Luanvancaohoc_ERP

1 M U 1. Tnh cp thit ca ti i vi cc doanh nghip, trong iu kin pht trin kinh t v hi nhp kinh t ton cu, m bo qu trnh pht trin kinh doanh, i hi mi doanh nghip phi hi nhpvngdngcngnghmitronghotngkinhdoanhcadoanhnghip mnh. Trongvinmtrliy,cngvisphttrincacngnghthngtin,ERP (EnterpriseResourcesPlanning)nhanhchngtrthnhgiiphpcnhiu cngtyutthchngdonhnglichtolnmnmangli.Trnthgii, vicngdngccgiiphpERPvinidungchnhlaragiiphptngth cho tin hc ha tc nghip v qun tr trong cc t chc, doanh nghip c thc hin t lu. y l mt cng c hiu qu gip cc nh lnh o trong vic qun lccngunlckhcnhau(nhnlc-tilc-vtlc)vtcnghip,ngthi gip cc t chc, doanh nghip hi nhp vi mt tiu chun qun l quc t. Vit Nam, tc tng trng kh cao hng nm v nhu cu tng cng nng lc qun l trongcERP.ycnglbctranhchungcaccncangphttrinvi nhu cu ci cch cng ngh qun l kinh t khng ngng. Tuy nhin, v rt nhiu l dockhchquanlnchquan,mvictrinkhaiERPcaccdoanhnghipti VitNamchacphbin.TheothngkcaPhngThngmivCng nghip Vit Nam (VCCI), tnh n 6/2006 ch c 1,1% doanh nghip Vit Nam ng dnggiiphpquntrdoanhnghip(ERP)vtheosliutBThngtinv Truynthngcngbthng6/2008hinc86,5%doanhnghipngdngcng nghthngtin(CNTT)nhngmcrtkhcnhau.Sdoanhnghipngdng cc gii php qun l ngun ti nguyn doanh nghip (ERP) ch t 7%.VyulnhnttcngnvicngdngERPccdoanhnghiptiVit NamnichungvccdoanhnghipTPNngniring,cbit,ccdoanh nghip nhn thc nh th no v s tc ng (hay vai tr) ca nhng nhn t ny. ti: CC NHN T TC NG N VIC NG DNG ERP CHO CC DOANHNGHIPTITPNNGlmtnghincnthitnhmtmrami 2 quan h tc ng ca nhng nhn t trong qu trnh ng dng ERP, gip cho Thnh ph, cc doanh nghip ca Thnh ph c mt tm nhn tng qut v m hnh nhm a ra nhng gii php thch hp. 2. Mc tiu nghin cu Mc tiu ca ti gm 3 vn ch yu: - Nhn din, phn tch cc yu t nh hngn vic ng dng ERP cc doanh nghip t hnh thnh m hnh khi nim cho vic ng dng ERP cho cc doanh nghip. -NghincuthctrngngdngERPtiVitNamvaramhnhngh phn tch. -ThuthpsliuvhnhthnhmhnhthctinngdngERPccdoanh nghip ti TP Nng. -xutmtsgiiphpnhmphttrinmctrinkhaiERPccdoanh nghip ti TP Nng. 3. i tng nghin cu Cc doanh nghip ang ng dng hoc c nh ng dng ERP trn a bn TP Nng. 4. Phm vi nghin cu Nghin cu thc tin thc hin trn cc doanh nghip ti TP Nng. 5. Phng php nghin cu nh tnh v nh lng. nh tnh: Tng lc mt s m hnh ng dng cng ngh mi trn th gii v Vit Nam. T hnh thnh m hnh khi nim v ng dng ERP cho cc doanh nghip. nh lng: Trn c s m hnh khi nim c xy dng, tin hnh: - Xy dng cng c thu thp d liu (bng cu hi). - Phn tch nhn t v m hnh hi qui a bin nhm tm ra cc nhn t quan trng. 3 4. B cc lun vn Kt cu lun vn gm 4 chng. Chng1trnhbyERPvmhnhkhinimvngdngERPchoccdoanh nghip Vit Nam. Chng 2 trnh by hin trng ng dng ERP ti Vit Nam. Chng 3 trnh by phng php nghin cu s dng kim nh cc thang o v mhnhnghphntch.Trctinthangocnhgithngquaphng php h s tin cy Cronbach alpha v phn tch nhn t khm ph nhm tm ra cc nhn t quan trng. Cui cng l kim nh m hnh bng phn tch hi quy. Chng 4 l phn kt lun v kin ngh. 4 Chng 1: TNG QUAN L THUYT V BNG CHNG V ERP 1.1 CNG NGH MI 1.1.1 S i mi Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut v qu trnh ton cu ha, s i mi vngdngcngnghmivohotngsnxutkinh doanh ca doanhnghip tr thnh mt yu cu tt yu. Mt mt, n t ra yu cu i vi mi doanh nghip, mtkhcgipccdoanhnghipcchitipcnvicngnghtintinv phng thc kinh doanh mi ca th gii. 1.1.2 T duy cng ngh mi Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut v yu cu ca qu trnh ton cu ha, cc quc gia, cc doanh nghip mun m bo qu trnh cnh tranh ca mnh u phi c nh hng v nhng hot ng xc tin nht nh nhm ng dng cng ngh mi vo qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh. Cngnghmiividoanhnghiplnhngsnphmcngnghlnutin c p dng vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh. Cng ngh mi c th l mt sn phmcngnghtnghptnhiucngnghkhccthccsnphm cng ngh hon ho. hi nhp c vi cng ngh mi, doanh nghip cn c s chuynbinvchtcatduycngnghipmtrngimltduycngngh mi. Bng t duy cng ngh mi v s phi hp lin ngnh, con ngi s i mi, xctinccphng php giiquytnhngvn kthuttnghpnhmara cc sn phm tin tin phc v nn cng nghip hin i. 1.2 H THNG THNG TIN v ERP 1.2.1 H thng thng tin (HTTT) 1.2.1.1 nh nghaTheo Trng Vn T v Nguyn Th Song Minh (2000): HTTT l mt tp hp con ngi,ccthitbphncng,phnmm,dliu...Thchinhotngthuthp, lutr,xlvphnphithngtintrongmttpccrngbucgilmi trng. 5 1.2.1.2 Phn loi h thng thng tin 1. Theo cp qun l - H thng thng tin x l giao dch (TPS- Transaction Processing System) - H thng thng tin qun l (MIS- Management Information System) - H thng tr gip ra quyt nh (DSS- Decision Support System) - H thng chuyn gia (ES- Expert System) -Hthngthngtintngcngkhnngcnhtranh(ISCA-InformationSystem for Competitive Advantage) 2. Theo chc nng nghip v - HTTT Ti chnh - K ton - HTTT Ngun nhn lc - HTTT tip th & bn hng - HTTT Sn xut - HTTT Kho hng - HTTT Cung ng ... 1.2.2 ERP 1.2.2.1 Khi nim ERP TheoTravisAnderegg(2000):ERPlchvitttcaEnterpriseResource Planninglmtgiiphpthngmitondin.Thchinquitrnhtchhpv ngbccnghipvcamtcngty.Nbaogm:hthngERPvccqui trnh nghip v bn trong v xung quanh mi phn h. H thng ERP v qui trnh nghipv phi c kt hp tr thnh gii php ERP. Yu t tch hp trong h thng ERP gn kt ton b h thng to thnh gii php ERP hon chnh. HthngERPbaogmccphnhphnmmnh:qunltichnhkton, qunlnhns-tinlng,qunlsnxut,qunlhucn,qunldchv, qun l d n, d on v lp k hoch... Hot ng nghip v bn trong mi phn h bao gm vic qun l, ra quyt nh, hun luyn, ti liu, giao tip, qun l con ngi 6 1.2.2.2 Qu trnh hnh thnh ca ERP ERP l ch vit tt ca t Enterpise Resource Planning.H thng ERP tht s l mt h thng mang tnh cch mng cao. Nhng ngi tin phong trong lnh vc ny t tn cho h thng ERP hin i ngy nay bng cch ghpccchciutinlivinhau.Vitvitttgyralnxntrongthi gian qua nh MRP, MRPII, ERP v gn y l ERM. Bn t vit tt c dng lin quan n h thng ERP bao gm: MRP: Material Requirements Planning - Hoch nh nhu cu nguyn vt liu. MRPII: Manufacturing Resource Planning - Hoch nh ngun lc sn xut. ERP: Enterpise Resource Planning - Hoch nh ngun lc doanh nghip. ERM: Enterpise Resource Management - Qun tr ngun lc doanh nghip. Hnh 1-1 Miu t s tin ho ca h thng ERP hin i ngy nay "Ngun: Travis Anderegg (2000) [14] 7 Vo thp nin 1950 bt u xut hin khi nim tp trung vo chc nng c bn ca qu trnh qun l sn xut bao gm: - S lng t hng kinh t (EOQ) - Lng tn kho an ton (Safety Srock) - Danh sch nguyn liu (Bill of Materials-BOMP) - Qun l lnh sn xut (Work Orders) Vo gia thp nin 1960, cc chc nng trn cu thnh h thng MRP. Da trn s tch hp cc chc nng c bn ca qu trnh qun l sn xut. Vo nhng nm 1975, h MRP c nh ngha v hiu bit mt cch y v chnh xc hn. Cng k t bt u hnh thnh h thng MRPII. S ln ln gia MRPII v MRP bt u ngay saukhigii thiu MRPII. Vic d nhm ln bt utrongotovnhnghachungchungvMRPvMRPII.Khinhng chuyngiatvnccnhhochnhsdngthutngMRPthhcmthy khng r rng khi tho lun v MRP hay MRPII. T chc APICS, l mt cng ty c rt nhiu kinh nghim v h thng MRP, nh nghaMRPtrongcuntinbinsonlnth9caAPICSnhsau:MRPl mt cng ngh s dng d liu v BOM, thng tin kho v lch sn xut tnh ton ra nhu cu nguyn vt liu. MRP a ra yu cu hu b nhng n t hng khng cn thit. MRP a ra cc xut ti u ho vic mua hng bng cch tnh ton li thi im c th nhn li nguyn vt liu (t nh cung cp) v thi im thc s cn s hng cho sn xut. MRP da trn s lng hng cn sn xut trong mt giai on v: Thnhtxcnhslngvttcccnguynvtliuthnhphnsnxut mt loi hng . Th hai l xc nh cc yu tv thigian. Thi im cn ccnguynvt liuv cc thnh phn trong cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut. MRPdatrncutrcBOM,xemxtslngnguynliutnkho(thct,s lngangtrnngv)vxcnhslngthtscnmuathmtrongthi 8 giangiao hng (m nh cung cp hahn) nhm pngmt cch ti u chosn xut. Cn MRPII c nh ngha l: Mt phng php hoch nh hiu qu cc ngun tinguyncadoanhnghip.Nnhmnvichochnhchotngnvb phn,hochnhtichnhvckhnngdtrchocctnhhungxyratrong qu trnh sn xut. N c hnh thnh t nhiu chc nng ring bit lin kt li vi nhau: - Hoach nh kinh doanh - Hoch nh bn hng v dao dch - Hoch nh sn xut - Hoch nh yu cu nguyn vt liu u ra ca h thng c tch hp vi nhng bo co ti chnh nh l:- K hoch kinh doanh. - Bo co cc n t hng.- Chi ph vn chuyn.- Gi tr tn kho. - . . . MRPII l kt qu trc tip v m rng t cc vng lp MRPnhnghavMRPvMRPIInhtrncnhnggiinghincu,cc chuyn gia t vn, nhng ngi trin khai n nhn nng nhit. Thiu kin thc l nguyn nhn chnh cho s nhm ln gia MRP v MRPII.n nhng nm 1990, iu g lm xut hin khi nim ERP? chnh l cng ngh thng tin. Cng ngh thng tin gp phn xy dng khi nim ERP da trn h thng MRPII. Ban u c vi nh ngha h thng ERP nh sau: ERP l mt h thng thng tin hng h thng k ton s dng k thut mi nh s dng giao din ngi dng, c sdliuquanh,ngnngmytnhthh4,phnmmhtrmytnh,kin trc client/server "Ngun: Travis Anderegg (2000) [14] VichuyngiathyrngnhnghaERPtrncchtvnnh,MRPIIhay 9 ERP c hay khng c bao gm kh nng: ngn ng th h th 4 hoc c s d liu quanh.Cngnghthngtinquantrngnhngnkhngnndngqunhiu nhnghahthngERP.Mtnh nghavERPnngmnhngnghipvcn thit cho hot ng sn xut kinh doanh bao gm: k ton, sn xut, phn phi, giao dch, bn hng, vt t, cht lungH thng ERP c nh ngha chnh xc hn nh sau:ERPlchvitttcaEnterpriseResourcePlanning.lmththng phnmmgipchocchotngsnxutkinhdoanhhotngmtcch hiu qu v ton din.H thng ERP gm nhng phn h: - Qun l hot ng tip th v bn hng - Thit k v pht trin sn phm - Qun l vt t v thnh phm - Qun l mua hng - Qun l phn phi sn ohm - Thit k v pht trin qui trnh sn xut - Qun l sn xut - Qun l cht lng - Qun l nhn s - K ton ti chnh - H thng bo co HthngERPcthcoilbcphttrintiptheocahthngERPIIvmt phn nn tng ca nh ngha h thng ERM. Vy ERM l g? Khi nim v ERM xut hin vo u nhng nm thp nin k ny (2000). Mc d c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v ERM nhng u c mt im chung l: ERP l mt phn ca ERM. VymiquanhgiaERMvERPcgingnhmiquanhgiaERPv MRPII khng? Cu tr li l khng.10 C vi nh ngha cho rng ERM l mt h thng phn mm. ERM l vit tt ca cmtEnterpriseResourceManagement-tcQuntrngunlcdoanhnghip; cnnhnmnhtkhoquantrngtronglResource-Ngunlcv Management - Qun tr.KhinimManagement-Quntrkhngphinthunlphnmm.Phn mm ch l mt cng c h tr cho vic qun tr, ch n khng th th ch cho qun trc!ERMcthchiunhmtcngcvkthutdngqunl ngun lc ca doanh nghip. ERP cng ch l mt trong nhiu ngun lc m thi. Hnh 1.2 Cu trc ca ERM Ngun: Travis Anderegg (2000) [14] Trong hnh 1.2 - chng ta thy ERP + nghip v sn xut kinh doanh = ERM. H tr cho nh ngha ERM l phng trnh sau: Phng trnh m t ERM nh sau: ERM = s tch hp + cc phn h phn mm chc nng + nghip v sn xut kinh doanh Phn nghip v sn xut kinh doanh (trong cng thc trn) ca h thng ERP cung cp mt kin thc tng quan v quy trnh nghip v. Vi nghip v chnh nh: tnh lng, qun l nhn s, k ton phi thu, k ton phi tr, s ci, qun l vic mua hng, qun l cc n t hng, hoch nh yu cu vt t, qun l sn xut, d bo v mt s nghip v him thy mang tnh c bit ca mi doanh nghip.11 Phntchhp(trongcngthctrn)cahthngERPcungcpkhnngkt ni cc lung nghip v li vi nhau. S tch hp c th c hiu nh l s thng nht, tp trung d liu v chia s thng tin. Cng ngh thng tin ng vai tr quan trng trong vic tch hp v giao tip ny thng qua vic s dng cc k thut nh: mngunchngtrnh,mngccb_LAN,mngdinrng_WAN,internet, email, cc chun giao thc v c s d liu.ERPsdngnghipvvstchhpngb,linktccquitrnhnghip v. Vi doanh nghip tch hp thnh cngh thng ERP chovic qun l ton din. Qui trnh tch hp v ng b cc nghip v ca mt cng ty c hiu nh l ERM.Mun trin khai v vn hnh thnh cng h thng ERP phi hiu c s khc bit gia h thng ERP v ERM. Mt phn ln cc cng ty gp kh khn vi h thng ERP bi v h thiu kin thc v ERP v ERM.12 Hnh 1.3 M hnh ERM Ngun: Travis Anderegg (2000) [14] Nh hnh 1.3, hng v trung tm ca vng trn l m hnh ERP truyn thng vi ttcccnghipvvccphntchhp.Dichuynrangoivnhvngtrnl phn mm vi cc hot ng xy ra trong mt nghip v.Nhnghotngbntrongminghipvl:qunl,raquytnh,hunluyn, nhn s, ti liu Qu trnh ny kt ni h thng ERP vi cc nghip v ca mi phn h to thnh m hnh ERM.13 Khi no th s dng ERP v khi no l ERM?Nu mt cng ty ch s dng cc gi phn mm vi mc ch thay th h thngc mkhng quan tm ti s tch hp ca h thngvi nhng qui trnh nghipv th h thng phn mm c coi l ERP.Nu mt cng ty s dng h thng ERP vi mc ch h tr v tch hp hot ng trong cc phn h khc nhau cho ton x nghip th l h thng ERM.MththngERMnhnghanhsau:ERMvitttcaEnterpriseResource Management,lmtgiiphpthngmitondin.Nbaogm:hthngERP vccquitrnhnghipvbntrongvxungquanhmiphnh.HthngERP bao gm cc phn h phn mm nh: tip th v bn hng, cc dch v, thit k v pht trin snphm, qun l sn xut, qun l vt t thnh phm,mua hng, phn phi, ngun nhn s, ti chnh k ton. Hot ng nghip v bn trong mi phn h baogm:vicqunl,raquytnh,hunluyn,tiliu,giaotip,qunlcon ngiCcphnhERPvquitrnhnghipvphickthptrthnh gii php ERM. Yu t tch hp trong h thng ERP gn kt ton b h thng to thnh gii php ERM hon chnh.Ngy nay khi nim ERP c phn ni tri v c hiu nh khi nim ERM. 1.2.2.4 Cu trc ca ERPVi mi ngnh nghkinh doanh,mi DN thkin trcmodule hay chc nng ca h thng ERP c th rt khc nhau. Mt ERP tiu chun s gm cc thnh phn sau y: 1. K ton ti chnh- S ci - S ph tin mt, s ph ngn hng - CSDL khch hng- n t hng v cc khon phi thu- Mua hng v cc khon phi tr- Lng - Nhn s 14 - Ti sn c nh2. Hu cn- Qun l kho v tn kho- Qun l giao nhn- Qun l nh cung cp3. Sn xut- Lp k hoch sn xut (MPS - Master Production Schedule) - Lp k hoch nguyn vt liu (MRP - Material Requirements Planning) - Lp k hoch phn phi (DRP - Distribution Requirements Planning)- Lp k hoch iu phi nng lc (CRP - Capability Requirements Planning)- Cng thc sn phm (BOM - Bill of Material)- Qun l lung sn xut (Product Routings)- Qun l m vch (Bar Coding)- Qun l lnh sn xut (Work Order) 4. Qun l d n5. Dch v - Qun l dch v khch hng- Qun l bo hnh bo tr6. D on v lp k hoch7. Cng c lp bo co Nhvy,ERPnhnchunglmttphpccphnhchcnngdnhchocc phngbanchcnngtrongmtdoanhnghipnhkton,bnhng,vtt,sn xut. . .1.3MHNHKHINIMVNGDNGERPCHOCCDOANH NGHIP MhnhkhinimvngdngERPchoccdoanhnghipVitNamcxy dng trn c s tip cn v phn tch nhng nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh mi cacctcgitrnthgiivVitNam.Vicnghincuvccnhntnh hngnvicngdngERPcphttrintrncsccnhntnhhng 15 n ng dng cng ngh mi nh: h thng thng tin (IS), cng ngh thng tin (IT), Internet, thng mi in t. 1.3.1 Tng lc mt s m hnh ng dng cng ngh mi trn th gii v Vit Nam 1.Mhnhngdngcngnghmitrongnhngdoanhnghipnngnghip nh ti M ( Adoption of new information technologies in rural small businesses) ca G. Premkumar*, Margaret Roberts (1997). Theomhnh ny,G.PremkumarvMargaretRoberts xcnhra11bintheo3 nhmnhnt(cimcasimi,cimtchcvcimcami trng) quyt nh n vic ng dng cng ngh mi ti doanh nghip v nh gi s nh hng ca 3 nhm nhn t ny i vi s ng dng ca bn loi cng ngh truynthng(onlinedataaccess,e-mail,EDI,internet).Haitcgiphngvn chuynsu78cngtyhotngtronglnhvcnngnghiptiM.Ccnhnt tc ng c thit lp theo bng 1.1 v kt qu kim nh m hnh bng 1.2. Bng 1.1 M hnh G. Premkumar*, Margaret Roberts (1997) Innovation Characteristics Relative Advantage Cost Complexity Compatibility Organization Characteristics Top mgt. Support Size IT Expertise Environmental Characteristics Competitive Pressure External Support Vertiacal Linkages Adoption Decision 16 Bng 1.2 Kt qu kim nh m hnh G. Premkumar*, Margaret Roberts Summary table of significant variables VariableHypothesisOnline data accessE-mailEDIInternet Relative Advantage Cost Compatibility Complexity Top mgt. Support IT Expertise Size Competitive Pressure External pressure Vertical linkages External Support 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Kt qu ca nghin cu cho rng, c 3 nhm nhn t chnh tc ng n quyt nh ng dng cng ngh mi ti doanh nghip gm: - c im ca s i mi (Innovation characteristics) bao gm cc yu t khai thc lithdoanhnghip(relativeadvantage),gimchiph(cost),sphctp (complexity) v s tng hp (compatibility). - c im t chc (organization characteristics) gmcc yu t v s ng h ca lnho(topmanagementsupport),quym(size) vchuyngiacngngh thng tin (IT expertise). -cimmitrng(environmentalcharacteristics)gmscpcnhtranh (competitivepressure),nhnghtrbnngoi(externalsupport)vcclinkt theo chiu ngang ca doanh nghip (nh cung cp, doanh nghip, khch hng,..). 2.Mhnhngdnghthngthngtintrongnhngdoanhnghipnhti Singapore(AnIntergratedModelofInformationSystemAdoptioninSmall Businesses) ca James Y. L. Thong (1999) Theo m hnh ny, tc gi James Y. L. Thong (1999) nghin cu vic ng dng hthngthngtintrongnhngdoanhnghipnhtiSingaporethngqua1200 17 doanhnghip,ccnhnttcngcthitlptheobng3.3vktqukim nh m hnh bng 3.4. Kt qu nghin cu James Y. L. Thong cho thy c bn nhn t tc ng bao gm: a. c im ca lnh o (CEO characteristics) bao hm: - c im khuynh hng i mi ca nh lnh o (CEOs innovativeness). - S hiu v h thng thng tin ca nh lnh o (CEOs IS knowledge). b. c im ca h thng thng tin (IS characteristics) bao hm: - Li ch ca h thng thng tin (IS relative advantage of IS). -Stnghpcahthngthngtinkhingdngvodoanhnghip (compatibility of IS). - phc tp ca h thng thng tin khi ng dng vo doanh nghip (compatibility of IS). Trong ch c hai nhn t l li ch ca h thng thng tin v phc tp ca n khi ng dng vo doanh nghip c mi quan h vi ng dng ca doanh nghip. c. c im ca t chc (Organizationl characteristics) bao hm: - Quy m kinh doanh (Business size). -Hiubitcacangilaongvhthngthngtin(EmployeessIS knowledge). - Cng thng tin (Information intesity). Trong ch c hai nhn t l quy mkinh doanh v hiu bit ca ngi lao ng v h thng thng tin c mi quan h vi ng dng ca doanh nghip. d.cimmitrng(Environmentalcharacteristics):chcmtnhntls cnhtranh(Competition)nhngnhntnykhngcnhhngnvicng dng h thng thng tin ca doanh nghip. 18 Bng 1.3 M hnh James Y. L. Thong (1999) Environmental Characteristics Organizational Characteristics IS Characteristics CEO Characteristics IS Adopt If adopt CEOs Innovativeness CEOs IS Knowledge Relative Advantage of IS Compatibility of IS Complexity of IS Business Size Employees IS Knowledge Information Intensity Competition Likelihood of IS Adoptin Extent of IS Adoptin 19 Biu 1.4 Kt qu kim nh m hnh James Y. L. Thong (1999) Variables F_value Significatice Discriminant loadings CEO characteristics CEOs Innovative CEOs IS Knowledge 6.38 12.92 0.013* 0.001** 0.347 0.494 IS Characteristics Relative Advantage of IS Compatibility of IS Complexity of IS 13.31 6.24 0.000** 0.014* 0.502 0.343 Organizational Characteristics Business Size Employees IS Knowledge Information Intensity 20.73 12.13 2.48 0.000** 0.001** 0.118 0.626 0.479 0.216 Environmental Characteristics Competition 1.12 0.291 -0.146 *p