m-wtshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/42772/12/12... · 2018-07-03 · 4.1 Tools Already Available for mamuring Kmwldg.. Attitudes and Practices of Nutxition 4.2.1 Conmt~~ction

4.1 Tools Already Available for mamuring Kmwldg.. Attitudes and Practices of Nutxition

4.2.1 Conmt~~ction of I(nowledga Test tb Measure K n w l d g . id Uutrition

4.2.1.1 itun pool

4.2.1.2 m-wt of the itMIl

4.2.1.3 Scoring

4.2.1.4 Itan analyo18

4.2.1.5 Reliability of the knowledge t ea t

4.2.1.6 Validity of th. knowledg. m e t

(a) Faca validity (b) Content validify (c) 1- validi* (dl Intrinsic validity

4.2.2 D w a l o p n n t of A t t i t u d . Scale to Hemaura At t iMcs 'fowud Uutrition

4.2.2.1 Methodm of mamuring a t t i e m

4.2.2.2 Ihr i t a m pool

4.2.2.3 Mitkrg of it.nu 4.2.2.4 Try-out of attitude scale

4.2.2.5 Scoring of the 8tatumn+.

4.2.2.6 Itam analymis

4.2.2.7 Relimbility of the a t t i e m a l a 4.2.2.8 Validity of the attibud. meale

(a) Pace v a l i d i w (b) Con-nt validity (c) 1-m vrlidity (dl Intr ins ic v a l i d i t y

4.2.3.1 1- pool

4.2.3.2 --out of itrmr 4.2.3.3 Scoring

4.2.3.4 Ithm analyrim 4.2.3.5 Rel iabi l i ty o f p r r c t i a mrf 4.2.3.6 Validity

(a) hcc validity (b) Content va l id i ty ( c ) Itllll val idi- (dl Intrinric valiaity

4.3 Locale of me S+udy

4.4 Sanple R a m o

4.5 Collection of Dafr

4.6 Scoring

4.7 Strt imticrl hchniquem Vmmd

This chaptar h a l a with +h. varioru tools mlroady

avmilable fo r nmanuing lmwldge, mttitudoa and p r a c t i a r

of nutrition. the variow pxucduros rp1og.d in Un

constmetion and standu?disatbn of Qata *-ring inmtna-

a t 8 on different variables hcl- in tho a t d y , tk.

adoptd in seloctiom of Unplem, m l l a ~ i m of QaC.

and lodr Of s-ing.

Out of tho 19 variables (both drpmd.nt and hd.#ndat)

lnc1ud.d ia the strrby, 16 aro poramal and -phic varia-

blea. fo r which h f o n m t i a : was - thud through a prrmnml

data hoot . The remaining 3 wore m a d with su i tab l r

instnmmtts. RI. thm hmtnamtm. namely. haowldgo tost ,

a t t i t d m 8C.h and'practicr m-1i.t to Imwl-.

m t t l t u d . ~ 8ad practice8 -rO -1- Iq fhr pr0s-t

hrretlgmtor. The d i f f e r a t t o d m i q u s nnd p t o ~ ~ s

followad in the dmlo-t of fhr iastnmmtm arm 8 i r r u . d

ia &a muccaoding moctiona of +his c h a w r .

4.1 moIa AIJuwm AVAILAB= = -. A-S AUD PRACTICES 03 =ITION

It y not bm out of p l a a to drmcribo brkC1y Wm

i a m f t u n t a rrhich uoro dm1op.d W emrllar r0wrrch.r~ to

rad.rrmnd Snpllcations of m n s t r u c t h g a t . m t o r s a l e

mad O lrnw the instruatm h th. p r m m t

em-. nu 0019 .Tailable to m u m o n 1mwl.dg..

attitud.8, and p r a c t h r of nutrition a m d..crlbd bolo*

Hp.mtoly along w i t h th.ir u t i l i t a r ian upaatm.

4.1.1 fnwkda

gpriglat ot 81.. (1970) r kmwlo8go t o r t

-sad of 23 tmdfa lme it- coaarning tho factual h f o r -

r t i m on nutrition. By Vila Lut tho 8wn of nutr i t ional

awkdp. could be obta- in -rau of tho t o t a l m r of

wmcC n8ponwr. Each -@oat rc.8 a180 88kd to anmm

o n 1 qwstionm i n thim mrd. Tho principle bohhd th. w o

of t m d f a l r o items in the krmul.dp. t o s t rc.8 to r a b l o th.

n . p m d . o t m to pmride -lid m m r e .

-warts, (1975) rwind th. L n m t M a t of W r i g h t et al.,

(1970). The modi fm inmtnmmt proridod two L).PO~.U f o r

owh mtata~mt . The f i r r t napon80 wan of trw/falmo

whilo th. secfmd m8 of 4-poiat contiaum, rk., mry confi-

dent 0 Tory daubtful.

neWutt (1977) cr i t i c1 .d tho r M l o q i e r Umt had

bnn tud to m m u a nutrition Imo*l.dg.. H. co lp lahd t h a t

#f L . 8 M e r 8 t.lld 0 -8. th. ' f#i-am Of th.

-8 of nutriat. and e m i r imolatd fmotion8 n t h o r thmn

m i a g -0 hdiri-1'8 C m m C y to Dobet 8 d b t .ppro-

psiat. to hi8 or hot mutritioaal n W W . H. pr0~id .d Law

8k.r ~id81Lnom f o r nutrition odwaterr rrho u i h to modify

pmople8m food choica by providing ttmn w i t h nutrition

inf orawti on.

Dugdale m t al., (1979) wortmd tha t nutritional hor-

ldg. could bo obtained by aciontific am -11 am non-

mcimtific nnans. klimconc.ptlonm ond falhcioum opinions

find a plaea i f lmwladgo is t.mtmd by non-mcioatific m u a m .

mumfore, t h m mci.ntific tomtlng of lov.1~ and accuracy of

+h. nutritional krwl.dg. tram mm..ntial.

Dugdalm and him e~+rkmra wolvod an innovatiw

e o l o g y for a8mmsslmt of nutri t ional h w l d g a . 2ho

m i q l m m t and most cmmm qwmtlone mrm fonmalatd. Thoy

-fa& the qummtion fom to statmmmt bmcawo it m t k r -

la te8 thinking about tho idmas in re~pondmt. Tho

corrmct love1 of knmlmdg. mm obtained by dividing thm

rmb.r of correct responmms by tho rrmrkr of ~ s t l o n m . If

t h m rr.pondrrt uam givm an additional a l tmmrt iw of 'do

not ha8 to each of Um qumations nudr more infornation

could bm obtained. Through thin altemativm Um mmpondmt

a t - Umt m i t h m r hm had no kna l .dg . or n m mrcmrtain

.bout th. corrmt anmwor. Qnvunly . i f tho stbjoct marked

only th. ' y m m 8 or 'no8 a l t . m a t i ~ , h. b m l i m d t ha t ha had

w n t m ~ h a g ~ ; mi. hnwidg . COUM a ~mignatmd am

'p.t#ivod8 hwloago. Th. 1-1 of pmrcmlvaa ~0Wl .dgo

could bm e i n d from thm thm a l t o m a t i w qumtionnairm

by -lag tln formula. vb.. Rmivmd k a w l o a ~ . r m r of

m r . +h. fact that a peram has am ldea on a gi-

mbject i s no quarantoe that tha id.. i8 accurate. 8ud%

momracy i m obvioumly inportant and could ba d o r i d from

th. thrw alternative qwstlwmalro a s fo l low c

of h w l ~ r IR.llkr of wnrct ro.pon8m8f umber of

rm.pau.8 uikmd ym./ho. nl.8. t M m a a8pee. Of Imorldg.

arm r r l a t d to mm motlnr. Corrmct h w l d g a - Fmmivo4

h w l d g a x Accurmcy of krwladg8.

A high 1-1 of correct )mo*lodga l a thm u l t l u t o alm

of nutrition ducator.. If th. ra.gondat8' 1-1 of c o r m

krovlalg. is m.ati.fac+ory, me tht.. a1tarnati. procdrrru

a .b lo8 eho hvemtig8tor to idartify a8 to whrrr Uu p r p b l r

im? This rthod of a s m a a n t of krwlodga m8 -atad ly

Dugdmla o t al., (1979) and found to k valid and r m l k b l m .

01- and Slma (1980) mintahad th.t an h f o r m t i m

prpcomahg amroach providd a conwptu.1 foundation for

.rrplainhg tho affmcta of p.oplae nutrition lcnwl- OQ

thoit food bahavlour. Thim por8pectlvo fecund on th.

paydmlogical ptoamaes hoolvod h .caulring nutrition

h f o r u t l o n , storinq it h nmwry, p t r i w h p it a t a latmr

t imo .ad it in doclmimaakhg. nuther, they

mpp..t.d Chat ml t ip lo moamr08 O k d...lopd to 0rqsni.m

p.oplm8' nutritional lmwlodg. 8tsucturmm. Tho r o l l a b i l i ~

and -1Ldlty of thwm hdicoa m a t k mmtmblimhd. T h a it

muld be easy to axamiao how diffaront typos of knarlodgo

mtructurro were mlatod to the u8e of now nutrition h fo r -

r t i o n for making aorroct-food clmlcos. Ply conclodod

that the resulto of such resear& had the po ta t l a1 to holp

nutrition educators and policy maker., dwelop mom effoctivo

au+rition ducation programma.

Attiarde ham been domcribd as an underlying dimp081-

Mm which miters. along with othsr influacorn. into tho

drtonninatian of a vatioty of behaviours totardo mu objoct

(Cook lird Sell i ts , 1964). Attitude includes a p i t i -

-art 43mt r o f l u t o 60- motional fwlimq connoctd with

thaw k l k f s and an action t.ndanq tha t indl-.+.a a roadi-

nomm to roopond in a particular way (?mbrun a t 81.. 1974

and Kelly, 1977). A uooful a t t i e mala nrut pornwas tho

proportiom of rel iabil i ty, validity. midinmnsimality.

v l i t y of units and a n r o p i n t (Bur and Wright. 1967).

and krd.rm (1977) hmva muggostad fh.t without a

nmm rigorous mmUtodology, atti+Ud. moammnat in. nutrition

a&tcatian w i l l -in a t *a doscr ip t in 1-1 of turn-.

O'Cwnol a t al.. (1981) point out th.t UMmanat of u!

i d i v W 1 8 s attitird. w r d m o b j r t i s a -lox Umk.

%.+runt. demignd for tho pvpor may W# hto cmmidora-

tLoa q o r a l l PI. thma a t t i W a colpanmntm. Cook mnd

mllit. (1964) have argued e a t s h c o t l i ffermt approadrsa

by rosearchers f o r estSm8tion of attitudsrn my bring

out di f f smnt f a a t s of tho a t t i b b . capam+, n a e a t h s r m

8hould not oxpect Chat data fron thoas approadurn w i l l be

p.rEeatly c o m l a t u l .

m i g h t ot al., (1970) dwol0p.S a nu t t i t i ana l atti-

tomt .ad -lidatad it. It conrnistd of 30 itom in a11 of

rhkh 11 i t a m =latad t o atti- t a r a d nutrition .ad

u t h g habits; B it.N about m a 1 pluming; ad 11 itru

about food preparation.

Ssllu (1976) m3opt.d Che Parmt.1 Attitudo Remarch

Inrntmnmnt (PAR11 of Sdmmfmr and Ball (1958). Th. o x t m t of

s g r # m t o r dirgreeumnt mrn ~ o r d m a Likut-typo for ru t

using a I-point w n t i n u u . Out of t.ll, only four rariablma

*.t. chosom which .kard inpartant rolat imahip to nutri-

t ional kno*l.dp.. They mra 'Nutrition is Irportcmt', 'Equa-

l i tar ian ' , 'Parents a d a11 v i m ' and 'Pokrlmrnmmarn'. In

a l l , hiqh reliability (ranging fmm 0.71 to 0.79) MQ ~ l i d i + y

warm mrntmblimhod.

a t h and Anderaon (1977) dwml0p.S a .cals,ta ma-

at t i t* -food and nutrition. A 9001 of m t a t a a t m Wt

f u l f i l l r d scaling a i t m r i a - validity, re l imbi l ig . uai-

4Smmiona1ity aUa.r*iaity - f l ~ i b i l i t y worm ib.atifkd.

-tat rcrlldity m a sa-li.hd bud on th. 75 por c a t o r

-0 of -rt opinion. T h m * thin prvarna, rnixty itom8

w8ra w1mct.d from tho original pool of 128. 'Lh. &grn of

f igidity and f l .xf i i l i ty wan judgod by th. -rt8 ruing

Ctra a h ~ m - p o i n t ~mtinUtU. udian of distribution (S -1-a)

and in+.rquartila ranpr (0 valwa), and finally 40 m t a + . . r a + .

wen ahoamn for the final n r s h of Ctra a t t i tud . ina+rraant.

Ukort type fonrnt of 5-point continuum - mtrongly agrw to

mtmngly disagree, mn fomd to be mitable. mid*-

mioaality mm aatab1i.h.d ruing factor malysia. R.li.bili~

wu amtmbliahed uming +.st-retoat mthod.

A feu mcplorationm hmva Plo*n thm ~ l w of applying fh.

m r a t i c diff-tial to nutritional attitude a s m 8 m t

(BrintPri. 1961t maw and Wright, 1967).

Carruth and Uuoqratm (1979) dmlopd a maaiatia diff-

mti.1 instrument 0 aaaaas attituda chang. t an rda cloanannity

nutcl+ion. A manantic diffarmtlal mans* pmira of adjactirra

n t h o r than rrordm ln tha cantar+ of a mmntoncm or pkraw. to

JhM pornon rrsponda. It -8 damlaatad to . w w a

individual m c t i m ~ to a m t i c 0bj-t. utiliaing me-8 of. hipolar adjoctivem cm1l.d mcalam. 'Iha a d j w t i n p a i n

inc1ud.d we+. much a flexfilm-rigid, m-bad, mlo*-faat, ate.

Tha 8aunt ic differential m a utili8.d tD maaurr tho inter-

rolatlonmhipa -g four attibud. variablma in --r m l u a -

t h a d mu found te be an aifoctive mtkod. Tho attit*

nriablam maam- were crulibility, cmtmlt, dm1iwry al%l

f- (&D~*.ll, 1975). Tha a.l.ntic d i f f a m t i a l ham

b o a mconmmnded am a man6 o f aasamh9 BCudmn+.' affec t iw

kh . r iour bec8rue it poaraaem a q r w t deal of f l i x i b i l i t y ,

umy to conmtnrt and 8-le to meore.

Rajyalakmhmi e t al., (1980) att.npted to -lop an

a t t i tude mcmle ta mamm at t i tud.8 of rural w#n towardm

r o d and nutrition. The method of mcaloqram a n a l p l a (-,

1957) n m followd in conatructiag the inmtnnmnt tu a a m m

the.att1tud.m. Collection of i- n a D n e conmlting

varioum aourcea. An 1- pool containing 120 1- t a m

-. Tk. i t a m were o d i t d by following Ur critmria

sugqmmtd by Edward (1957). TkPa a mot of 55 i+.u mre

~lammifiid according 0 t h e i r c a n t a ~ t under diffe-t rel-t

-cept. such ma cmrealm a d millet., l e q u u m m and o i l

audm, etc. Tk. nu&mr of i t a ~ radmr u c h concept r a g a d

iron 2 to 9.

The it- tmra admin1atot.d to 100 mral m of the

- l a g m a region, AnQln Pd&. Pi-oint amtinwan

ran* from mtronqly agroe (4) to a t n n q l y dim- to) f o r

thm f a r o u r a b l ~ im. For rmfawumble a t t i m e im. U%e

msorinq 6yatm n m -rHd i.0.. 0-4.

- l iabi l i ty end sca l sb i l i ty of the in.trrrmrrt w r m

tmstmd uminq the Coaff icimt of Reproducibility (-1 m d

W h h n mrqinal C o e f f i c i a t of Reproducibility (-1

mmmctivaly.

l'tm fo l lwing formulae mm wod to calculatm CR and

- 8

Ilodificntions wore made in u c h category by making

diffmrmnt conbinatims of i t a m . A. a rmmlt, th. nrulb.r of

im 5n thm a c a k rra. reducd frola 55 to 44 and the n-r

of ib.u undmr each sub-em- ran@ from 2 to 7 . Since

+A. Ell values f o r a11 t h m catagori.8 mt. - 0.60. e l 1

+A. i t a n . were reliable. ~ h e r e a a tho ~ C R value. wan a m

6.5, a11 +he i+.na were acelablo. Validation of thm h m u u -

a t warn oatabliwhd by th. Jury. -10 itmw WR 8

(11 Hand pound rice is batter tlnn 1111.6 rice, (21 Thorwm

wading of r i c e befora cooking i a god.

Sutnick (19811 examinad the w e of '0' aort tmchniqw

in i t t i t u d e aasesmmnt. % 8-y m a cmd- tho

strrd.nta of P l t . w i a t a un i t in Lruemo comtsy. It warn

mp0rt.d t h a t the food '0' mrt c o n s i M of not. of 25 csrde

with n w m of food.. Thorn. fwd. were d i v i d d in- 4 -to-

gorion b a d on thmir n u t r i t i w ralws : h i m , moderate,

.ocrwRut and laant. Rompondoatm ware a s k d mart the food8

a l m g 2 dimmaima - pmformca and n u t r i t i w valru. llm

macuracy of tho nutr i t ivu v a l w m-cm was taka aa a

mamum of th. re.poad.nt.' lmwlrdg.. It we. ...umd u m t

m t t i t u d u D m r d melaction would k +nwly refloctmd in

th.ir Pt.rerenw ranklngm. I f th. atudemtm m mot iva td to

n l u e nutrition nora highly ln making food cholaa, th ia

vwld be obaervd am a f n o n p o ~ i t i v a corrmlatlon b e t w o a ~

th two ratings. 'Lhua. the method ldmnt1fi.d nutri t ional

attitudes. Mta r toating '0' so r t techniqum th. au-r

8tat.d tha t thim tmchnlqum mold b of -at va lw to ih

a l t o (1981) -0- What W m+hod of pa t+ i~ ip l a t

olumrvation was articulated by Jgllaowski in 1961. 'Ihia

mthod having bea~ mdifimd by nuly rmmmarchmr8 ham colr O

k a umablm form. l h i r tmchniqtm facilitatma s y a t a ~ t i c

uploration of rolationmhipm among m n t m intmr-

viwkrg. mmtlculoua eya wibrmmm and adminimtoring tom+..

Tlm8 +hm method has bean convartad to aci .nt if ic me.

Bdwartm (1975) muggeatd a proadura with tm d m -

mima for amwasing nutri t ional practicmm. l¶am two d m -

mioam w r a a

I . Dimtary intakm waa a8n8Md band m froqum¶y of intake during a 3d.y porlod.

2. Dmacriptivm atatumata lndicativa of obmermble nu t r i t lma l practiam mch am uam of muppl-+a, m t c . worm rud. 'Ih.8. i t m a could alao ba q u r n t l f l d a s in th -00 of k Z I 0 W l . d ~ t O S t .

Cmrruth m t al.. (19771 t h m t y p m m of nutri-

t ional related behaviours ln mir 8tudy. 231- wrm s

1. Raqummtm for f m litarmtum from tha raapondentm,

2. V e r b s 1 affinnationm of nutritianal p r a c t i ~ ~ m from thm mapondmta. An -la of vubml behavi3ur would be wreapondant raccammding the baaic 4 food group6 am a baaia for mnu planningg. .

3. Qb.m& overt nutritional khavioura OF rmapaadrrtm. Aa -1. of overt bahaviour would be r a ~ n d m t u t i n g a ma1 that contained foods malactad f m atleaat thm of tha four Food g-8..

A check-limt f o r b o a verbal and ovart brhavinrra m a

dWel0p.d.

Obmotvationm tmrr not recordad in tba pnamce of the

participantm. A disguised participaatobaermr damign mm

r u d t o docuwrt nutritional khavioura. A .raard obmarvat

ammiatad in croam-validating abmanmtionm of both v e a l and

overt applications of nutritional krarldga.

R l t o (1981) mtatad th.t partiel-t observation could

k directed t o include both procaam ( fomt iva ) urd prod=+

(outcome) eva1,yation.

Thou* there are a n w b r of taolm a l w -1-

+D find out the la~owladga, attit-s ud p m c t h a of rural

women. mtudarta, t .ach.ra, a&niniatra+ora, ate. toward0

nutrition, none of +her la auitabla for maaurhg th. Illlow-

ldg.. att i tudaa a d practicam of adult aduQ.tim pmg-

ina+nrctora w r d 8 n u t r i t i a am th. t m l ~ *.m not

d-lopa b~ following u-1 pqcholu t r ic mthoda. m m -

over, m a t of the instrunart8 mfe- t,, m m

developed to s u i t the noads of f o n i q n c o m t r i r . The condition8 prevailing in our country a m ent irely d i f f e n n t

and thereby it is f e l t t h a t a soparat. in8t.m-t should

be developed f o r the prrment purpo8e. Another r o a m f o r

tho pm8ent invest igator fD re8ort to develop her oun

inatrumants i n to have a comnon hma (ram i-1 f o r

-muring Imarledp, a t t i tude# .ad practice8 of nutrition.

'Ihe above reanon8 mda the Invemtigatpr to construct a -at

following the pmychaat t ic proCOdtXOm.

Thme i n m t r r a a t s were p n p . r d f o r the meamrmrrt of

lmowledge, a t t i tude8 and practicem of nutr i t ion w a g adult

education p r o g r a h inatructer8.

Am nu t r i t ion carprw d m m y amam, it kcam netmanary

f o r the invest igator to i d m t i f y tlm area8 tha t could ka

included in the -st f~ k cona t ruc td a l m q w i t h the iw

Under each area. On axomination of fh. Corn c ~ n t a t of

nutr i t ion. th. inve8t igaDr arrived a t the f o l l ~ h g a m a e

namely, ( i ) and its inpo-na, ( i i ) mod growme

( i i i ) D i e t f o r prcpamt lacwt inq mtherm, ( iv) D i e t for

infanta, (v) Diet fo r pro-mehool &il&an, (vi) ahrtr i t imal

dmficimcy dimmamen, (vi) Cooking nrthoda and Mir valws,

and ( v i i i ) mod-mforage P.+ho&. Theme a-a h.d miso

a u t h e n t i c a t d by +h. -M working in th. f b l d of nutri-

t ion aducation,and a u l t duca t ion am the pommible aream

from which i t e m s could be dwm1op.d f o r the teat. rim-, the invomtigmtor f i n a l l y decided to include +h.me arema only,

i n t h e t e a t to k d.mlop8.

4.2.1.1 m e im w o l

In conatrue6ing the t e a t the inmatigator ha& 0 propara

-at i t a n m in thm Telugu langu8g. am it wan p1.nn.d to

a m i n i n t e r tha -at to the adul t educstion progr- (AEP)

inmtructora in the S ta te of Andhra Ratlash. 'Ib dmmlop the

test i t e m 8 tha investigator nad. a thorough m v i w of the

-late& literature, con8ult.d m x p 8 r t 8 md the totst i t a m

t h a t had been used in various tast ing mituationm in Indim

and elmwhmrm. Thu, a d r a f t pool of i ~ . f o r thm t e n t n o

dmmloprd. Th.a. i w n r a d.mlmpul in nrdl a way that

t h q -re not o l y WN in n-r than mird f o r the f i n a l

a m + b u t a l so t h q n r o clur, c o n c i r and f m iron

ambiguity. ' Ihue d r a f t i t a m m r o g i n a to .oil. pmj-

offiearm. m ~ ~ . r v i m o t a and a l m to a tonam of U P Inmtruc+orm

i n Put tur p ro jec t of An&hra R.d.mh with a -8t paint

out any M6iguity. ropmtitian md I n m a w in than. A t

th in stage, th.- n r e about 123 itru Sn 6 8 t . B a s a l

t he i r ruqqertionr a11 -me t o r t i- w r e aim md

rwimd. Aa a resul t of the r i g o m culling out procadurr

only 63 i t m a WM rateinad. SOra of thmm i- 8m g i v a

w i t h tuo altenrativa rempwrmr (yaa/no) and th. majority of

than are rupp l id w i t h f w altarnativw (Multiple choice).

m e ~ i l o t t o m tkrU pnprnd i r given in Appendix I.

4.2.1.2 Tm-out of the itmu

The p i l o t form fhur dewlopad war a Q l h i a t e d t o a

random manple of 370 -1nmtructorr ao1.ct.d from lbdw

pro jec t of ~ d a & d i r t r i c t (Rayalar- a m ) , W a l

project of l4&aboohagar d i s t r i c t (T.lanqnna area), Oudur

project of Wellore d i s t r i c t (Circarr -a).

Ihe ample of 370 inrtructorr for the pi lo t rtudy w r a

relectad from mvng the AEP Inrtnrtorm during 1986-87 by

u i n q a three-8tag. proportimatr random r m l l n g p r e o d w .

The detail. of the ampling p r o w for the pilaf rtudy

arm qivem in Tabla 5.

The nrpondontr were r 0 q ~ r t . d to indicate the correct

anmmr according to them by putting a ntickn t d " )

againat the anmar. Ihe data wam c o l l o ~ by the i n ~ a t i -

gator porronally *en th. inmtructot C m for m - l Y

m t i n q r .

T a l e 5 -10 S ~ l ~ t i o n P- for TzydUt Of UIm h a t s and Sca1.a

Total Diatricta 4 9 10 23

Selection of Diatricta (by propor tha tm t.ndolm aunp1inq 1

Selection Of Projicta (by proportionate random amnmlinq) 1

8.lectim O f Inatruetora (by proportionate random rnuapling)

4.2.1.3 Scoring

In rncorinq the tea t , a e m i t of on* Mtk for e e

correct anmr .nd rmro far t h m r r a q m m r tm8 pi-. Tho

m i n i n r n n u i m m ~ acot.a m tho t e a t wan 0 mtY 08. This

warn dtm to the preamcm of a few carapound i t e ~ ~ mnt.ining

two to three nub-itmorn within th.nrnmlmrn. Th. a m r - k q of

the knowldp. t ea t i a g i m in m i x 11.

Tha protoeola 8corod f o r the knowledge toa t warn

arrmngmd i n the descending order of th. t o t a l acorn of

tam. 'Ihm the tep 27 per can t (high p r n p i.e., 100

r a m d a n t a ) m d the bottom 27 per cent ( l a group 1.9..

100 rmmpondmtd prOtoc018 \nZ8 ~ . d fo f h d Out the itam

d i f f i c u l t y and i t r m d i m c r i m i n e t i a power of amch i+m. ?or

each i t e m of tlm lmowledge toat. Uu 1- di f f icu l ty

(average of: the W) and the d i m c r i m h a t h in&% warn

calculated a s per t h e pracadurr oxplainad by Qronlund (1960).

For the purpo8e of i l lustrat ion. the procdura -byad

for calculat ing d i f f i c u l t y 1-1 and discrimination pmu

Nunbor of cor rec t mmpanaa8 83

Di f f icu l ty L.ml of the 1tm1 x 100 I 58.5%

Note r S h c e t h e d i f f i c u l t y 1-1 refer8 to t h e pererr tag. ge t t ing the item ti*+, the ana l le r t h e peront8ge f i m the mra d i f f i c u l t y t h e itom.

An item t h a t had a difficul+y indm b.krm 35-85 p.r mt

and a diacrjminating indm of 0.20 or more ram -10- t o

ba included in the f i n a l b a t . The m m l t a of t h it.n

analyaia are shm in A p p e n d i x 111. The f ina l form of the knowledge +.st conmisting of 35 i tem. i a appmdod under N.

* W O f f i ~ l O l l t of m l i a b i l i w and validity fo r the

knowledge ks t have bem eatab1iah.d on a random wnple of

lo0 ~ 1 ~ ~ t d from ICodur pmjoc t of Cudd.pah dimtrict (Rayala-

a- area) , &dm1 proj-t Of Hahaboohaagar d b t r i c t (Tolm-

gana area) , and Oudur project of Rollom d i s t r i c t (Circan

area). Those 100 protocols ham b a n a e l e c t d randomly

( w i n g randm n a r d . Altho*, there a re Fout difforant

nw+hoda of estimating the mliabilit]r w e f f i c l m t fo r a kst,

vls., (1) Teat-retest mothod, (2) Parallol f o m method.

(3) The aplit-half nuthod, and (4) Tho method of ' h t i o n a l

Equivalmcrg. The aplit-half re l i ab i l i ty method -9 -1-

in t h i n caaa a s it appearad to ba momt appraprhto. The half-

b a t m l i a b i l i t y coeff icient calculated on the b . m i s of fh.

'odd-oven* i-8 was found to ba 0.73 (vide Tablo 6 ) . The

r e l i a b i l i t y coaf f i c i m t f o r tholo toot -8 omt imtd

.nrployhg g~pra--~rown m a c y formulag and tho -1-

thum calcu1at.d r c . m 0.81. Aa -0 ~ d f i c i a t 19 mW hi*

it my )H maid t h a t tho t e a t i m a re l iable tool f o r --in9

the knowledge of nutr i t ion u ~ n p .dult .dua+im es-eo*-

4.2.1.6 Validity of tha knalmdm t . m t

!me k n a l e d ~ tmst.does posseam fa- validity. c a r a t

va l id i ty , i t e m val idi ty . and intrinmic valldi+y a s it ham

been establishrd. The de ta i la of each of them are given

below.

(a) Face v a l i d i a

When the t c m t was ahown to f w lay poraona (adult

learnera i n adu l t education crr tnm), who had no 1mowl.dq. of

nu t r i t ion , Uley f e l t t h a t it mamurrd the lmowladga of nutri-

t ion. Lindquiat (1966) says, .a test is faca valid partleu-

l a r l y i f it looks val id to l a m D and therefore the test

has face val idi ty .

(b) Content val idiQ

Content va l id i ty indicates how adeqw~to is the content

of a test ampling t h e dornain of which infumncea a re to be

Imdo. It is part icular ly hrportant f o r a c h i c ~ m s l t b m t s .

To r e a t o m +him type of va l id i ty to the b a t , a n attempt mm

mad. to soa t h a t a l l the amaa of nutr i t ion wra includmd in

the t o a t cons-. thder each a r m an admb number of

sample i t m a wm incl-. 'Ih. prrpat.+ion of test itau

wan pread.d by a thorough and mystemtic e a a m i n a t h of a l l

t h e amam of nu t r i t ion i n book. and jarmala. mm *.re

a1.o conmultd. The tomt iten18 mimd i n t k ~ li-

of the muggoations of th. eaumrtm f o r contaut -cg and

accuracy. I n view of -me. it my k maid that th. +.st

poar8aea contantvalidity.

( a ) I t m validity

The itoms of thm knaledg. t m m t -re se1ect.d on the

baala of itam malyaia. Each i t m a m k t i d an8 included in

fhe f ina l t a s t had a matisfactory level of itm difflnrl+y

and i t r m di8crimination. b c e , the i t am lnc1ub.d in th.

tnnt po8am.n i tan validi+tr.

(6) Intr insic validity

The d e g m ta which a t a r t mamums what it nwmumm

my be called l t a intrlnmic validity. Thl8 dmflnitian can

almo k s t a t d in fama of kow -11 the m i n e d mcona

awamura +In tmmt'a true-acorn Eolponrt.. me va1Ldity is

ind ica td by tho mquara root of fhm pmportion of true

variance, h other wrda, thm aquare root of ita ~ l i a b i l i t y .

Anothmr nam for Mi8 etatimtic 18 the i n d a of m l m i l i t y

(Quilford, 1954). Thm intrinsic valw of the tomt mm - 0.9165 whi& indicatm that the tmst pormmm h m

i n t r h ~ i c miiai+y.

4.2.2.1 Method8 o f maaurina attitudes

Ihurmtonc defiae8 an atti- am .YI. d m of poaitim

or negatiw effect amsociataQ d t h p.lchologi-1 W e 8 .

W a p . y ~ l o q i ~ l obj.ct. Thurmtme man. .np -1.

phrmae, 8 1 0 ~ . permon, ina t i tu t im, i d w l or i d w towax&

which moplo can d i f fe r with m q m c t to pomitiva or negativa

e f f e c t (Edtmrd8. 1969). Attitudom m y k m~lwed by a

variety of m+hodS and W i q u e 8 of mi& diroct qwmtioning,

projoctiva teat.. intervibwm, diroct obsorrratim,

quomtionnaire and a t t i tude acalem are m a . The -8 of

d i r e c t quemtioning and interview8 involvo a l o t of t i r and

e m moat d i f f i c u l t 0 anploy auca8mfully. PI mamuring tho

attitudem the pmject iva teclniqmm muffer fnwn certain dim-

advantages l i k e d i f f i c u l t y in admiaimtoring, scoring, rolia-

b i l i t y , ete. I n the camr of d i rec t observation, it i8

d i f f i c u l t to ha- m t a n d ~ r d i s d and objective obrrervation,

mince uhatrsar the o b a o m r awn i m m t i r o l y up- him and

it involve8 the obmenmr88 pormonal lik08'md dimlibm.

Eocau8e of above limitation8 of d i f f e m t -thodm and

+.clmiquem, tha q u e a t i m n a i n m t h d 18 m r o popularly u8.d.

In t h e quomtionnah mothod, the individual L aak.d

0 oxpreas h imher opinion ta tho atatumntm which are givr!

in t h e form. The only means of inferring or em+iaYting a

peraon8m a t t i t d o p r k l i o f i m on tho b~mim of th. opiniona

. x p r e a ~ d In m-80 to the at.-t. in m ~ t 1 m a . h .

This mmthod of a88osaing atti- fmrn = ~ n 8 m . d win* I8

almo a u b j ~ ~ t to l h i t ~ t i o n m am Um rupar-t tendm to

give mocially aceoptable reaponmem fh.e cm-ling hi8

m a 1 a t t i e . But, t h i a could k ova- in laany way0

much am making tlm quaatlonnaire anonymow, m t c .

W w s u r m n t and doacription of opiniara and a t t i M e a

i a an intermating M a of rmaearch whom data 10 colloatod

in the form Of aq4rmaHd o p i n b of individuals. To obtain

tho meaauro of tho a t t i t r d o o r k l i o f of an individual o r a

group of individuals temrda mm phomaon th. inquiry

fern c a l l d opinionnain o r a t t i M e scale i a used.

Among tho tochniqwa avmilabla f o r tho cmatruction of

a t t i t r d o acalma, 'hmtion c m l d ba radn of the Tlmratane

T o c h n ~ of S c a l d Mluor, Thuratme's mthod of Pairad

Oaaparisona. Lik.rt 'a lbthod of Wnutmd Ratlng8, Gutfman'8

Scalogranl Analyais o r Method of Curulating Scaling and

5herif.a Social Wgnmt - Involvmmt~t Approach. Among

t h e m a ro tbm popular and usoful mthoda of m ~ n r r k r g

a t t i t u d e s indirectly. connonly u..d fo r roa.az-& ~ W o a a a

and thoy a m I

Both tho methodm noceaai-te an ittiMa1 collmetion of

a largo nurb.r of statmmnf. m i n i n g 0 an at t i t* *j.cL

and of d i t i n g thm. ' Ihowf te r , tho mrthodolw of th. trro

t.ehniques diverg00. ~n tho m a t o n o *ich

h m a d wpm th. -he-mai-1 method of -1 .pp.arbg interval8 - th. scal ing of tho to8t 1-8 C.ka p l a o beform

tha collmctim Of data. H m a it l a to ha*. a

m r a t i a r a l baamlinmm and l a aaid to b8 charactmri..d by a

mpr ior im approach. The Llkert tmchiqlw ruma ecaled

remponaea and aaa-9 tha t tha f i n a l acorn is w a m r a w

ea t ina te +hat i a obtained by th. a p p l h t l o n of a n u k r of

d i f fe ren t yardaticka (atat.a*ntm) each m e of rhich .xt.nda

+o t h e whole lrrgth of the a t t i tude car thum. Thin ia in

contraat to the 'Ehuratmm techniqrw in which each i t a m

mpreaarta a specif ic p.rt of the a t t i t w e contlnurn. m e

Likert technique 1s said to be chatmcteriacd by an

mapoatorlor" approach with an "mpir ical barlinmm.

Each tachniqru haa a m e&antrwa over tho other.

Whilm the muratone technique a a h a u n of objectlva judge-

of itam to a t a r t with and a a i ~ o a b l e group of judgea to

r a t e t h e acale-valw of the rtatamnta. Tha individual

judgement by -1t8 and conputation of acalm-wlw *rou@~

+h. ogivea dram on t h e placement of each 0t4tmOnt by a l l

fhm ju-a inwlvea a l a b o r i m p-. Tho L i k e

tadmiqua o h l a t e a theam difficulties. While it d i m a m 0

with tho juaging group. it nacaaait.tea the m m t r i c

r t h o d a of t .m-ana ly~i8 (tho internal c a r a i a t n y athod or

t h m corralat ion of indlvidrul itm8 w i t h the total

rrhich agaln l a tinu consrmhg. It a180 inmlvem a p-at by

adminiatmrlng th. 1-0 to a Qroup of ~ b j e 8 t . p m a m m t i w

of +boa* with *oitl th0 0 ~ 1 0 is to k u a d .

d w i d d a d m t a w Of tho Likart tochniqw is i m .cow f o r

exP=-im of in-sity Of an opinioa thrarph -1.d

m.ponses. h u t h e r . fh. toch iquo is beliwd to be M s i e r

and ailp1.r in resp.ct of construction. mi. -10 is

p r c e i - to be =lat ively no+. reliable and mi id . kt-

mderstood and m.g to f i l l - i n (Shukla, 1972). Tho tirn

mid to construct t h i s typ. of a t t i tudo acsle is claimed

O be loss. L i k ~ * ~ s tadmiqua i a claimed to k -re

ompirical (Nuanally. 1959). It i a a l so c l a i m d to k

s l i g h t l y more r-la than Rnu.tonons (Kmch and crut~h,

1948). This sca le is claimed to provide more infoxmation

about the aubjactus at t i tudes. since nsponsea would be

given to each of tho many itam (Mama, 1964). mmovor,

the i t a n s in a ~ i k e r t soale can k mado to serve a dual

function, to provide data on individualu# opinions and

a t t i t u d e s about tho spec i f ic issues cwrrod the s h g l e

i t e m a s wall a s th. total scale on tho a t t i tude or o p h h

d-sion being s t u d i d . Tho Th~Catone ikUm Callnot

the dmblo f m C t i m . mr the *aona 91- - 0

a t t i t u d e sca le conatructod to -8- tho a t t i t u b a of

~ u l t mucation progrunm Inmtnactors towa-8 nutxiti* -0

b e a d on tho Likert'. +.chicFr.

4.2.2.2 The itm w o l

The f i r s t a top in dmmloping tho sca le -8 collect

a 8.t of .ta+mnta in auch a m y t h a t th. a m p t m m or

n j e c e o n of each one uould imply a d i f f m t d e m of

favourable o r urfavourable at t i tude t o n N a nutritian. ror this. a l a r w n-r of a+.tcnata on each a a p a t of nutri-

tion w a n c o l l e w from v u i o r u aoumoa n r h an r ~ l w a n t

l i t e ra ture , expert8 in the f i e ld and the opinim of tk.

inatructora, a ~ r v i a o r a and p r o j e t officera of the adult

education pmgt.nnr. A fa approprim* i t a ~ in other .calm

ware a1.o taken. Tho d i f f a r m t aepocta of nutrition conai-

dared i n collecting the i t m e are (1) food and it. ~ r t a n c a ,

(2) food gmup.,' (3) d i e t Lor p-nt and lactating nmthra,

(4) d i e t f o r infant.. (5) d i e t fo r pro-achool children,

(6) nut r i t iona l doficiencp diaeaaea. ( 7 ) cooking mmthotla and

t h a i r value8 and (8) food-atorage methotla. Hmmvor. a l l th.

i t m a draftad in much a r y tha t the mpcif ic a a w t

an which t h ~ it- w a d w e l o p d n d l d tba emten t am-

of Imaladge i-. Thua, the total n r r k r of i t a ~ col1.ct.d

warm 123.

4.2.1.3 M i t i n a of item!

he edi t ing pmcoaa is VOW inportant in th. ~ik.rt

technique aa t h u a i a no object iw chmck on Um e i w l c p of

em atat-t., m a l ~ g o u a to tln quart i le & w i a t ~ in th.

Thuratone mthod. meae atataumat. ware ahown to f ive .rpwrC.

and they were reqwat.8 to 8cmn +h.n mug-t d i f i c m -

t i m a , deletions and a l w to aamkre the eta+mata for

cont.nt a-acgo e i g u i t ~ Md ropetitiona. Tho urp.rta ~ p p e a t d e l h i n a t i o n of a feu a t a w t a which m n

&iguoru and the modification of a f.+ 0 t h ~ eta-to.

A f u r effecting chanp.a t ~ a d on e m i r 8ugp.ationa. th.

atatmmnta warn rroimd and ditd by th. h m t i g a t o r Sn

accordance with the guidelines augq8stod by Nmg (1932).

muzatonm and Qlava (1929). U r t (1932). Bird (1940) and

Edwmrda and Kilpatrick (1948) (Ld*arda. 1969). Thm follow-

ing c r i t o r i a mggoated by m r d a and othera *.- . dherd

to in d i t i n g tho a

(a) Zbo mtatunmta ahould be clear, ahort and aimplot

(b) The atatammt ahmld k mo wrdmd that th.p w k andorad o r njoctodr

( c ) Statemonta t h a t a m factual o r capable of being intorprotod am faatual ahould k aWid.dt

(4) Statanent8 which arm irrolovant to V m a t t i t r d . variable k maaurud should k amidodr

(0) Double barrolled atatnnunta ahould k a.oid.dr

( f ) Each a taumar t ahould ccntain only 000 aomplot. **tt a d

(0) S t m h m n t . containing rmivorml aueh as a l l , always, nonm and nwor, whidt of tar in+rodWe Wigui+y ahould k -Mod.

M t o r o l i a i n a t i m of item which did not f u l f i l the

. b o v m c r i to r ia . out of am i n i t i a l wlloct ion of 123 i t r e ,

63 atatanenta ware ratainm.3 of which a f- i t a u m n conpormd

in naturm containing two to thrw nub-imr with tha aam

amrial number. Ihw. in total , 88 atatmmnta worm f i n a l i u

of which 45 m r a poaitiva (fasourable) and 43 warm nmgativa

(unfavourable). Theam m t a + m a t m rapreaated d i f f e m t

ahadom of tamnuable and m f a ~ b ~ f a b l e attitude8 toward. thm

i a r w . The p i l o t form thru propard is givan in Appendix I.

-inst each atatamant thm alternativa rasponmar,

namely, %+.. (A), &certain (U), and Dimagma (M) a r e

q i m . The atatanant. warm MIUI cyeloatylmd a lmg with t9m

standard d i n c t i p n a and adminiatered t o 30 adult ducat ion

progranm ins+ructorr a e k t e d a t randm from W Puttur

project mainly to know -ether thema atatermnta could ba

-oily undmntood by t9m inatructora. From t h i s praliminaxy

try-out, it becam knorm t h a t the inatruetore wuld easi ly

underatand the atatanemta and readily rampond 0 t h a .

4.2.2.4 Tw-out of a t t i tuda a 0 . h

'Ihe a t t i tude a c a h thun proparad war a&~iniaterad to a

random .unple of 370 adult ducat ion proqr- ha+rucCor&

Ihe aanple of 370 reapondmta a r e aelmctnd boa& on a thrae-

stam proportionatm random aaulpling p m d u r e which haa

a l e barn &lain& m i l a diacruahq the m e l i n g pro-

f o r w +ry-out of itmm of th. k n w l m d ~ teat . Beform * a t t i t u d e mcale wag adminimtered, inrtnactiona m n read out

loudly t.apmdmt. and thw wore am- to reed r c h

Of th. a ta tumnt . carefully a8d indicate Wit ag-t

o r d i m a p m p a t .. per the category of reaponam. given.

'Ihe nspondemtn -re asked to put a -tickm mark againat

each a ta tmrr r t in Me appropriab paranth.8im of the protocol

of 8 roapondont. 'Lhe data wan c o l l o ~ t e d by the invaatigator

pmr80nally whon inatructora cam f o r the monthly

mating..

Tho r t a tamnta won .cored in accordance with the

general pract ic8 by amaigning the following numerical migbta

to t?u poaitiva .ird negative atatumnts aa &om below I

The score of each re.pondents were cmput.d by a m i n g

the mi@%+. of the roapnaea madm e each hdivi-1 if.n.

The ran- of the t o t a l s c o a on the r u l e under the pma.nt

.coring m y s t a m i n 88-264.

4.2.2.6 1- malvsim

k t h e ty-out m a conductmi m 370 ina t ruc tor~ . a georp,

of 100 n8pmadrrta (27 per Cent) with the hiphest 9COrOS

conatitu+d th. hi* gEDuP and a group of 100 (27 per cent)

napondent. with th. bw8t total mcorea forrrvd th. low

group. Th.80 9-8 W e r e 8 e l e c t d to be the criterion

group. f o r calculating tho cr i t i ca l ra t io for ma& i-.

g.nplm sic. in tho prmault study k i n g 310, frequency in

high gzoup 100 (%I) and f-cy in the lw group 100 (XLI

warm -1 Md thermfon, c r i t i c a l ra t io -6 calculated

by f o l l w h g Me formla 8uggemt.d by Edward. (1969). The

'tl valuoa oalculated for .a& i t e m gave the discriminating

in* of each ita.

Sx2n - sum of +h. mcona of th. individual meorem i n the high group

Z ~ L r Sum of th. acon8 of the individual acores i n th. low group

r The man a w r e of a given staternnt fo r the hi* grarp

b - IT m n n meore of a given statement for th. low group

r Uu&ee of ampond.nt. in Mch group

Applicutim of thin formla i8 i l lumtra td with m f e m c e

to the data p r t a i n i n g +D i t a m number 2 of tho at t i tude . a l e

Tabla 7 Cmlculation of Critical Ratio

~ h . ata a i u a we- ah i iar ly calculated for a11 the

i t a n . u8.d in +hr pi lo t atudy. n m 't* valws for a l l the

i t r a in tho acala are g t ~ 1 1 in A p p a d L r 111.

A. swtv-td bp b a r d s ( 1957 1, +h. ~ h h rub of

~ j r c t h g i t a m with I t m value of lmsa than 1.75 m a foil-.

Barnod on this c r i t r r i o n i t m ~ having. ' tm valwa -1 o r

groator than 1.75 n ro included in thm f ina l acalm. ~ l t h o w h the ca lcu la ta l tm value was acceptable, of th. i t a n m

wmrm dekted f o r want of uniformity in content area in th.

t m s t m . rir.. knowl.dgm test, a t t i tude s a l e and

p-tiaa check-list. Finally, only 35 ituna wm retained

In th. a t t i t u d . acale on nutrition. The f ina l form of t h m

a t t i t u d . #calm i r n ahown in Appendix IV.

4.2.2.7 R e l i a b i l i t v of the a t t i tude acale

The c o e f f i c i m t s of the r e l i a b i l i t y and val idi ty have

b n n mstablishod on a random sample of 100, s s lmctd from

Kodut p ro jec t of Cuddapah d i s t r i c t (Rayalaseana area), Gadwal

projmct of )Yhaboobnagat d i s t r i c t (Telmgana arm), and Gudur

pro jec t of Mollore d i s t r i c t (Circara araa). Thaw 100

protocolm ha*. b..lr drawn a t random (using random nrrmbmra).

Am wcplaind marlier, them arm 'four dif f m m t raethda of

matha t ing tha r e l i a b i l i t y of a s a l e . In thia case thm

spli+-hmlZ mothod of mstlm~ting r e l i a b i l i t y a p p e a w to ba

more mppropriatm. Thm coeff icient of re l i ab i l i ty for half

test (r& on the b m s i m of @odd and ownm i- wda found to

k 0.79. Th. r e l i a b i l i t y coef f ic imt f o r f u l l t e a t (zIl)

was esti~~~a+.d by a p l o y i n p the SpearrnM-Bmwn prophecy

formula and the value obtained waa 0.88 (vide Tabla 8). A s

+him value is 8uff iciont ly high and satisfactory it may bo

wncluQd t h ~ t fh. mcale i a possesses rel iabi l i ty .

4.2.2.8 V.lidit~ of th. a t t i tude acale

Four typma of va l id i ty were established for the

a t t i t u d e 8C.10. Th.y a n (1) Pace validity, ( 2 ) Content

va l id i ty , (3) Itan va l id i ty and (4) In t r ins ic validity.

(a ) Face val idiQ

The term f a a va l id i ty ha8 many rmaninga and has boon

loomely u.d. It i a k s t restr ic ted to the f a c t tha t a test

m l o o k . m valid. pjlrticularly to those who a m m8ophisticaW.

i n +.at practices. A aprm acient i f ical ly and professionally

jumtifimble rmamn f o r facm val idi ty i a to make it palatable

to t h e uumhoe. If he fee l s that a t e s t i a relevant he i m

l ike ly to hap. increa8.d mtivat ion in taking it, and

~ i f o t r l y hi* motivation i m an i m p o r a t tasting condition.

When the mcah uma p r r a m t u l to the Readera and Profeaaora

of S.V. Mivmraity convmraant with t e s t conattuctim 8nd

lmrr they wmrm amkd to axpraaa the i r opinion, they e x p r e s d

+h.t t h m t o a t under conattuction looks valid and hence the

ocale ham fa- val idi ty .

(b) a n t e n t val i&itx

The related l i t e r a t u r e was consu l td and M at-t -8

lode to sea that tha itam inc ludd in a e scale won mt.- m a t a t i w of a11 the arena of nutrition. The i n a t n m n t

subjectad to the mrutiny, criticism and co-t of em

m r t s in +h. f i O l U of a&l t duca t ion and nutrition. The .tale urn modified in th. l i g h t of t h e i r co-ta and

c r i t i c i m . Thum it may he maid t h a t the scale poswases

car+rrt val idi ty .

(c) Itam v a l i d i t y

Item va l id i ty .nphaniae8 the extent to which an itm

predict8 s.gragation of axamhers into those with h i m wrmum

t h o r with la cr i te r ion 8cor.a. Th. discriminating index

was propazud f o r . a l l tha itam and thome i tan8 having high

dimcriminating power ( t - 1.75 o r laarm) were rmtained in

t h e f i n a l teat . M n a , the mcale ham itom validity.

(dl Intrinmic va l id i ty

Am 0xplain.d w l i e r . the intrinmic val idi ty l a g iwn

by th. square root of the r a l i a b i l i t y of the inmtnnmnt.

l'horafore. me intrinsic val idify of h at t i tude mcale m a

= 0.9380.

4.2.3.1 I t r -1

To -lop t h e check-list i t m a the inv.atiga+or mad. a

+horn* of the re1at.d l i terature, cfflsut.d - on * test i t m a +hat have ken usod in verb-

tutkrg ni fwt iona India and rls.rrherm. mu., a d ~ f t

pool of i tuua f o r the t a o t wao devmlopsd i n e m t anam of

nu t r i t ion Olreacty owntionad in m l o p l p n t of h o * l w ~

t o s t a d a t t i t u d e wale. These it- wre dawloped b a d

on the kno*Mg. i + . n m already p m r e d by the hvest igatar .

Th.y we- given to aonr project officers. nuprviaors and

81.o to l f o r m of MP ~ n n t r u c t ~ r ~ with a +o p ~ h t

out any aabiguity, ropetition, and inaccuracy in tha. A t

this stag.. th.A wre about 85 i t a m in U1. test. Baaed

on t h e muwastion8 a11 them i t e m nore ed i ta l and rwiana.

Am a r e s u l t of r i m r o w elimination procod- m l y 63 i t a n 8

w e r r retained. Bou of +h.sa i t m s a re placed with ttm

a l te rna t iva rrmponsms (y.a/no) and 19%. remining a re p1aE.d

with four: altmmativa mspansea (Mult iple-choi~) p i l o t

form ttw is given in A m d i x 1-

4.2.3.2 - 4 u t of t h e itmma

Tho i tam. thus &evelopod wra administerad w a random

m-la of 370 U P inmuuctors with necessary hstruct ions.

'Eh. of 370 re8pandmntr w e r e sol.ctnd b a n d on thrmm-

.tap. proport imat . random s-iing procedure which has

81- born q 1 a i n . d h i l a discwsing the sanpling ptoce-

f o r tha try-out of of t3u I m o w l ~ m teat . E 8 h

i t a m tms supplied with a l t e r n a t i w r~spons" and the =.par-

dart8 mro roinn8t.d to m t i o n the practiwm thoy a n

following by putting a wtickm ( d m & againat the rmsponr.

'Ih. d.U wmm colloctod by fh. lnvomtigator pormally. Th.

re8ponna t h w g i ~ n by tho rubjecta w m entorod in their

proto-l8.

.coring pat- of th. t o r t wr by uming anmmr key for

tho t m m t . Jrr -ring t b m t a m t , a c ra l i t of on. mrk for

th. corroct ro.pons0 and roro for tho wrong maponre war

pi-. Thr lab- and mRX- .corm m the +68t were 0

urd.63. Ths a n m r koy of tho practlce toat i m given in

Appardix TI.

4.2.3.4 Itm analvsim

protocol8 scored for the practice tout wro Ur8ng.d

in thm d.8ccdiag o r d u of the to ta l ucom of Um tort. Thm

th. b p 27 pmr c a t (high grow, Lo., 100 r a w - ) and

th. bottom 27 p.r ca r t (IbY QIOUP, i..., 100 m8-+.)

protocol8 w n urnd to find out the itmm difficultp and i t m

di8crimination powarm of oach iw. For wdr itm of the

practicm tomt, th. itam difficulty (amrap. of tho hro) and

dircrininatioa iadmx wero C a l c u l a ~ 48 p.r tho pro&-

Item No.2

High. Gmup (N 1 100)

D i a c r h i n a t i ~ n power of the itm 0.39

An itmm w i t h a d i f f icu l ty i n d u bekrwn 30-80 per cent and

a diacr ininat ing i n h of 0.20 or more waa selected for

inclusion in W f i n a l teat . Thm resul ts of the i t a m analysis

a r e ahmm i n Appendix 111. The f i n a l form of tha check-lint

wnmimts of 35 itam (vUe Appendix IV).

4.2.3.5 Rmliabilitv of ~ r a c t i e a -st

The coeff icient of r e l i a b i l i t y and val idi ty f o r the

W e t i c e -st have beon mstabliahot3 on a random aample of 100.

mel0ctmU from mr pmjoc t of Cuddapah d i s t r i c t (Rayala-

ae- am=), -1 projoct of nahaboobnagar d i a t r i c t (Talon-

gana ama) , and - project of Nel lon d i s t r i c t (Circara

a r m ) . ~ h e a e loo mapondents have b ~ l l drawn rudornly

(-ing randDm numborm). Am explained ear l ier , t h e n a m four

d i f ia ron t -+hod. of e a t h a t i n g the r e l i a b i l i w of a chmck-

l i a t . In thi. can. tha Split-half mthod of m8tirPuting

rml iab i l i ty .pp.ard to be more appropriate. The mofficimnt

Of rml iab i l i ty for half test (rs) on th. baais of 'odd and

0val' i t o m * a m found t o k 0.77. The re l i ab i l i ty co-

efficimnt f o r f u l l t e a t (rill was e8timat.d by onploying

the SPoa--Bmtm Rroph.cy formula and tho value obtained

wan 0.87 (vi& Table 9 ) . A8 t h i s value is nufficiantly

hi*, it may k Mid t h a t the chmck-list is a reliable tool.

4.2.3.6 v.liditv

Am pointed out already, there are various methods of

-timating the va l id i ty of a measuring instnmmt. The

following typos of val idi ty wera established for the ptactice

cheek-limt.

(a) Pace va l id i ty

The check-lint had face validity according to the

opinion of adul t education inmtructors and knowldgeable

personnel in t o s t cona+ruction. A l l of them ~ ~ p t a n s a d that

the i t e m appear t o measure nutritional practices.

(b) Content va l id i tx

Thim form of val idi ty is establimhod by .valuating the

rO1wance of t h e t o a t ~+.IM individually and as a whole.

E8ch i t a m ahould be a sanpling of that aspact which the test

PUrportm Co nmaaun, and taken c o l l m c t i ~ l y . the i-8 should

conmtituta a r r p r a m m t a t i ~ nanple of the variable t h a t is

-nurod. In thm construction of the pms-t instrument

i W m mro w1lect.d f m Q I ~ review of related litorat-.

and f- fhe of the expo- in the f i e ld of nutrition

I- 'D. 0

and a d u l t rduoation. Thum, it can ba reasonably asrrumd

t h a t t h e check-list has content validity.

(c) Itam va l id i ty

Them a m ~ ~ r o u 8 procadurea by which itm val idi ty

can k thtenninod, onm of *hi& stresses the nunbar of dis-

criminations of th. desirmd sort t h a t the itam is capable

of aaking. It ulyXIasieea W m uctent +o which the i t e m

prdictr aeqmgation of axaminma into those with high vmraw

l o w criterion scormm. 'Ph. discrimination power and d i f f i -

c u l t y 1-1 of mach itm were matablimhed, before including

it i n t o t h e f i n a l form. Hence, +h. i-8 included in the

f i n a l form of the test possema i t u n validity.

(d) I n t r i n s i c v a l i d i w

a i l f o r d (1954) defined intrinsic val idi ty as 'the

d - m to which a t o s t measurea what it meamma'. This can

a l s o k statd i n tuas of h a well the obtained scores

r a s u r m t h e t r m t m s t r u e 8CO- canponent. This val idi ty is

9 i v m by th8 aquara root of it. re l iab i l i ty . Hen-. the

i n t r i n s i c va l id i ty of t h e chock-list w a a m = 0.9327,

4.2.4 Paraanal Data Sh-t

The i n t o m t i o n with regard fo aqm, aur, annual i n w m

Of tho family, caste, religion, writal st.tuS, occupation,

.duoa+imal mtatuo, type of thm family, s iee of the f m i l y ,

W*riOnce am an adul t duea t ion insfructor, maas media

errposuro, otc., of the i n s t r u e e r a was obtain& fmm a

-fully worded porsonal data shwt. Both the Telugu and

m g l i d r versions of the m h r t a re givm in Appendix IV.

4.3 OF THlE STUDY

Th. loca l s of tho study is the State of Andhra Pradedr

i n India. Tho State has three d i s t i n c t regions. Rayalasoema,

t h r Circarm and Tmlongana. Rayala8em~ is badward agri-

cu l tu ra l ly , .onomically and mocially. The Circara i m the

coas ta l region and it i m agr icul tural ly rich. Telagana i m

t h e most b.c)n.rd region agricul tural ly a s well as coonomi-

c a l l y i n tho Sta to . Also it is linguistically more mixed

than other mgionm and has a higher proportions of tribals.

m e AEP US in -ration in a l l tha 23 d i s t r i c t s of

krdhra Pradeah during 1987-88. There were 46 p m j e c a in

a l l the 23 d i s t r i c t s of A.P. Out of these, 8 pmjecta were

l o c a t d i n Rayalaseuna, 18 in the Circars and 20 in mlmg-a.

The pmb1.m is a i m d a t investigating (finding out) the

ex i s t ing levels of knowledgo, a t t i tudes and practices of

nu t r i t ion umng adult education p r o g r a m ins+ructors in A.P.

A s tha sample f o r fhe study has to be selected from a larpe

population spread a l l over the State. s nnrltistage rand-

scunpling techniqtM was adoptcd. Them were 46 p r o j c c a in

the 2 3 d imtr ic t s of A.P.

m a Statm of krdhra R a d ~ ~ h waa f i r a t a t r a t i f i d

according to mqionm. vis.. Rayalaaeema, coastal lvldhra

( c i r c u 8 ) and -1.nqana. A s much, in the f i r s t mtag., from

each of Um t.giOn two d i s t r i c b ware ulecbed a t random,

via., QIittDor and krantapur d i m t r i c b from Raylauama,

Rakaram and Icrlrhru d i s t r i c t . from the C i r c u s ud Khamnm

.nd warangal d i r t r l c t a f r m 'lblengana. The nlunkr of

projoct . in th. a e l e c w d i s t r i c t s uure obtained from the

~imtr ic t M u l t Mucation M f i a r s concerned.

In *a 8.cwd atage, one pro jec t from aach of ths

~ l e c t o d dirtrict. warn m1ect.d a t random, thua rmklng th.

t o t a l of projacta included i n th. mtudy m i x .

In tha thM mtagc. out of the 300 inatcuctora in each

prOjact 100 WM melactad randomly. Ihua a total of 600

a d u l t oducution inmtructora working i n m i x adul t education

projmct. of #k dimtrict . of tha throe regions of Andhra

R d a 8 h formd a# tha f i n a l m-le f o r fhe present i n w a t i -

gat- t ~ l g . 1 ) .

LOCATION MAP OF THE STUDY AREA

ANDHRA P R A W

F I G : l

The detai led sample fram is given below.

......................................................... Regioll. Rayala- Circara Tlllengana Total

Total d ia t r i c t .

Total project8

T o U l p-j-9 in the d i a t r i c t 2+2 2+2 2+2 12

Selection of p m j e c t s by random mampling 1+1 1+1 1+1 6

Total Adult Education c o a t r e m

Selection of M u l t Education kntms by randola a-ling 100+100 100+100 100+100 600

4 - 5 COLISCTION OF MTA

Tho naceasary permission to col lect data * a m obtained

from t h e pzuject off icers (whemver data w e r e collectad).

Ttvough the pro jec t o f f iceaand assis tant p r o j r t sff iccra,

th. mugmmisors mre r-6t.d to make atrenpuncnts Eur the

collection of data from the Instructors hcluded Ln fhe

swle. The adul t education project has 10 sectarrr. each

9-r w i t h 30 adul t education instructors in c h a w of a

sup.rvimor. 10 adul t mducation ine+ructors from each

nctor were amlmctrd on random k i s and t h i s f o r d the

aauple of mtudy from each project.

In ordar tm gain confidence and to get their whole-

heartad involvemnt i n tho investigation. Ule investigator

eatablimhul a good rapport with m e instructors. m e

purpon of fhr study undertaken wan made clear to thc

inatructora anU thry wt. requestad to give their answers

to the mchedulem dimtributed to them when they attmnded a

m n t h l y m t i n g . Every care was taken to make the rempon-

dents trmpond the mcales and t an t s without my hesita-

t i o n on *ir part. The rampondents were al lowd to sit

f r e e l y mile responding. They were given dequam t i m tn

f i l l up t h e schedules. m e doubts raised by them were

cleared. Boon a f t o r dminimtering the schodulm, the duly

f i l l e d i n mchululea ware c o l l e c W by the investigator mftar

checking whei9mr a l l a e quoations had been anmumred by

the reapondent..

For mcoring the knowlodge t e s t , a t t i tude scale and

prac t ice dm&-limt, the procedure followed i n tho p i l o t

mhdy wmm f o l l o w d in the f i n a l sbudy -0.

The information provided by the responclena in the

P r m m a l dm- &eat was almo nurnrically coded to suit

conputar analymim.

4.7 S!L'ATISTICAL W N I O U E S USED

lha total 8cores obtained by each of 600 adu l t educa-

t i o n inmtructors on a l l tha var iables were c-uted. me d a t a -re camJfully analyaed, appropriate s t a t i s t i c a l

technique8 like 't' tea t . 'F' r a t io , I(rameres t e s t , etc.,

were m p l o p d to know whether the independent variables

could i n f l u e n w mignificantly the knwledge, a t t i t udes and

p r a c t i a s of n u t r i t i o n among instructors.

The co r ra l a t Jan coe f f i c i en t (r) was computed to find

o u t the inter- re la t ionship btween knowledge, a t t i t udes and

prect icas .

The aimple co r re l a t ion coeff ic iant 'r* was computed

between each o m of +ha 16 independent variables and

(1) knwledge, (2) a t t i h d e s and (3) pract ices of nutelt ion

to i d a n t i e W most s ign i f i can t variables associatad w i t h

d w m d e n t vuiablem. The rnultipla correlhtion cowff ic iwt

'Rm waa c a l c u l a W by carrying out the step-wise regression

atlalyais to f ind o u t the d i f f e ren t i a l contribution of socio.

eCOI%Omic md chamgraphic var iables in predicting the three

depurdent va r i ab le8 - knwledps. a t t i t udes and practices.

't' test, r a t i o , I(ramsr*s test. c o r n l a t i o n coeff ic ient

(I), mult ip le co r re l a t ion coeff ic ient (R) and multiple

mgremmion wmre ca1culat.d by employing u * u l promdura8

(Garrett . 1979, Wthar i , 1986r Kramer, 1956). 'Ihe next

chapter d o a b w i t h the analys is of the da ta i n dota i l .