Re-refining of used Lube oils A Seminar Report Submitted by- Mr. Shyambahadur Yadav, B.E. (Chem.) In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Under the guidance of Prof. Ananya Dey DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SHIVAJIRAO.S.JONDHALE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, DOMBIVLI (EAST) – 421203 UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
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Re-refining of used Lube oils
A Seminar Report
Submitted by-
Mr. Shyambahadur Yadav, B.E. (Chem.)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Under the guidance of
Prof. Ananya Dey
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SHIVAJIRAO.S.JONDHALE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
DOMBIVLI (EAST) – 421203
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2012-2013
SHIVAJIRAO.S.JONDHALE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
DOMBIVLI (EAST) – 421203
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar report entitled “Re-refining of used Lube
oils” carried out by Mr.Shyambahadur Yadav of B.E. Chemical Engineering, during the
academic year 2012 – 2013, is a bonafide work submitted to the Department of Chemical
Engineering of Shri. Shivajirao.S.Jondhale College of Engineering.
Seminar Guide Internal Examiner External Examiner
Head of Department Dr. J. W. Bakal
Chemical Engg. Dept. Principal
INDEX
CHAPTER CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION
2 HISTORY
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 PROPERTIES
3.2 TYPES
3.3 ADDITIVES
3.4 CONTAMINANTS IN USED LUBE OIL
3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
3.6 VACUUM DISTILLATION PROCESS OF REFINING
3.7 ADVANTAGE OF RE-REFINING
3.8 APPLICATION
4 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Lubricating oil is the type of petroleum product which is employed to reduce wear of
one or both surfaces in close proximity, and moving relative to each another in an engine
or machine. It is also called as engine oil. Its viscosity is comparatively higher than the
other petroleum products. It is manufactured by refining the petroleum by atmospheric or
vacuum distillation process. Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often
petroleum fractions, called minerals oil) and less than 10% additives.
If one thinks of lubricants today, the first type to come to mind are mineral oilbased.
Mineral oil components continue to form the quantitatively most important foundation of
lubricants. Petrochemical components and increasingly derivatives of natural, harvestable
raw materials from the oleo-chemical industry are finding increasing acceptance because
of their environmental compatibility and some technical advantages.
On average, lubricating oils, which quantitatively account for about 90% of lubricant
consumption, consist of about 93% base oils and 7% chemical additives and other
components (between 0.5 and 40 %). The development of lubricants is closely linked to
the specific applications and application methods. As a simple description of materials in
this field makes little sense, the following sections will consider both lubricants and their
application.
CHAPTER 2
HISTORY
The oil re-refining industry has existed for many years and has evolved over time, being
subject to pressures from both industry and society. In the early years, used oil was
sometimes filtered and re-used, but most often it was dumped on the ground and in water,
and occasionally burned as a fuel. Over time, efforts were made to recover spent oil, and
by the mid-1960’s, there were more than 100 small companies reprocessing over one
hundred million gallons of used oil annually in the United States. These companies
generally employed the “acid/clay” re-refining process, wherein a large amount of
sulfuric acid and clay was used to treat the used oil. Although the technology produced an
acceptable, but sub-standard base oil, it also created substantial hazardous waste by-
products, including acid-tar and oil saturated clay. Many of these original acid/clay
facilities became “super-fund” clean-up sites.
Starting in the 1970s, the use of acid clay re-refining was discouraged by environmental
regulators and is currently outlawed in most countries around the world. In the late
1970’s, alternative processes were developed to treat the used oil in a more
environmentally friendly manner. By and large these efforts were spearheaded by used
oil gatherers who needed a means of “disposing” of the oil they gathered. Their primary
revenue stream was generated through the charges levied in collecting the oil. Once
collected, they needed an economic means of turning it into an environmentally
acceptable, salable product. Their focus was not on creating high quality products but
rather in treating a waste stream to market it for higher value.
The first of the “next-generation” technologies was the Phillips Re-Refined Oil Process
(PROP). This technology was developed during the energy crunch of the 1970s as a
potential solution for recovering the base oil from used oil. This technology involved “de-
metalizing” the oil (effectively removing the metals) with diammonium phosphate, which
created a metal phosphate precipitate. The oil was then filtered, distilled and hydro-
treated. The PROP technology was successful in producing low quality base oils;
however, there were several environmental concerns that arose due to the need to dispose
of large quantities of oil soaked, heavy metal laden, precipitate and filter media. One of
the purchasers of the technology was Mohawk Oil in Canada. Once Mohawk understood
the shortcomings of the PROP technology, they decided to modify it (by removing the
de-metallization section and adding a wiped film evaporator and a different chemical
treatment regimen), thereby creating a novel process. Mohawk’s innovations where
further adapted by Evergreen Oil (California) and Safety-Kleen Systems Inc.. (Illinois) in
the United States and formed the basis for the technology that is currently being used by
these companies.
Although there are many types of lube oils to choose from, mineral oils are the most
commonly used because the supply of crude oil has rendered them inexpensive;
moreover, a large body of data on their properties and use already exists. Another
advantage of mineral-based lube oils is that they can be produced in a wide range of
viscosities—viscosity refers to the substance's resistance to flow—for diverse
applications. They range from low-viscosity oils, which consist of hydrogen-carbon
chains with molecular weights of around 200 atomic mass units (amu), to highly viscous
lubricants with molecular weights as high as 1000 amu. Mineral-based oils with different
viscosities can even be blended together to improve their performance in a given
application. The common 1OW-30 motor oil, for example, is a blend of low viscous oil
(for easy starting at low temperatures) and highly viscous oil (for better motor protection
at normal running temperatures).
First used in the aerospace industry, synthetic lubricants are usually formulated for a
specific application to which mineral oils are ill-suited. For example, synthetics are used
where extremely high operating temperatures are encountered or where the lube oil must
be fire resist.
Waste / Used oil is generally referred to Petroleum oil, which has lost its required
properties and therefore cannot be used as such for any application in its present form.
Every year large quantities of waste s, Fuel and metallic particles that create the need for
oil replacement. It is also very hazardous for environment.
CHAPTER 3
3.1 PROPERTIES OF LUBRICATING OIL
Lubricating oils are fluids such as engine oils, gear, hydraulic oils, turbine oils, etc. The
properties of lubricating oil are, keeping moving parts apart, reduce friction, transfer heat