapid progress in ending open defecat ion across the Country which
is having a huge impact on improving water, sanitat ion and hygiene
(WASH). The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has changed the behaviour
of hundreds of millions of people with respect to toilet access and
usage. 500 million people have stopped defecat ing in the open
since 2014, down from 550 million to less than 50 million
today.
India's prime minister Modi at a rally to promote Swachh Bharat
Mission
Components
The core object ives of the first phase of the mission were to
reduce open defecat ion and improve management of municipal solid
waste in both urban and rural areas. Eliminat ion of open defecat
ion was to be achieved through construct ion of individual
household level toilets (often twin pit pour flush pit lat rines),
toilets and public toilets.[37] For improving solid waste
management , cit ies were encouraged to prepare detailed project
reports that are bankable and have a financial model.[37]
The second phase on the other hand focuses on sustaining gains of
the first phase and improving management of the solid and liquid
wastes.[6]
Finance
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over 620 billion
(US$8.7 billion).[11][38] The government provides an incent
ive of 12,000 (US$170) for each toilet constructed by a rural
family.[17] An amount of 90 billion (US$1.3 billion) was
allocated for the mission in the 2016 Union budget of
India.[23][39] The World Bank provided a US$1.5 billion loan and
$25 million in technical assistance in 2016 for the Swachh Bharat
Mission to support India's universal sanitat ion init iat ion.[22]
The programme has also received funds and technical support from
the World Bank, corporat ions as part of corporate social
responsibility init iat ives, and by state governments under the
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
schemes.[21]
Selected public figures and brand ambassadors
Structure
Manisha Koirala at Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in November 2014
One of the posters from cartoon based campaign by MCG drawn by the
Cartoonist Shekhar Gurera
Early 2014 Late 2014 2015 2017 and 2018
Prime Minister Modi selected the following public figures to
propagate this campaign:[40][41]
Sachin Tendulkar (Cricketer)
Baba Ramdev(Yoga guru)
Salman Khan (Actor)
Vidya Balan (Actress)
Amitabh Bachchan (Actor)
Brand ambassadors nominated by Prime Minister Modi in 2 Oct
2014:
Sourav Ganguly (Cricketer)
Sonal Mansingh (Classical dancer)
Ramoji Rao (Eenadu group)
Aroon Purie (India Today group)
On 8 November 2014, Prime Minister carried the message to Uttar
Pradesh and nominated another set of nine people for that
state.[42][43]
Akhilesh Yadav (Polit ician)
Manoj Tiwari (Polit ician)
On 5 January 2015, the minister in- charge nominated followed
Telugu icons as brand ambassadors.[44][45]
Rajyogini (Brahmakumaris Dadi Janki)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Humpy Koneru
Galla Jayadev
J. Rameshwar Rao
Shivlal Yadav
From later dates the following public icons & celebrit ies were
nominated as Nat ional Brand Ambassadors by Prime Minister Modi to
join and support the Swachh Bharat Mission:
Shilpa Shetty (Actress), from February 2017[48]
Raveena Tandon (Actress), from February 2017
Sanjay Dutt (Actor), from 2018
Juhi Chawla (Actress), from 2018
Shekhar Gurera[49]
Shahrukh Khan (Actor), from 2018
Dr D.P. Sharma (Academician & IT Scient ist ), from September
2017[50][51][52]
Akshay Kumar ( Indian film Actor and Producer )
Lakshmi Manchu[47]
Other notable activities
Anushka Sharma and the Vice President of India M V Naidu picked up
a broom to help clean the cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam,
in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, as part of the cleanliness
campaign.[54]
Prime Minister Modi nominated a number of organisat ions in October
2014 to be "brand ambassadors", including the Inst itute of
Chartered Accountants of India, Eenadu and India Today as well as
the dabbawala of Mumbai, who deliver home-made food to lakhs of
people in the city. More than 3 million government employees and
school and college students part icipated in the drive on the
occasion.[55][56]
A Swachh Bharat Run, at tended by 1,500 runners, was organized at
the Rashtrapat i Bhavan on 2 October 2014.[57][58]
Kunwar Bai Yadav lived in a village in Dhamtari dist rict and sold
seven of her goats to raise the money to build a toilet at her
house at age 106 in 2016. She was declared a mascot of the campaign
and visited by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Inspired by the Clean India Mission, a robot named Swachh Bot was
built by a maker community in Chennai to clean the wastes on Besant
Nagar beach.[17][59]
Planned initiatives
The Government appointed CPWD with the responsibility to dispose of
waste from Government offices.[61] The Minist ry of Railways
planned to have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bed-rolls
from automat ic laundries, bio-toilets, dustbins in all non-AC
coaches.[62][63] The Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign was
launched by the Minister of Human Resource Development , Government
of India by part icipat ing in the cleanliness drive along with the
school's teachers and students.[64][65]
Indian Naval Academy cadets taking part in Swachh Bharat Mission,
2016
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Mobile app is being used by people and
Government organisat ions for achieving the goals of Swachh Bharat
Mission.[66] For this the government of India is bringing awareness
to the people through advert isements.[67]
In 2017, the nat ional sanitat ion coverage rose to 65% from 38.7%
on Oct 2, 2014 before the start of the campaign.[68] It was 90% in
August 2018.[69] 35 states/Union Territories, 699 dist ricts and
5.99 lakh (599,000) villages were declared Open Defecat ion
Free (ODF) by 25 September 2019.
The cit ies and towns which have been declared ODF stood at 22
percent and the urban wards which have achieved 100 percent
door-to-door solid waste collect ion stood at 50 percent . The
number of Swachhagrahi volunteers working across urban local bodies
rose to 20,000, and those working in rural India rose to more than
a lakh. The number of schools with separate toilet facilit ies for
girls rose from 0.4 million (37 percent) to almost one million (91
percent).[68]
Swachh Survekshan annual cleanliness survey
Swachh Survekshan, commissioned by Minist ry of Urban Development
and carried out by Quality Council of India, is an extensive
sanitat ion survey across several hundred cit ies to check the
progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and to foster a spirit
of compet it ion among the cit ies. The performance of each city is
evaluated on six parameters:
Municipal solid waste, sweeping, collect ion and t ransportat
ion
Individual household latrines coverage in rural India.
Open defecat ion free and toilets
Capacity building and eLearning
Informat ion, educat ion and communicat ion, and behavior
change
According to the dashboards maintained by respect ive minist ries,
more than 100 million individual household level toilets have been
constructed in rural areas, and 6 million household toilets in
urban areas. In addit ion, nearly 6 million community and public
toilets have also been constructed in the urban areas. Consequent
ly, 4,234 cit ies and more than 600,000 villages across the country
have declared themselves open defecat ion free (ODF).[71]
Further, more than 81.5 thousand wards in urban areas now have100%
door to door collect ion of solid waste and nearly 65 thousand
wards pract ice 100% segregat ion of waste at source. Of the
Impacts
Sunita Devi who was inspired by the campaign won the Nari Shakti
Puraskar award in 2019 for constructing toilets in
Jharkhand.[70]
nearly 150 thousand metric tonnes of solid waste generated in urban
areas, 65% is being processed.
An independent survey released by Quality Council of India in
August 2017, reported that overall nat ional rural "household
access to toilet " coverage increased to 62.5% and usage of toilets
to 91.3%, with Haryana topping the nat ional ranking with 99% of
households in rural areas covered and usage of toilets of
100%.[72]According to UNICEF The number of people without a toilet
reduced from 550 million to 50 million. [73] The World Bank reports
that 96% of Indians who have a toilet use it .[74]There have also
been reports of people not using the toilets despite having one,
although according the the world bank 96% of Indians used he
toilets they had. World Health Organizat ion (WHO) has in its
report stated that at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths were averted
in rural India since the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission.[75]
According to a survey carried out in 2018 and published in 2019 by
Nat ional Stat ist ical Office (NSO), 71% of rural households had
access to toilets as of 2018. Though this was at odds with the
Indian government 's claim in 2019 that 95% of rural households had
access to toilets, NSO's numbers st ill indicated a significant
improvement over the situat ion during the previous survey period
in 2012, when only 40% of rural households had access to
toilets.[76]
A study by Ashoka University concluded that the construct ion of
toilets under the program led to a reduct ion in incidence of
sexual assault against women.[77]
Data from the Nat ional Family Health Surveys (NFHS) demonstrate
the increase in access to improved sanitat ion due to SBM. Post
2015, 3.4% households gained access to better sanitat ion as
compared to just 1.5% earlier[78]
The mission is noted as the world’s largest sanitat ion program. It
claimed to have provided millions of people access to toilet and
brought about a change of behavior towards its usage.[79]
Many argue that it has not really eliminated open defecat ion as
rapidly as the government claims.[80][81][82] However, It
significant ly did accelerate the pace of decline in open defecat
ion.[83]
Political sponsorship
The SBM received polit ical sponsorship from Prime Minister Modi
who started talking about sanitat ion even before he was elected as
the Prime Minister.[84] He made a call to address the
Allocation of funds
Construct ing toilets became the mission's singular focus, even
though the core object ives were eliminat ion of open defecat ion
and improving solid waste management . Funds for solid waste
management under the mission were diverted towards toilet construct
ion.[87] Allocat ions for other sectors were also drast ically
reduced. Though behavioral change is one of the goals of the
mission, only 1% of the mission’s out lay was spent on educat ion
and awareness.[88][89] Most of the allocat ion for the category,
“informat ion, educat ion and communicat ion”, that was to be used
for awareness generat ion was spent towards print , radio and
television advert isements.[89][87] No part of the Central
Government ’s allocat ion was spent on awareness generat ion at the
grass roots.[87][89]
Target driven approach
The mission was implemented with a target driven approach;
villages, dist ricts, towns and cit ies and even states declared
themselves open defecat ion free (ODF) based on achievement of
construct ion targets.
The SBM has also been crit icized for being subsidy-driven rather
than community-driven.[90]
Inappropriate containment system
For lack of sewerage systems, most of the toilets constructed under
the mission rely on single pit or twin pits or sept ic systems for
containment of faecal sludge. However, their appropriateness for
the local context was not considered in the haste of achieving
construct ion targets. For example, most of the 7.85 million
toilets constructed at an est imated cost of INR 94,205 million in
the 15 extreme flood-prone dist ricts of Northern Bihar become
unusable during the annual floods.[91] Besides the toilet itself
being inaccessible, the containment st ructure is also inundated
with flood waters making it unusable.[91]
Survey results
Even though eliminat ion of open defecat ion was the core object
ive of the mission, it was never monitored by either of the Minist
ries. They both kept a t rack of toilets constructed and funds
spent .[83] Therefore, the reality reported by independent surveys
was very different from that reported by Government sponsored
surveys.[93] Researchers found divergence between findings of the
Nat ional Family Health Survey (NFHS) and Nat ional Annual Rural
Sanitat ion Survey (NARSS); both conducted by the Government only a
few months apart .[83]
Interconnected challenges
By adding millions of on-site sanitat ion systems and not
considering fecal sludge management , it will further add to pollut
ion of the rivers in India.[94]
There is skept icism about the success of SBM which relates to
sanitat ion workers. The people who make India clean, the sanitat
ion workers, remain "invisible in the part icipat ion, process or
consequences of this nat ional level movement".[95]:7 In 2015, one
year after the launch of the program, hundreds of thousands of
Indian people were st ill employed as manual scavengers in emptying
bucket toilets and pit lat rines.[96][97][98] Many cont inueto work
on contractual arrangements without safety of their job and
benefits that would accrue from a government job. The SBM has
instead burdened the contractual sanitat ion workers to keep public
places clean while keeping it voluntary for the public to deface
public places by urinat ing, defecat ing or lit tering
them.[92]
A report by WSSCC in 2019 found that the impact of the SBM for the
most vulnerable was limited. The report stated that "Barriers due
to physical disabilit ies, social/economic disparit ies, geography,
sexual orientat ion, gender and caste were not
addressed."[99]
Irregularit ies with regards to the funds have been reported. In
Odisha hundreds of beneficiaries have filed complaints that money
has been siphoned off without construct ing the toilets.[100] In
Madhya Pradesh almost half a million Swachh Bharta toilets have
"vanished" in a mult i billion rupees scam.[101] In Bihar crores of
rupees meant for Swachh Bharat Mission were siphoned off by
Government officials in collusion with banks[102] Police complaints
were filed against those who have misused Swachh Bharat funds for
personal household expenses.[103]
Digital India
Electronic toilet
List of cleanest railway stat ions in India
Toilet : Ek Prem Katha, a feature film
Water supply and sanitat ion in India
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SBM Rural (Gramin) (ht tp://swachhbharat .mygov.in/)
SBM Urban (ht tp://swachhbharaturban.gov.in/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Swachh_Bharat_Mission&oldid=1037694170"
103. "Swachh Bharat Scam - Toilet Money Used for Household
Expenses" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/
mumbai-news/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-scam-9-spend-54-000-meant-for-building-toilets-on-household-ex
penses/story-JKOvAG0eALBHlWvMwDfBeN.html) . Hindustan Times. 22
June 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
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