Lymphatic Medical Terminology Chapter 6. Medical Specialities Allergist – Specialized in diagnosing and treating allergies Allergist – Specialized in.

Lymphatic Lymphatic Medical Medical

TerminologyTerminologyChapter 6Chapter 6

Medical SpecialitiesMedical Specialities

Allergist – Specialized in Allergist – Specialized in diagnosing and treating allergiesdiagnosing and treating allergies

Immunologist- specializes in the Immunologist- specializes in the study, diagnosis and treatment of study, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the immune systemdisorders of the immune system

Oncologist- specializes in Oncologist- specializes in diagnosing and treating diagnosing and treating malignant disorders like tumors malignant disorders like tumors and cancers.and cancers.

3 Functions of the 3 Functions of the Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

1.1. Absorb fats and fat-soluble Absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive vitamins from the digestive system and transport them to system and transport them to the cellsthe cells

2.2. Return cellular waste products Return cellular waste products and excess fluid from tissues and excess fluid from tissues to the circulatory systemto the circulatory system

3.3. Serve as an important part of Serve as an important part of immune systemimmune system

Structure of Lymphatic Structure of Lymphatic systemsystem

Lymph fluidLymph fluid Intercellular fluid- aka interstitial fluidIntercellular fluid- aka interstitial fluid

Plasma that flows out of capillaries of Plasma that flows out of capillaries of circulatory system into spaces between circulatory system into spaces between cellscells

Carries food, O2 and hormones to cellsCarries food, O2 and hormones to cellsLymph fluid or lymph is intercellular Lymph fluid or lymph is intercellular

fluid as it returns to the veins. fluid as it returns to the veins. Removes waste products from cells in Removes waste products from cells in the lymph nodesthe lymph nodes

Lymph vesselsLymph vessels Lymph capillaries- microscopic Lymph capillaries- microscopic

tubes just under skin that carry tubes just under skin that carry lymph from tissues to larger vesselslymph from tissues to larger vessels

Have valves-lymph always flows Have valves-lymph always flows toward thoracic cavitytoward thoracic cavity

Lacteals are in sm intestines. Lacteals are in sm intestines. Absorbs fats and fat-soluble Absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins & carries them to blood vitamins & carries them to blood streamstream

Lymph nodes-small bean-Lymph nodes-small bean-shaped structures in lymph shaped structures in lymph vessels that produce vessels that produce lymphocytes and filter lymph lymphocytes and filter lymph to remove harmful to remove harmful substances like bacteria, substances like bacteria, viruses and malignant cellsviruses and malignant cells

Indicate disease if swollenIndicate disease if swollen

Tonsils- masses of Tonsils- masses of lymphatic tissue that lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring form a protective ring around the nose and around the nose and upper throatupper throat

Veriform Appendix- lymphatic Veriform Appendix- lymphatic tissue that hangs from the tissue that hangs from the lower portion of the large lower portion of the large intestine. Protects against intestine. Protects against entry of invaders through entry of invaders through digestive system.digestive system.

Peyer’s patches- small Peyer’s patches- small bundles of lymphatic tissue on bundles of lymphatic tissue on walls of small intestinewalls of small intestine

Spleen- saclike mass of Spleen- saclike mass of lymphatic tissue in LUQ below lymphatic tissue in LUQ below diaphragm and behind stomachdiaphragm and behind stomach Filters microorganisms and Filters microorganisms and

foreign material from bloodforeign material from blood Forms lymphocytes and Forms lymphocytes and

monocytesmonocytes Is hemolytic- destroys worn-out Is hemolytic- destroys worn-out

blood cellsblood cells Stores extra erythrocytes and Stores extra erythrocytes and

keeps balance between rbc’s and keeps balance between rbc’s and plasmaplasma

Thymus-located above heartThymus-located above heartWorks in endocrine & immune Works in endocrine & immune

systemsystem

Pathology and diagnostic Pathology and diagnostic proceduresprocedures

Lymphadenitis- aka swollen glandsLymphadenitis- aka swollen glands Inflammation of lymph nodesInflammation of lymph nodes

Lymphadenopathy (lim-fad-eh-Lymphadenopathy (lim-fad-eh-NOP-athy)NOP-athy) Any disease process involving Any disease process involving

enlargement of lymph nodesenlargement of lymph nodes Lymphaden/o- lymph nodeLymphaden/o- lymph node

Lymphangiogram- (lim-FAN-jee-oh-Lymphangiogram- (lim-FAN-jee-oh-gram)gram) Radiographic study of lymphatic Radiographic study of lymphatic

vessels and nodes with use of vessels and nodes with use of contrast mediumcontrast medium

Lymphangi/o- lymph vesselLymphangi/o- lymph vessel Lymphangioma- (lim-fan-jee-OH-Lymphangioma- (lim-fan-jee-OH-

ma)ma) A benign abnormal collection of A benign abnormal collection of

lymphatic vessels forming a masslymphatic vessels forming a mass

Lymphedema- (lim-feh-DEE-Lymphedema- (lim-feh-DEE-mah)mah)Abnormal accumulation of Abnormal accumulation of

lymph causing swelling in lymph causing swelling in arms or legsarms or legs

May be primary-genetic May be primary-genetic disorderdisorder

May be secondary- caused by May be secondary- caused by removal of lymph nodesremoval of lymph nodes

Splenomegaly- enlargement Splenomegaly- enlargement of the spleenof the spleenSplen-spleenSplen-spleen

Splenorrhagia- bleeding from Splenorrhagia- bleeding from spleenspleen

Functions and structure of Functions and structure of the immune systemthe immune system

To protect the body from To protect the body from harmful substances including harmful substances including pathogens, allergens, toxins pathogens, allergens, toxins and malignant cells.and malignant cells.

Lymphatic system & bone Lymphatic system & bone marrow, thymus, skin & marrow, thymus, skin &

adenoids.adenoids.

First defenseFirst defense

Intact skin is a barrier to bacteria- Intact skin is a barrier to bacteria- no cuts or scrapesno cuts or scrapes

Respiratory system traps matter Respiratory system traps matter with hairs and mucous membranes. with hairs and mucous membranes. We cough or sneeze them out.We cough or sneeze them out.

Digestive system-acids destroy Digestive system-acids destroy invadersinvaders

Lymphatic system- filters out Lymphatic system- filters out

Immune responseImmune response

Antigen (AN-tih-jen)Antigen (AN-tih-jen) - any - any substance like a virus, bacteria, substance like a virus, bacteria, toxin or tissue that the body toxin or tissue that the body regards as foreign. Stimulates an regards as foreign. Stimulates an immune responseimmune response

Antibody- a disease-fighting Antibody- a disease-fighting protein created by the immune protein created by the immune system in response to the system in response to the presence of a specific antigenpresence of a specific antigen

Antigen-Antibody reactionAntigen-Antibody reaction Ag and Ab bind together so wbc Ag and Ab bind together so wbc

will recognize and attack.will recognize and attack.

Lymphocytes- WBC’s that Lymphocytes- WBC’s that specialize to attack specific specialize to attack specific microorganismsmicroorganisms Formed in bone marrow as stem Formed in bone marrow as stem

cells then mature in lymph nodes cells then mature in lymph nodes or other lymphatic tissueor other lymphatic tissue

Important classes are B cells and Important classes are B cells and T cellsT cells

Specialized cellsSpecialized cells

B cellsB cellsMake only one antibody for a specific Make only one antibody for a specific

bacteria or virusbacteria or virus Immunoglobulin (im-you-noh-GLOB-you-Immunoglobulin (im-you-noh-GLOB-you-

lin)lin)Aka antibody secreted by B cellAka antibody secreted by B cellImmunoglobulin M- 1Immunoglobulin M- 1stst one body makes one body makesImmunoglobulin G- most common type Immunoglobulin G- most common type formed the 2formed the 2ndnd time body is exposed to time body is exposed to same thingsame thing

Immunoglobulin A– Major antibody for Immunoglobulin A– Major antibody for defense of mucous membranesdefense of mucous membranes

Immunoglobulin E- defense Immunoglobulin E- defense against allergens- causes against allergens- causes acute allergic rxnsacute allergic rxns

Immunoglobulin D found in Immunoglobulin D found in small amounts, we think it small amounts, we think it helps B cells differentiate.helps B cells differentiate.

T CellsT CellsContribute coordination of Contribute coordination of

immune defense or kill immune defense or kill infected cellsinfected cells

Interferon-made by T cell; is a Interferon-made by T cell; is a protein released by cells when protein released by cells when invaded by virus. Causes cells invaded by virus. Causes cells to form antiviral proteinto form antiviral protein

Macrophage- type of Macrophage- type of phagocyte that ingests phagocyte that ingests invading cellsinvading cells

Pathology and Diagnostic Pathology and Diagnostic ProceduresProcedures

Allergy- aka hypersensitivity- Allergy- aka hypersensitivity- overreaction by the body to overreaction by the body to an antigenan antigenOccurs when immune system Occurs when immune system

reacts to a harmless allergen reacts to a harmless allergen like pollen, food or animal like pollen, food or animal dander as if it were dangerousdander as if it were dangerous

Systemic reaction- aka anaphylaxisSystemic reaction- aka anaphylaxis Severe response to foreign substance Severe response to foreign substance

like drug, food, insect bite or like drug, food, insect bite or chemicalchemical

Symptoms include swelling, blocking Symptoms include swelling, blocking of air passages and drop in blood of air passages and drop in blood pressure.pressure.

Patient may die within minutesPatient may die within minutes Scratch test- test to diagnose Scratch test- test to diagnose

allergensallergens

Autoimmune disordersAutoimmune disorders

Immune system directs T Immune system directs T cells against body’s own cells against body’s own tissuestissues

May be geneticMay be genetic 75% occur most frequently in 75% occur most frequently in

women of childbearing yearswomen of childbearing years

Crohn’s disease- affects intestinesCrohn’s disease- affects intestines Diabetes mellitus, type 1- affects Diabetes mellitus, type 1- affects

insulin producing pancreas cellsinsulin producing pancreas cells Graves’ disease- affects Thyroid Graves’ disease- affects Thyroid

glandgland Lupus erythematosus- affects skin Lupus erythematosus- affects skin

and other systemsand other systems Multiple sclerosis- affects brain and Multiple sclerosis- affects brain and

spinal cordspinal cord Psoriasis- affects skinPsoriasis- affects skin

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Crohn’s disease

Graves’ disease

Lupus

PsoriasisMultiple Sclerosis

ELISA- enzyme-linked ELISA- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayimmunosorbent assayBlood test to screen for HIV Blood test to screen for HIV

antibodiesantibodiesConfirmed by a Western blot Confirmed by a Western blot

testtest

ELISA

TreatmentTreatment

Immunotherapy- treatment of disease Immunotherapy- treatment of disease by enhancing or repressing immune by enhancing or repressing immune systemsystem

Antibody therapy- uses artificial Antibody therapy- uses artificial antibodies to treat diseaseantibodies to treat disease

Immunosuppression- treatment used Immunosuppression- treatment used to interfere with the ability of to interfere with the ability of immune system to respond to immune system to respond to antigensantigens Cytotoxic drug- kills or damages cellsCytotoxic drug- kills or damages cells

Types of pathogensTypes of pathogens

BacteriaBacteriaBacilli-rod shaped spore Bacilli-rod shaped spore

forming bacteria. (Ex: tetanus forming bacteria. (Ex: tetanus and tuberculosis)and tuberculosis)

Rickettsia-a small bacterium Rickettsia-a small bacterium that lives in fleas, lice, ticks and that lives in fleas, lice, ticks and mites (Rocky Mountain spotted mites (Rocky Mountain spotted fever transmitted by ticks)fever transmitted by ticks)

Spirochetes- spiral shaped bacteria Spirochetes- spiral shaped bacteria with flexible walls capable of with flexible walls capable of movement (lyme disease- transmitted movement (lyme disease- transmitted by ticks)by ticks)

Staphylococci (staf-ih-loh-KOCK-sigh) Staphylococci (staf-ih-loh-KOCK-sigh) bacteria that form irregular groups or bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters (bacterial pneumonia)clusters (bacterial pneumonia)

Streptococci- bacteria that form a Streptococci- bacteria that form a chain (strep throat)chain (strep throat)

ParasitesParasites

A plant or animal that lives A plant or animal that lives on or within another living on or within another living organism and hurts that organism and hurts that organismorganism

Malaria is a parasite that Malaria is a parasite that comes from certain comes from certain mosquitoesmosquitoes

VirusesViruses

Small infectious agents that Small infectious agents that live only by invading cellslive only by invading cells

Chicken pox- highly Chicken pox- highly contagious, causes fever and contagious, causes fever and pustulespustules

Caused by Varicella zosterCaused by Varicella zoster

Herpes zoster- aka shinglesHerpes zoster- aka shinglesHas painful skin eruptions that Has painful skin eruptions that

start with an inflamed nervestart with an inflamed nerveCaused by the chickenpox Caused by the chickenpox

virus that remains dormant in virus that remains dormant in a nerve and is reactivated a nerve and is reactivated years lateryears later

Infectious mononucleosisInfectious mononucleosisCaused by Epstein-Barr virusCaused by Epstein-Barr virusHas fever, repeated sore Has fever, repeated sore

throats and enlarged lymph throats and enlarged lymph nodesnodes

RabiesRabiesTransmitted to humans from Transmitted to humans from

infected animalsinfected animals

Rubella-aka 3 day measlesRubella-aka 3 day measlesCharacterized by fever and a Characterized by fever and a

diffuse, fine red rashdiffuse, fine red rashCauses abnormalities in Causes abnormalities in

unborn fetus if mother has unborn fetus if mother has during early pregnancyduring early pregnancy

MedicationsMedications

Antibiotic- chemical that can Antibiotic- chemical that can slow growth or kill bacteriaslow growth or kill bacteria

Antiviral- treats viral Antiviral- treats viral infections or provides infections or provides temporary immunitytemporary immunity

OncologyOncology

The study of the prevention, The study of the prevention, causes and treatment of causes and treatment of tumors and cancer.tumors and cancer.

Tumor- new and abnormal Tumor- new and abnormal tissue formationtissue formation

Benign- not recurring or Benign- not recurring or malignantmalignantCan cause problems by putting Can cause problems by putting

pressure on adjacent pressure on adjacent structuresstructures

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Malignant- harmful, Malignant- harmful, tending to spread, tending to spread, becoming worse and becoming worse and life threatening. Can life threatening. Can spread to distant body spread to distant body sitessites

Metastasis- a new Metastasis- a new cancer site that results cancer site that results from the spreading from the spreading process. May be in the process. May be in the same body system or in same body system or in another body system another body system farther awayfarther away

Carcinoma- a malignant Carcinoma- a malignant tumor that occurs in tumor that occurs in epithelial tissueepithelial tissueEpithelial tissue covers Epithelial tissue covers

internal and external surfaces internal and external surfaces of bodyof body

Can infiltrate and produce Can infiltrate and produce metastasesmetastases

Sarcoma- a malignant tumor Sarcoma- a malignant tumor that comes from connective that comes from connective tissue.tissue.Can affect bones, bladder, Can affect bones, bladder,

kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, kidneys, liver, lungs, muscles, and spleenand spleen

Lymphoma- malignancies Lymphoma- malignancies that develop in the lymphatic that develop in the lymphatic systemsystemHodgkin’s lymphoma- Reed-Hodgkin’s lymphoma- Reed-

Sternberg cells are presentSternberg cells are present

Breast CancerBreast Cancer

Malignant tumor that develops Malignant tumor that develops from cells of the breast and may from cells of the breast and may spread to adjacent lymph nodesspread to adjacent lymph nodes

Invasive ductal carcinoma- starts Invasive ductal carcinoma- starts in the milk duct, breaks through in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of the duct and invades the wall of the duct and invades the fatty breast tissue. Majority the fatty breast tissue. Majority of breast cancers.of breast cancers.

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Staging of Breast CancerStaging of Breast Cancer

Stage 1- cancer is less than 2 cm Stage 1- cancer is less than 2 cm and has not spreadand has not spread

Stage 2- any of the following are Stage 2- any of the following are truetrue Cancer is less than 2 cm but has Cancer is less than 2 cm but has

spread to axillary lymph nodesspread to axillary lymph nodes Cancer is between 2-5 cm and may Cancer is between 2-5 cm and may

or may not have spread lymph or may not have spread lymph nodesnodes

Cancer is larger than 5 cm but has Cancer is larger than 5 cm but has not spread to lymph nodesnot spread to lymph nodes

Stage 3- one of the following Stage 3- one of the following is trueis trueCancer is <5 cm and has Cancer is <5 cm and has

spread to axillary lymph nodes spread to axillary lymph nodes and the lymph nodes are and the lymph nodes are attached to each other or other attached to each other or other structuresstructures

Cancer is >5 cm and has Cancer is >5 cm and has spread to axillary lymph nodesspread to axillary lymph nodes

Stage 4Stage 4Cancer has spread to other Cancer has spread to other

organs of the body. Usually organs of the body. Usually bones, lungs, liver or brainbones, lungs, liver or brain

TreatmentTreatment Surgery- removal of the malignant Surgery- removal of the malignant

tumor and some surrounding tissuetumor and some surrounding tissue Chemotherapy- use of chemical Chemotherapy- use of chemical

agents and drugs to destroy agents and drugs to destroy malignant cellsmalignant cells

Radiation Therapy- uses x-rays to Radiation Therapy- uses x-rays to kill cancer cells and not target kill cancer cells and not target healthy cellshealthy cells Brachytherapy- uses radioactive Brachytherapy- uses radioactive

materials in contact with or materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be implanted into the tissues to be treatedtreated