Lymphatic System

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMLYMPHATIC SYSTEM

As blood circulates throughout the body,As blood circulates throughout the body, fluid from the blood LEAKS into tissue.fluid from the blood LEAKS into tissue. A network of vessels known as the A network of vessels known as the

Lymphatic System Collects the fluid and Lymphatic System Collects the fluid and returns it to the Circulatory System.returns it to the Circulatory System.

The loss Fluid is known as LYMPH , a The loss Fluid is known as LYMPH , a transparent yellowish fluid and is collected transparent yellowish fluid and is collected in lymphatic capillaries and moves to larger in lymphatic capillaries and moves to larger lymph vessels like veins lymph vessels lymph vessels like veins lymph vessels contain valves to prevent backflow of contain valves to prevent backflow of lymph. Lymph vessels from a one-way lymph. Lymph vessels from a one-way system that returns fluids collected in system that returns fluids collected in tissues back to the bloodstream.tissues back to the bloodstream.

These lymph vessels pass through small These lymph vessels pass through small bean –shaped enlargements called lymph bean –shaped enlargements called lymph nodes- which acts as filters and producers nodes- which acts as filters and producers of special white blood cells called of special white blood cells called LYPHOCYTES that are specialized to fight LYPHOCYTES that are specialized to fight infection.infection.

The fluid is returned to the circulatory The fluid is returned to the circulatory system at an opening in a vein located system at an opening in a vein located under the left clavicle or collarbone just under the left clavicle or collarbone just below the shoulder.below the shoulder.

BLOODBLOOD

Is a connective tissue that Is a connective tissue that constitutes the transport medium of constitutes the transport medium of the circulatory systems. the circulatory systems.

TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS:TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS: 1. Transport nutrients and oxygen to 1. Transport nutrients and oxygen to

the cells and carry carbon dioxide the cells and carry carbon dioxide and waste materials away from the and waste materials away from the cellscells

Blood is a liquid connective tissue that Blood is a liquid connective tissue that constitutes the transport medium of the constitutes the transport medium of the circulatory system. The two main circulatory system. The two main functions of blood are to transport functions of blood are to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and nutrients and oxygen to the cells and carry carbon dioxide and waste carry carbon dioxide and waste materials away from the cells. Blood also materials away from the cells. Blood also transfer heat to the body surface and transfer heat to the body surface and plays a role in defending the body plays a role in defending the body against disease……against disease……

The main function of the Circulatory The main function of the Circulatory System is to transport Material in a System is to transport Material in a FluidFluid

throughout the body.throughout the body.

This fluid medium is called BLOOD.This fluid medium is called BLOOD.

BLOODBLOOD

is a type of liquid connective tissue is a type of liquid connective tissue that has many functions. Blood that has many functions. Blood composed of a liquid medium and composed of a liquid medium and blood solids. The liquid makes up blood solids. The liquid makes up 55% percent of the blood, and blod 55% percent of the blood, and blod solids make up the remaining 45%.solids make up the remaining 45%.

Blood transport nutrients, dissolved Blood transport nutrients, dissolved gases(O2, CO2) enzymes hormones gases(O2, CO2) enzymes hormones and waste products.and waste products.

Blood regulates body temperature, PH, Blood regulates body temperature, PH, and Electroytes.and Electroytes.

Blood protects the body from invaders Blood protects the body from invaders and blood restricts the loss of fluid.and blood restricts the loss of fluid.

Our Bodies contains 4 to 5 liters of Our Bodies contains 4 to 5 liters of blood,blood,

BLOOD PLASMABLOOD PLASMA Approximately 55% of blood is made up of a Approximately 55% of blood is made up of a

Fluid portion called plasma . Plasma is the Fluid portion called plasma . Plasma is the straw- colored liquid portion of blood and is straw- colored liquid portion of blood and is 90% water and 10% dissolved fats, and90% water and 10% dissolved fats, and

proteins called PLASMA PROTEINS.proteins called PLASMA PROTEINS.The plasma proteins are divided into THREE The plasma proteins are divided into THREE

TYPES. TYPES. 1.ALBUMINS – help regulate osmotic pressure1.ALBUMINS – help regulate osmotic pressure ( maintain normal blood volume and blood ( maintain normal blood volume and blood

pressure.) This is the Most abundant pressure.) This is the Most abundant plasma protein.plasma protein.

2.GLOBULINS OR ANTIBODIES – 2.GLOBULINS OR ANTIBODIES – include antibodies that help fight off include antibodies that help fight off infection. Antibodies initiate the infection. Antibodies initiate the destruction of pathogens and provide destruction of pathogens and provide us with immunity.us with immunity.

3. FIBRINOGEN – responsible for the 3. FIBRINOGEN – responsible for the ability of blood to clot.ability of blood to clot.

BLOOD CELLS OR SOLIDSBLOOD CELLS OR SOLIDS

The cellular portion of blood make up The cellular portion of blood make up the other 45% and includes several the other 45% and includes several types of highly specialized cells and types of highly specialized cells and cell fragments. They are Red Blood cell fragments. They are Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells and Platelets.Cells, White Blood Cells and Platelets.

RED BLOOD CELLSRED BLOOD CELLS

( RBC) ERYTHROCYTES( RBC) ERYTHROCYTES Are the most numerous of the Blood Cells.Are the most numerous of the Blood Cells. One microliter of blood contains One microliter of blood contains

approximately 5 million RBC’s.approximately 5 million RBC’s. RBC are biconcave or shaped so they are RBC are biconcave or shaped so they are

narrower in the center than along the narrower in the center than along the edges.edges.

RBC are produced from cells in the bone RBC are produced from cells in the bone marrow they are gradually filled with marrow they are gradually filled with HEMOGLOBIN which forces out the nucleusHEMOGLOBIN which forces out the nucleus

and other organelles.and other organelles.

Mature RBC do not have cell nucleus and Mature RBC do not have cell nucleus and organelles. The mature RBC becomes little organelles. The mature RBC becomes little more than a membrane sac containing more than a membrane sac containing hemoglobinhemoglobin

HEMOGLOBIN Is the iron-containing protein HEMOGLOBIN Is the iron-containing protein that gives RBC the ability to carry hemoglobin.that gives RBC the ability to carry hemoglobin.

RBC stay in circulation for about 120 days RBC stay in circulation for about 120 days before they are destroyed by special WBC in before they are destroyed by special WBC in the liver and splee. RBC in your body are dying the liver and splee. RBC in your body are dying and being replace at a rate of 2 million per and being replace at a rate of 2 million per second.second.

WBCWBC

Outnumbered by RBC almost 500 to 1Outnumbered by RBC almost 500 to 1 WBC are produce in the Red Bone WBC are produce in the Red Bone

Marrow.Marrow.

The lymph nodes and the Spleen. The lymph nodes and the Spleen. They are larger than RBC almost They are larger than RBC almost colorless and do not contain colorless and do not contain hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

WBC have a nucleus and can live for WBC have a nucleus and can live for many months of years.many months of years.

The main function of WBC - is to protect The main function of WBC - is to protect the body against invasion by foreign cells the body against invasion by foreign cells or substances.or substances.

WBC called phagocytes can destroy WBC called phagocytes can destroy bacteria and foreign cells by phagocytocis bacteria and foreign cells by phagocytocis ( engulged and digested.) some produce ( engulged and digested.) some produce special proteins called ANTIBODIES. And special proteins called ANTIBODIES. And some release special chemicals that elp some release special chemicals that elp the body fight off disease and rest the body fight off disease and rest infectioninfection

PLATELETS AND BLOOD PLATELETS AND BLOOD CLOTTINGCLOTTING

Platelets are not cells they are tiny Platelets are not cells they are tiny fragments of other cells that were fragments of other cells that were formed in the bone marrow.formed in the bone marrow.

Are formed when small pieces of Are formed when small pieces of cytoplasm are pinched off the large cytoplasm are pinched off the large cells in the red bone marrow called cells in the red bone marrow called MEGAKARYOCYTES. Which are found MEGAKARYOCYTES. Which are found in the Bone Marrow.Platelets lack a in the Bone Marrow.Platelets lack a nucleus and their life span is about 7 nucleus and their life span is about 7 to 11 days.to 11 days.

Platelets play an important role in blood Platelets play an important role in blood clottingclotting

Platelet help the clotting process by Platelet help the clotting process by clumping together and forming a plug at clumping together and forming a plug at the side of a wound and then releasing the side of a wound and then releasing proteins called proteins called clotting factorsclotting factors..

Clotting factors start a series of chemical Clotting factors start a series of chemical reactions that ends with a sticky reactions that ends with a sticky meshwork of meshwork of fibrin filamentsfibrin filaments that stop that stop bleeding by producing a clot.bleeding by producing a clot.

A genetic disorder of clotting factors A genetic disorder of clotting factors is called is called hemophilliahemophillia . suffers may . suffers may bleed uncomfortably from even a bleed uncomfortably from even a small cut or scrape.small cut or scrape.

Clotting blood in vessels can block Clotting blood in vessels can block the flow of blood, if this happens in the flow of blood, if this happens in the brain. Brain cells may die, the brain. Brain cells may die, causing causing strokestroke..

BLOOD TYPESBLOOD TYPES Blood type is determined by the type of ANTIGEN Blood type is determined by the type of ANTIGEN

present on the surface of RBC.present on the surface of RBC. ANTIGEN – is a protein or carbohydrate that acts ANTIGEN – is a protein or carbohydrate that acts

as a signal, enabling the body to recognize as a signal, enabling the body to recognize foreign substances in the body.foreign substances in the body.

FOUR GROUPSFOUR GROUPS BLOOD TYPE A, B , AB , OBLOOD TYPE A, B , AB , O An individual RBC may carry an A antigen both A An individual RBC may carry an A antigen both A

and B antigens ,or no antigen at all. These and B antigens ,or no antigen at all. These antigen are called blood types A,B,AB, O antigen are called blood types A,B,AB, O respectivelyrespectively

Type AB is known as universal Type AB is known as universal receiver meaning they can receive receiver meaning they can receive any type of blood.any type of blood.

RH SYSTEMS:RH SYSTEMS: An antigen that is sometimes on the An antigen that is sometimes on the

surface of the RBC is the RH surface of the RBC is the RH FACTOR,named after the rhesus FACTOR,named after the rhesus monkey in which it was discovered.monkey in which it was discovered.

85% of the US population is RH –85% of the US population is RH –positive meaning an antigen are positive meaning an antigen are present. People who do not have RH present. People who do not have RH Antigens are called RH –NegativeAntigens are called RH –Negative

If an RH persons receives a If an RH persons receives a transfusion of blood that has RH + transfusion of blood that has RH + antigens,RH antibodies will react with antigens,RH antibodies will react with the antigen and agglutination the antigen and agglutination (CLUMPING ) will occur.(CLUMPING ) will occur.

The Rh is the reasons there are blood test The Rh is the reasons there are blood test before marriage. the most serious problem before marriage. the most serious problem with RH incompatibility occurs during with RH incompatibility occurs during pregnancy.pregnancy.

If the mother is Rh – and the father is Rh+ If the mother is Rh – and the father is Rh+ the child may inherit the dominant Rh+ the child may inherit the dominant Rh+ ALLELE (gene) from the father.ALLELE (gene) from the father.

If the babies Rh+ blood gets into the If the babies Rh+ blood gets into the mother during delivery the mother will mother during delivery the mother will develop antibodies to the Rh factor.develop antibodies to the Rh factor.

If a second Rh+ Child conceived later.If a second Rh+ Child conceived later. The mother antibodies can cross the The mother antibodies can cross the

placenta and attack the blood to the placenta and attack the blood to the fetus. This condition is fetus. This condition is ERYTHROBLASTOSISFETALIS.ERYTHROBLASTOSISFETALIS.

To prevent this condition an rh mother To prevent this condition an rh mother of an Rh+ Child can by given of an Rh+ Child can by given antibodies to destroy and Rh+ cells antibodies to destroy and Rh+ cells that have entered her bloodstream that have entered her bloodstream from the fetus.from the fetus.

The antibodies called Rhogam,may be The antibodies called Rhogam,may be administered to the mother within three administered to the mother within three days after the birth of her first Rh+ CHILD days after the birth of her first Rh+ CHILD to remove from her bloodstream any Rh + to remove from her bloodstream any Rh + ANTIBODIES.ANTIBODIES.

By destroying any Rh+ Cells in her By destroying any Rh+ Cells in her bloodstream any danger to a second child bloodstream any danger to a second child is prevented because the mother will not is prevented because the mother will not make any antibodies against the blood make any antibodies against the blood cells of the Rh+ fetus.cells of the Rh+ fetus.