Lucienne Blessing Université du Luxembourg Autumn Lecture-Workshop series University of Bath, 19 November 2009 DRM, DRM, or how to do design research or how to do design research Research Clarification DESCRIPTIVE STUDY I PRESCRIPTIVE STUDY DESCRIPTIVE STUDY II
Lucienne Blessing Université du Luxembourg Autumn Lecture-Workshop series University of Bath, 19 November 2009 DRM, or how to do design research.
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Lucienne BlessingUniversité du Luxembourg
Autumn Lecture-Workshop seriesUniversity of Bath, 19 November 2009
DRM,DRM,or how to do design researchor how to do design research
Research Clarification
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY I
PRESCRIPTIVE STUDY
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY II
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 2
Status of design researchStatus of design research
It is no simple matter to define the contents, the research approach and the community behind research in engineering design. (Cantamessa)
It is not easy to see the trends of evolution, to identify landmarks of development, to judge the scientific significance of the various approaches, and to decide on the target fields for investments. (Horvath)
Variety of approaches, methods, concepts, terms, Lack of overview of research results (of theory) Lack of use of results in practice Lack of scientific rigour
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 3
What is design research?What is design research?
Improving design (product and process)
people
product
process
organisationtools & methodsUnderstanding
Support
micro-economy
macro-economy
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 4
Aims of design researchAims of design research
Aims: the formulation and validation of models and theories about
the phenomenon of design, as well as the development and validation of knowledge, methods and
tools - founded on these models and theories – to improve the design process (i.e. support industry producing
successful products).
It is the methodology that makes a topic of investigation scientific.
Design research must be scientific in order for the results to have validity in some generic, practical sense. For this, design research has to develop and validate knowledge systematically. This requires a research methodology.
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 5
Characteristics of design researchCharacteristics of design research
Not only aimed at increasing our understanding about design (design-as-is), but also at the use of this understanding to change the actual situation (design-as-should-be).
This requires two theories/models: about the existing situation (reference model) and about the desired situation (impact model)
Design research includes theory/model development and support development (to get from the existing to the desired situation)
Challenge: Designing is a complex activity: many different influencing
variables that are strongly interrelated, and both the influencing factors and links between these are dynamic.
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 6
Results
DRM: A Design Research MethodologyDRM: A Design Research Methodology
Research Clarification
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY I
PRESCRIPTIVE STUDY
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY II
Goals
Understanding
Support
Evaluation
Empirical data & Analysis
Assumption &Experience & Synthesis
Empirical data & Analysis
Basic method Stages ResultsBasic method Stages
Literature & Experience &
Analysis
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 7
Research Clarification stage (RC)Research Clarification stage (RC)
Role in DRM: identify goals, focus, main research problems, questions and/or
hypotheses, the relevant disciplines and areas to be reviewed and those to which to contribute (ARC diagram);
develop Initial Reference and Impact Models, i.e., models of the believed existing and desired situations;
identify preliminary Success Criteria and Measurable Success Criteria against which to evaluate the outcome of the research;
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 8
Network of Influencing FactorsNetwork of Influencing Factors
Productreliability
Maintenancecost
Amount of profit
Market share
+
+
_
_
_
[A]
[A]
_
Companyimage
_
_
[A]
[A]
Research task: Improve reliability of products to improve product performance (increase sales)
Two types of network:- Reference Model (existing situation)- Impact Model (desired situation)
Productreliability
0 0
+_
Use of DfR-methods
[E][A]
Productreliability
0 0
+_[E][A]
Productreliability
0 0
+_
Use of DfR-methods
[E][A]
Productreliability
0 0
+_[E][A]
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 9
Initial (partial) Impact ModelInitial (partial) Impact Model
amount of profit
market share
+
+_
[A]
[A]
_
companyimage
[A]
[A]
supportreliability
assessment
+
+
+
+
+
[A]
maintenancecost
productreliability
amount of profit
market share
+
+_
[A]
[A]
_
companyimage
[A]
[A]
supportreliability
assessment
+
+
+
+
+
[A]
maintenancecost
productreliability
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 10
Research Clarification stage (RC)Research Clarification stage (RC)
Role in DRM: To identify goals, focus, main research problems, questions and/or
hypotheses, the relevant disciplines and areas to be reviewed and those to which to contribute (ARC diagram);
To develop Initial Reference and Impact Models, i.e., models of the believed existing and desired situations;
To identify preliminary Criteria against which to evaluate the outcome of the research;
To provide focus for DS-I stage in finding relevant influencing factors;
To provide focus for development of support that addresses those factors that are likely to have the strongest influence and realizes the desired situation;
To provide focus for Evaluation stage for evaluating effects of developed support against criteria and goals of the research.
Overall research plan + preliminary understanding (Initial Reference and Impact Models)
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 11
Results
DRM: A Design Research MethodologyDRM: A Design Research Methodology
Research Clarification
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY I
PRESCRIPTIVE STUDY
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY II
Goals
Understanding
Support
Evaluation
Empirical data & Analysis
Assumption &Experience & Synthesis
Empirical data & Analysis
Basic method Stages ResultsBasic method Stages
Literature & Experience &
Analysis
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 12
Descriptive Study I Stage (DS-I)Descriptive Study I Stage (DS-I)
Role in DRM to obtain better understanding of existing situation by identifying and
clarifying in more detail the factors that influence the preliminary Criteria and the way in which these factors influence the Criteria;
to complete the Reference Model including the Success Criteria and Measurable Success Criteria;
to suggest the factors (Key Factors) that might be suitable to address in the PS stage, as these are likely to lead to an improvement of the existing situation;
to provide a basis for the PS stage for the effective development of support that addresses those factors that have the strongest influence on success, and can be assessed against the Criteria;
to provide detail that can be used to evaluate the effects of the developed support in DS-II.
Reference Model, Success and Measurable Criteria, Key Factors, Initial Impact model, implications for support development
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 13
Reference ModelReference Model
Use of DfR-methods
Success Criterion
Productreliability
Customer satisfaction
Market share
+
+
+
+[1]
Price _
_+0 [2]
Other factors
Other factors [A]
[1]
[1] +_
Quality of product
Quality of production
_
_
[1]
Maintenancecost
_
+
+
Warrantycost
+
++
[4]
[3,4]
[3]
+
Operatingcost
+
+
_
[3]
[5]
Measurable Criterion
0+
% of project time left
to improve
_
Product- specificity of DfR- methods
0_+
[E][A]
Key Factor
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 14
Initial Impact ModelInitial Impact Model
use of DfR methods
preliminarySuccessFactor
productreliability
customersatisfaction
market share
++
++
[2]
other factors
other factors
[1]
+ _
quality of product
++
maintenancecost
_
+
_
warrantycost
_
__
_
_
_
preliminary MeasurableSuccsss Factor
++
% ofproject time left
to improve
+
preliminaryKey Factor
assessreliability
in early designstages
_
+
price
operatingcost
quality of production
use of DfR methods
preliminarySuccessFactor
productreliability
customersatisfaction
market share
++
++
[2]
other factors
other factors
[1]
+ _
quality of product
++
maintenancecost
_
+
_
warrantycost
_
__
_
_
_
preliminary MeasurableSuccsss Factor
++
% ofproject time left
to improve
+
preliminaryKey Factor
assessreliability
in early designstages
_
+
price
operatingcost
quality of production
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 15
Prescriptive Study stage (PS)Prescriptive Study stage (PS)
Impact model, Intended Support, Actual Support, Support evaluation
Role in DRM to use understanding from DS-I (or DS-II) to determine the factors to be
addressed in PS (the Key Factors) to improve the existing situation;
to develop an Impact Model describing the desired, improved situation expected as a consequence of addressing the selected Key Factors;
to select the part of the Impact Model to address and to determine the related Success and Measurable Success Criteria;
to develop the Intended Support and to realize this to such a level of detail that an evaluation of its effects can take place against the Measurable Success Criteria;
to evaluate the Actual Support with respect to its in-built functionality, consistency, etc., – the Support Evaluation;
to develop an Outline Evaluation Plan for DS-II.
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 16
+
automatically combine idea
building blocks
support exploration
of ideas
provide a wide range
of ideas+
OR
Concept B
Concept A
provide a wide range
of ideas
automatically combine idea
building blocks
Success Factor
customer satisfaction
+++
cost of production
MeasurableSuccessFactor
profit
++
+ _+
KeyFactor
quality of product
no. of ideas considered during
design
[A]
[2,3][3,4][5]
Alternative conceptsAlternative concepts
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 17
Intended Support and Actual SupportIntended Support and Actual Support
Intended Support: description of the complete support as envisaged by the researcher.
Actual Support: a realisation of the Intended Support for the purpose of evaluation may cover only part of functionality may be implemented in a different way. focuses on the core contribution of the research project,
i.e., the core functionality of the Intended Support To develop the Actual Support, it is necessary to
start developing an Outline Evaluation Plan. The intended evaluation determines the comprehensiveness of the Actual Support.
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 18
Scope of prototype/demonstrator Scope of prototype/demonstrator to prove conceptto prove concept
functionality of Intended Support
functionality ofActual Support
core contribution
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 19
Descriptive Study II stage (DS-II)Descriptive Study II stage (DS-II)
Role in DRM To identify whether the support can be used in the situation for which it is
intended and whether it does address the factors it is supposed to addressed (Application Evaluation: applicability and usability)
To identify whether the support contributes to success, addressing usefulness, implications and side effects (Success Evaluation: usefulness)
The whole network has to be addressed to find weak spots. The Reference Model and the Impact Model are also evaluated
Application Evaluation, Success Evaluation(Impact and Reference Model evaluations)
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 20
% of design time spent on modifications
time-to-market
number of modifications
quality of product
amount of profit
+
satisfaction of customer
_
_
++
+
_
_
[A]
[5] [A] [A]
[E]
cost of production
_[A]
Success Factor
Measurable Success Factor
quality of design
evaluation
[A]
+
+
+ +[A]
supportproblem
definition
+[A]
+
+
_ _
+
[A]
Success Evaluation
Application Evaluation
Support Evaluation
Key Factor
quality ofproblem definition
Types of evaluationTypes of evaluation
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 21
Effects on the evaluation outcomeEffects on the evaluation outcome
Gross outcome
=Effect of support
(net outcome)+
Effect of other
processes+
Effect of evaluation research
Rossi: Evaluation: a systematic approach
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 22
Results
DRM: A Design Research MethodologyDRM: A Design Research Methodology
Research Clarification
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY I
PRESCRIPTIVE STUDY
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY II
Goals
Understanding
Support
Evaluation
Empirical data & Analysis
Assumption &Experience & Synthesis
Empirical data & Analysis
Basic method Stages ResultsBasic method Stages
Literature & Experience &
Analysis
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 23
Types of Design ResearchTypes of Design Research
1. Review-based
2. Review-based
3. Review-based
4. Review-based
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
Review-based
Review-based
Initial
Comprehensive
Review-based
Initial/Comprehensive
Initial
Comprehensive
5. Review-based Comprehensive Comprehensive Initial
6. Review-based
7. Review-based
Review-based
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
DescriptiveStudy I
PrescriptiveStudy
DescriptiveStudy II
ResearchClarification
1. Review-based
2. Review-based
3. Review-based
4. Review-based
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
Review-based
Review-based
Initial
Comprehensive
Review-based
Initial/Comprehensive
Initial
Comprehensive
5. Review-based Comprehensive Comprehensive Initial
6. Review-based
7. Review-based
Review-based
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
Comprehensive
DescriptiveStudy I
PrescriptiveStudy
DescriptiveStudy II
ResearchClarification
University of Bath, 2009 Lucienne Blessing 24
Key pointsKey points
DRM emphasises the need for formulating success as well as measurable
criteria; the importance of descriptive studies to increase our
understanding of design products and processes to inform the development of design support;
the systematic development of design support; the different types of evaluation necessary to assess the
developed support in the light of the aims the different possible types of research projects
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
You must learn from the mistakes of others.You can't possibly live long enough to make them all
yourself.“
Sam Levenson, teacher and comedian
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