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(vfrj; gpf;F ngwKid) If;fpa gpf;F

fs; Kd;dzpia fsdp u[kfhtpfhiu

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%yq;fs ; > mk ;gyg ;gLj ;jy ;fs ; >%yq ;fs ; > mk ;gyg ;gLj ;jy ;fs ; >%yq ;fs ; > mk ;gyg ;gLj ;jy ;fs ; >%yq ;fs ; > mk ;gyg ;gLj ;jy ;fs ; >%yq ;fs ; > mk ;gyg ;gLj ;jy ;fs ; >

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ngUk; Gaypw;F Kd;dhd mikjpngUk; Gaypw;F Kd;dhd mikjpngUk; Gaypw;F Kd;dhd mikjpngUk; Gaypw;F Kd;dhd mikjpngUk; Gaypw;F Kd;dhd mikjp

epiyiaNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ.epiyiaNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ.epiyiaNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ.epiyiaNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ.epiyiaNa Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

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vd;Dila gps;isfisAk; ehd;vd;Dila gps;isfisAk; ehd;vd;Dila gps;isfisAk; ehd;vd;Dila gps;isfisAk; ehd;vd;Dila gps;isfisAk; ehd;

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(njhlh;r;rp 14k; gf;fj;jpy;)

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04 04 04 04 04 Mdp> 2005Mdp> 2005Mdp> 2005Mdp> 2005Mdp> 2005

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de;j vd;gth; vOjpAs;shh;. ,Jgw;wpf;

jpUkiy kzpf;$l;Lr; re;jpf;fUfpy; Gjpjhf epWtg;gl;Ls;s Gj;jh; rpiy

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Fwpg;gpLk; [dthp 22> 1999Mk; ehs;

Iyz;l; gj;jphpif \\gpf;F jh;kj;jpw;F

cl;glhj Mapuf;fzf;fhd ,JNghd;w

rk;gtq;fs; gj;jphpif thapyhf ntsp

tUfpd;wd|| vd;W njhptpj;Js;sJ.

murpay; <LghL Gj;j rq;fj;jpd;

tPo;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa fhuzkha; milahsk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapy;

jkpoh;fisf; nfhiynra;j Jl;lnfK

Dit \\kjj;jpw;fhff; nfhiynra;tJ

ghtkpy;iy|| vd;W Njw;wpa Gj;jgpf;Ffs;

Gj;j kjj;ijr; rpijj;j Kjw; Fw;wthsp

fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ghpepthuzk;

milaKd;G \\jdJ jj;Jt Nghjidfs;

500 tUlq;fs; khj;jpuk; epiyf;Fk;|| vd;W

Gj;jh; $wpajhf xU ghuk;ghpar; nra;jp

cz;L. Njrpa rq;ff; fTd;rpy; (NA-TIONAL SANGHA COUNCIL) vd;w

mikg;ig cUthf;fpa kJYthNt

NrhgpjNjuh; rpq;fs - ngsj;j Nkyhjpf;

fj;ij Kd;ndLg;gNjhL> ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk;

fpwp];jth;fSf;Fk; ,j;jPtpy; ,lkpy;iy

vd;w fUj;ij Kd;itj;jhh;. jdJ

capiu vLg;gJ Gj;jjh;kk; MfhJ vd;W

njh pe ;Jk ; [hj pfn`y cWka

ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; xky;Ny Nrhgpj

Njuh; mz;ikapy; rhFk;tiu cz;zh

tpujk; ,Ue;Js;shh;. ehd;F Gj;jkj

gPlq;fspd; jiyth;fs; ,tUila

capiuf; fhg;ghw;w vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;jhd;

,d;Wk; NtjidahdJ.

rpq;fs kf;fspd; tuyhw;W

E}yhd kfhtk;rj;ij nkhopngah;j;j

tpy;n`k; nfa;fh; (WILHEM GEIGER)gpd;tUkhW kfhtk;rk; gw;wpf; $Wfpwhh;.

\\mjpy; vd;d nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ

vd;gijtpl vd;d nrhy;yg;glhky;

kiwf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Muha;

tNj kpfTk; rpukkhd gzp.|| nfa;fh;>

v];.njudpafy Nghd;Nwhhpd; Ma;Tfspd;

gb fp.gp 500,y; te;jjhff; $wg;gLk;

tp[ad; ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; kdpjd;

my;y. kfhtk;rk; kiwf;f KaYk;

njd;dpe;jpa Nkftpjpf; fyhrhuk; ,yq;if

apy; ed;F gutpapUe;jJ vd;gij ,U

Ma;thsh;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

gytpjkhd Gijgbtr; rhd;Wfs; ,ij

ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. gyhq;nfhil kdp

jd; gw;wpa Ma;TfSk; nghk;ghpg;G gpu

Njrj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l njhy;nghUs;

rhd;WfSk; njd;dpe;jpaj; njhlh;igf;

fhl;Lfpd;wd.

ngsj;jkjk; jOtpa jkpoh;fs;

njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,yq;ifapYk; ngU

kstpy; tho;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,k;kjj;jpd;

tsh;r;rpf;F mUk;gzp Mw;wpapUf;fpwhh;fs;

vd;w cz;ikia kfhtk;rk; $whky;

tpl;bUf;fpd;wJ. njd;dpe;jpa tuyhW

fspd;gb mNrhfr;rf;futh;j;jp fhyj;jpy;

ngsj;jkjk; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ngUks

tpy; gutj;njhlq;fpaJ. mjd;gpd; fp.K

250,y; Gj;j Jwtpfs; FOnthd;W kfpe;j

jiyikapy; ,yq;if nrd;wJ. fhtphpg;

gl;bdj;jpy; ,Ue;J fly; khh;f;fkhf ,th;

fs; ,yq;if nrd;wdh;. fhtphpg; gl;bdj;

jpy; jq;fpapUe;jNghJ VO Gj;jtpfhiu

fis kfpe;j mq;F fl;Ltpj;jhd;. fp.gp

2,y; vOjg;gl;l rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzp

Nkfiy Mfpatw;wpy; ,Jgw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;

fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Njtek;gpajPrdpd;

khkdhfpa mhpj;jfh; njd;dpe;jpahtpy;

kfpe;j Kd;ndLj;j kjg; gzpfSf;F

cjtpdhh;. ,th; ngauhy; mhpjhgl;b vd;w

fpuhkk; kJiu khtl;lj;jpy; ,d;Dk;

,Uf;fpwJ. ,f;fpuhkk; Kd;dh; Gj;jkjk;

tsh;j;j ikakhf ,Ue;jJ. fp.gp 12tiu

njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ngsj;jkjk; epiy

nfhz;bUe;jJ.

,uz;lhk; guhf;fpukghF fhyj;

jpy; fp.gp 1236 - 1268 jh;kfPh;j;jp vd;w

ghz;baehl;L jkpo;g; Gj;jJwtp ,yq;if

te;J midj;Jyf ngsj;j khehnlhd;iw

elj;jpdhh;. kfhtk;rj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahd

#ytk;rk; vd;w E}iyAk; jj;jtk;rk;

vDk; ,d;DNkhh; E}iyAk; ,th; vOjp

dhh;. ghspnkhopapy; ,Ue;j jphpgPlfj;jpw;F

jkpoh;fshfpa Gj;jNfhr jh;kghyhTk;>

Gj;j jj;jTk; ciuf;Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOjpdh;.

Nrhoehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j rq;fkpj;jpuh vd;w

ngz; Gj;jJwtp fp.gp 4,y; ,yq;if

nrd;W me;j ehl;L murid kfhahd

ngsj;jj;jpw;F kjkhw;wk; nra;jhh;. ,jd;

fhuzkhf kfhtpfhiu mopf;fg;gl;L

kfhad ngsj;jj;jpd; gPlkhf mgafphp

tpfhiu juk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. kfhtpfhiu

- mgafphp gPlq;fSf;F ,ilapy; Kuz;

ghLfs; Njhd;wpaNjhL rpq;fs jkpo;

rr;ruthfTk; khwpaJ. vd;whYk; fp.gp

5Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuahd Nrhoehl;L

Gj;j jj;jh mDuhjGuj;jpd; kfhtpfhiuf;

nghJf;fl;likg;Gf;F vjpuhf nfhOk;G Nfhl;il Gifapuj epiyaj;jpw;F Kd;ghf

rhFk;tiuapyhd cz;zhtpujg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l Njrpa gpf;F Kd;dzpj; jiyth;

jk;gu mkpy Njuh;.

(THE DHRAMA DEEPA CONCEPT)

Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhh;. gpd;tUk; jkpo;

E}y;fspy; jkpo;ngsj;jk; gw;wpa tphpthd

jfty;fisg; gbf;fyhk;. kzpNkfiy>

Fz;lyNfrp> jpUg;gbfk;> tisahgjp>

tPuNrhopak;> gpk;gprhufij rpq;fs ngsj;

jj;jpYk; ghh;f;fj; jkpo;ngsj;jk; njhd;ik

tha;e;jJ. ,ij kfhtk;rk; ,Ul;lbg;Gr;

nra;Js;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; ngsj;jkjj; Njhw;

wk;> tsh;r;rp gw;wpa Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;

Nthh; rpq;fs kf;fs; ngsj;jh;fshf

Kd;Ng ,q;Fs;s jkpoh;fs; mijj; jOtp

tpl;lhh;fs; vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;Js;sdh;.

,ijf; fLk; gpuaj;jdk; vLj;J kiwg;

gjpYk; tlfpof;fpy; gutyhff; fpilf;Fk;

ngsj;j rpd;dq;fisj; jk;Kilait

vd;W $Wk; ngsj;j rpq;fsg; Ngupd

thjj;jpd; Nghf;F ,g;NghJ jPtpukile;

Js;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ cs;@h;

Gijgbt Ma;Tj; jpizf;fs Kjy;tuhd

Nguhrphpah; nrduj; gwdtpjhd fe;j

Nuhil Gj;jkj mopghLfisg; ghh;j;jgpd;

\\,it jkpo;g; ngsj;jh;fSf;F chpait||

vd;W $wpdhh;. ,e;j epiyg;ghL khw;wg;

gl;L fe;jNuhil vr;rq;fs; jk;Kilait

vd;W rpq;fsth;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,jw;Fr;

rpy jkpoh;fSk; xj;J}jp tUfpd;wdh;.

,e;Jf;fspd; topghl;L ,lq;

fis mopj;jy;> mNj ,lj;jpy; Gj;jh;

rpiy Nghd;wtw;iw mikj;jy; xU

neLq;fhyj; je;jpNuhghakhff; filg;

gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. bnrk;gh; 22> 1984Mk;

ehs; cldbahf ntspNaWk;gb kzyhW

kf;fSf;Fr; rpq;fs ,uhZtk; xypngUf;fp

%yk; fl;lis ,l;lJ. 42fpuhkq;fisr;

Nrh;e;j 4000 jkpo;f; FLk;gq;fs; ,t;thW

ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldh;. 1987,d; ,yq;if

- ,e;jpa xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo; ,g;gFjpf;Ff;

fl;lis mjpfhhpahf te;j Nfzy; lhl;lh

jkJ gioa fpuhkq;fisr; nrd;W

ghh;itapl mth;fSf;F mDkjp mspj;

jhh;. nfhf;Fsha; mk;kd; Myak; cilf;

fg;gl;bUe;jJ> mNj ,lj;jpy; Gj;jh;

Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;bUe;jJ. jpUf;NfjP];

tuj;ij gwq;fpah; ,bj;Jj; js;spaNghJ

mbahh;fs; \\MjpNfhzehafh;|| vd;w

Nfhapiyj; jk;gyfhkj;jpy; fl;bdhh;fs;.

rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wk; jk;gyfhkj;jpy;

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lNghJ ,f;Nfhapy; ftdpg;

ghhpd;wpr; rpjykila tplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fe;jshapy; Gj;jNfhapy;fs; vOe;Js;sd.

mz;ikf; fhykhfj; jkpoh;

gpuNjrq;fspy; Gj;jh; rpiyfis ehl;Lk;

eilKiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpo; -

K];ypk; kf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahfTs;s

nghj;Jtpy; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; VOf;Fk; Nkw;

gl;l Gj;jh; rpiyfs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.

jpUNfhzkiy> kd;dhh;> Xke;ij Nghd;w

,lq;fspYk; Gj;jh; rpiyfs; ehl;lg;

gl;Ls;sd. kd;dhhpy; 16 Vf;fh; epyj;ij

Gj;jh;Nfhapy; mikg;gjw;fhfr; rpq;fsg;

gilapdh; Kl;fk;gp NtypNghl;L milj;

Js;sdh;. goiktha;e;j Xke;ijg;

gps;isahh; Nfhapy; tPjpapy; Gj;jh;rpiy

mikf;fg;gl;L ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; ghJfhg;G

toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Xke;ijg; gps;isahh;

Nfhapy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. G+irfs; eil

ngWtjpy;iy. jpUNfhzkiy efu

rigf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd kzpf;$l;Lr; re;jp

Kr;rf;futz;b jhpg;gplj;jpy; Gj;jh;rpiy

ehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhfg;

ngUksT ,uhZtj;jpdh; Ftpf;fg;gl;Ls;

sdh;.

Gj;jkjf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ngsj;j

- rpq;fsg; Nghpdthjpfshy; rpijf;fg;gL

fpd;wd. mNjNghy; Gj;jh; rpiyf;Fk;

fsq;fk; Vw;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpAs;shh;fs;.

Gj;jkjk; Muk;gpj;j vOE}W Mz;LfSf;

Fg; gpd;Gjhd; ,e;jpahtpy; Gj;jh; rpiyfs;

Njhd;wpd. fp.K 6Mk; E}w;whz;by;

Gj;jkjk; Njhd;wpaJ. Gj;jh; rpiyfs;

fp.gp 2Mk;> 3Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;jhd;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j ,ilntspf;

fhyj;jpy; Gj;jkjr; rpd;dq;fshd Qhd

tpUl;rk; (murkuk;)> jh;kr;rf;fuk; vd;gd

topglg;gl;ld. %tif fiyg; ghuk;

ghpaq;fspd; $l;lhfg; Gj;jh; rpiyfs;

,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,d;iwa ghfp];jhdpd;

tl-Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; mit Kjd;

Kjyhfj; Njhd;wpd. mg;NghJ fpNuf;f>

Nuhk fiyg; ghuk;ghpaq;fs; tl ,e;jpaf;

fiytbtq;fs; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpd.

fpNuf;f flTsh;fspd; ghzpapy; Gj;jhpd;

jiyg;gFjp nrJf;fg;gl;lJ. rpiyapd;

Milfs; Nuhkh;fspd; Mil mzpAk;

ghzpapy; Nghh;j;jg;gl;ld. tl - Nkw;F

,e;jpahtpy; ,lk;ngw;w fiyg; ghuk;

ghpaj;ij fpNuf;Nfh - fe;jhuh (GRAECO- GANDHARA) ghuk;ghpak; vd;ghh;fs;.,e;jg; ghuk;ghpaj;jpy; Gj;jh; rpiyfs;

tbtikf;fg;gl;ld.

Gj;jh;rpiy cUthf;fj;jpy; rpy

khwhj mk;rq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpd.

Kfk; Kl;il tbtj;jpYk;> fz;fs;

jhkiu kyiug; Nghd;Wk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;Wk; tapWtiuahd neQ;Rg;gFjp

XLq;fpAk; Njhs; tphpe;Jk;> iffs; ePz;Lk;

,Ug;gij typAWj;Jk; rpw;g tpjpKiw

fs; gpwe;jd. KO clYk; xOq;fhf

tOtOg;ghf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W rpiy

fisg; ghh;g;Nghh; kdjpy; rhe;jp Vw;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

cyfpd; jiyrpwe;j fiytbtq;fspy;

xd;whfTk;> ghuk;ghpa topghl;Lr; rpd;d

khfTk; ,lk;ngWk; Gj;jh;rpiy> ,uhZt

Nkyhjpf;ff; FwpaPlhfTk;> jkpoUila

kz;gwpg;gjw;F cjTk; fUtpahfTk;

rpq;fs Nghpdthjj;jhy; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpwpa Gj;jh; rpiyiaAk; mjd; gf;fj;jpy;

mur kuf;fd;iwAk; jkpoh; kz;zpy;

Kjw;fz; ehl;Lthh;fs;. gbg;gbahf

,uhZtg; ghJfhg;G> gpf;Ffs; gpurd;dk;

vd;gdNthL rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wf; fpuhk

khf mJ khw;wg;gLtNjhL mjw;Fr;

rpq;fsg; ngaUk; #l;lg;gLk;.

,yq;ifj;jPtpd; nkhj;j epyg;

gug;G 65>525 rJu fpNyhkPw;wh;. 1948f;Fg;

gpd; jpl;lkpl;l rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wj;jpdhy;

fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; 7000rJu fpNyh

kPw;wiuAk; tlf;fpy; 600rJu fpNyhkPw;w

iuAk; muR Mf;fpukpj;Js;sJ. fhyj;jpw;

Ff; fhyk; muR elj;Jk; \vy;iy kPs;

tiuT| (BOUNDARY DEMARCATION)rpq;fsth; FbNawpa jkpoh; kz;iz

rpq;fs khfhzq;fSld; ,izf;Fk;

Nehf;iff; nfhz;lJ. K];ypk;fSk; ,t;

thW ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdh;. mk;ghiw

jpfthtpapy; K];ypk;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd

937 Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; n[ath;j;jdh muR

rpq;fsth;fisf; FbNaw;wpaJ. jpfthtp

apy; Gj;j rpd;dq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ

FbNaw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfr; nrhy;yg;

gLfpwJ. rpq;fsf; FbNaw;wk; jpUNfhz

kiy> mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fspy; nrwpe;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 1921,y; jpUkiyr;

rpq;fsth;fspd; tpfpjk; 4.5% Mf ,Ue;

jJ. 1981,y; 33.6% Mf cah;e;jNjhL

,;d;Dk; cah;e;Jnfhz;L NghfpwJ.

ngsj;j rpq;fsg; Nghpdthjk;

Kd;ndLf;Fk; \jh;kjPgk;| vd;w er;Rf;

fUj;J ehL ,uz;LgLtij Cf;Ftpf;Fk;

vd;gJ murpay; Ma;thsh; KbT. Gj;juhy;

ngsj;jkjf; fhtyuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lth;

fs; rpq;fs ,dj;jth;fNs. ,yq;if KO

tJk; Gj;jh; mUshy; rpq;fsth;fSf;F

jug;gl;l Gdpjg+kp vd;gd jh;kjPgf;

Nfhl;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshFk;. rpq;

fs ,dthjj;jpd; %yg;nghUs; jh;kjPgf;

Nfhl;ghL (THE DHRAMA DEEPA CON-CEPT) vd;w fhuzj;jhy; jkpoh;fSila

,d> nkhop cs;spl;l chpikfisAk;

jhaff; Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; mth;fs; Vw;f

kWf;fpd;wdh;. ,dk;> nkhop> kjk;> kz;

Mfpa ehd;fpd; nkhj;j tbtkhfg; Gj;jh;

rpiy tptfhuk; cUntLj;Js;sJ.

%lDk; KjiyAk; nfhz;lJ tplh

vd;ghh;fs;. ,e;j ehl;bd; ,d;iwa

tuyhw;iw tpsf;f ,J NghJkhdJ.

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J 1999Mk; Mz;bd;

kiof;fhyk;. rpde;J mOk;

rpd;dg;gps;isaha; tpl;Ltpl;L kio

J}wpf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. kioNeuk; fhl;bd;

jiuaikg;G vg;gb khwpg;NghapUf;FNkh

me;j khw;wk; midj;Jk; epiwe;j

fhl;bw;Fs;shy; nga;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk;

kioapy; eide;jgb fhl;L kuq;fs; rpe;Jk;

ePh;j;Jspfshy; tpiwj;jgb xU mzp

fhl;il ClWj;J Ntfkhf

ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ.

mth;fspd; tYtpw;F mjpfkhd

ghuq;fs;. mtw;NwhLk; kzyhw;wpy; ,Ue;J

fhLfspw;Fs;shy; fdfuhad;Fsk; Nehf;fp

risf;fhky; ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;.

me;j mzp tPuh;fspNy kpf cah;e;jtDk;

mfd;w neQ;RlDk; Xh; cUtk;. ePz;l

vd;ndd;Wjhd; jhq;FtJ. thfdq;fis Xl;b FLk;gj;ijj;

jhq;fpa mg;ghit ,oe;J ,dp vg;gb mth;fsJ tho;f;if. rpd;d

tarpy; mJ mtDf;Fg; nghpa ,og;G. mg;ghit epidj;J epidj;J

tpk;Kthd;. mOthd;. ahh;jhd; vd;d nra;aKbAk;. rpwpa FLk;gk;.

mtDk;> mf;fhTk;> mk;khTk;jhd;. xt;nthUtuJ Kfj;jpYk;

nghpjha;r; Nrhfk; Fe;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. ahuhYk; Mw;wptpl Kbahj

me;jr; Nrhfj;NjhL mth;fsJ FLk;gk; ehSk; ehSk; my;yw;

gl;Lf;nfhz;;NlapUe;jJ.

fhy;fs;> ngUj;j iffs;> Fok;gpg;Nghd

jiykaph;> mLf;fhd gy;thpirapy; rw;W

kpje;J epw;Fk; xU gy;> nghJepwk;>

fz;Fopf;Fs; miyAk; fz;fs; vq;Nfh>

vijNah Njbf;nfhz;bUe;jd. ,g;gb

milahsq;fNshL xUtd;> mtd;jhd;

me;j mzpia topelj;jpr; nry;Yk;

mzpj;jiytd; kiwr;nry;td;.

mtdJ neQ;rpw;Fs; vj;jidNah

Vf;fq;fs;. mij Kfj;jpy; rpwpJk;

gpujpgypf;ftplhJ jdf;Fs;NsNa

mlf;fpf;nfhz;L mzpfs; vl;lNtz;ba

,yf;FNehf;fp efh;j;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;.

,ilapy; vjph;g;gl;l jilfisj;

jhz;br;nry;y mjpfNeuk; jhkjkhf

Ntz;bapUe;jJ. njhiyj;njhlh;Gf; fUtp

mtid mioj;jJ. VNjh fijj;jhd;.

\\,d;Dk; ,yf;Ffis Vd; milatpy;iy.

jhf;Fjy; Muk;gkhfptpl;lJ|| vd;W

njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

mth;fs; vjph;nfhs;sNtz;ba

jilfs; Vuhsk;. mijj; njhpe;Jk;

\\ehq;fs; ,d;Dk; nfhQ;r Neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j

,lj;jpy; epd;W njhlh;G vLf;fpd;Nwhk;||

vd;W $wptpl;L clNdNa njhlh;igj;

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Sf ;Fr ; nrhy ;yt py ;iy . Mdhy ;Sf ;Fr ; nrhy ;yt py ;iy . Mdhy ;Sf ;Fr ; nrhy ;yt py ;iy . Mdhy ;Sf ;Fr ; nrhy ;yt py ;iy . Mdhy ;Sf ;Fr ; nrhy ;yt py ;iy . Mdhy ;

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gk;.gk;.gk; .gk; .gk; .

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ghf;Nfy;y. tpOe;Jghf;Nfy;y. tpOe;Jghf;Nfy;y. tpOe;Jghf;Nfy;y. tpOe;Jghf;Nfy;y. tpOe;J

fplf;fpwJk; vOk;gpfplf;fpwJk; vOk;gpfplf;fpwJk; vOk;gpfplf;fpwJk; vOk;gpfplf;fpwJk; vOk;gp

XLwJkhf vq;fl tPl;Lf;FXLwJkhf vq;fl tPl;Lf;FXLwJkhf vq;fl tPl;Lf;FXLwJkhf vq;fl tPl;Lf;FXLwJkhf vq;fl tPl;Lf;F

fpl;lth te;jpl;ld;. vq;flfpl;lth te;jpl;ld;. vq;flfpl;lth te;jpl;ld;. vq;flfpl;lth te;jpl;ld;. vq;flfpl;lth te;jpl;ld;. vq;fl

fhzpf ;Fs;sfhzpf ;Fs;sfhzpf ;Fs;sfhzpf ;Fs;sfhzpf ;Fs;s

Gifkz;lykha;j ;jhd;Gifkz;lykha;j ;jhd;Gifkz;lykha;j ;jhd;Gifkz;lykha;j ;jhd;Gifkz;lykha;j ;jhd;

njhpQ;RJ. vdf;F xNunjhpQ;RJ. vdf;F xNunjhpQ;RJ. vdf;F xNunjhpQ;RJ. vdf;F xNunjhpQ;RJ. vdf;F xNu

gakha; ,Ue;jJ.gakha; ,Ue;jJ.gakha; ,Ue;jJ.gakha; ,Ue;jJ.gakha; ,Ue;jJ.

\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \ fhzpf;Fs;sfhzpf;Fs;sfhzpf;Fs;sfhzpf;Fs;sfhzpf;Fs;s

fhy;itf;fg; gakha; ,Ue;jJ.fhy;itf;fg; gakha; ,Ue;jJ.fhy;itf;fg; gakha; ,Ue;jJ.fhy;itf;fg; gakha; ,Ue;jJ.fhy;itf;fg; gakha; ,Ue;jJ.

cs;Sf;Nfh clk;ngy;yhk;cs;Sf;Nfh clk;ngy;yhk;cs;Sf;Nfh clk;ngy;yhk;cs;Sf;Nfh clk;ngy;yhk;cs;Sf;Nfh clk;ngy;yhk;

eLq;fj; njhlq;fpl;LJ. vd;ueLq;fj; njhlq;fpl;LJ. vd;ueLq;fj; njhlq;fpl;LJ. vd;ueLq;fj; njhlq;fpl;LJ. vd;ueLq;fj; njhlq;fpl;LJ. vd;u

tPL> tPl;Lf;F Kd;Df;fpUe;jtPL> tPl;Lf;F Kd;Df;fpUe;jtPL> tPl;Lf;F Kd;Df;fpUe;jtPL> tPl;Lf;F Kd;Df;fpUe;jtPL> tPl;Lf;F Kd;Df;fpUe;j

khkuk; vy;yhk;khkuk; vy;yhk;khkuk; vy;yhk;khkuk; vy;yhk;khkuk; vy;yhk;

jiukl;lkha; Ngha;f ;jiukl;lkha; Ngha;f ;jiukl;lkha; Ngha;f ;jiukl;lkha; Ngha;f ;jiukl;lkha; Ngha;f ;

fple;jJ. xU gps;isiaAk;fple;jJ. xU gps;isiaAk;fple;jJ. xU gps;isiaAk;fple;jJ. xU gps;isiaAk;fple;jJ. xU gps;isiaAk;

ntbr;Rg;Ngha; ,Ue;jJ.ntbr;Rg;Ngha; ,Ue;jJ.ntbr;Rg;Ngha; ,Ue;jJ.ntbr;Rg;Ngha; ,Ue;jJ.ntbr;Rg;Ngha; ,Ue;jJ.

,uz;L fhYk; rpije;J tapW,uz;L fhYk; rpije;J tapW,uz;L fhYk; rpije;J tapW,uz;L fhYk; rpije;J tapW,uz;L fhYk; rpije;J tapW

gpse;JNgha; Fly; ntspahygpse;JNgha; Fly; ntspahygpse;JNgha; Fly; ntspahygpse;JNgha; Fly; ntspahygpse;JNgha; Fly; ntspahy

te;jpl;lJ. mtd;u caph;te;jpl;lJ. mtd;u caph;te;jpl;lJ. mtd;u caph;te;jpl;lJ. mtd;u caph;te;jpl;lJ. mtd;u caph;

gphpQ;R Nghr;RJ. ehd;gphpQ;R Nghr;RJ. ehd;gphpQ;R Nghr;RJ. ehd;gphpQ;R Nghr;RJ. ehd;gphpQ;R Nghr;RJ. ehd;

mOwNjh ,y;yhl;by;mOwNjh ,y;yhl;by;mOwNjh ,y;yhl;by;mOwNjh ,y;yhl;by;mOwNjh ,y;yhl;by;

gps;isas M];gj;jph pf ;Fgps;isas M];gj;jph pf ;Fgps;isas M];gj;jph pf ;Fgps;isas M];gj;jph pf ;Fgps;isas M];gj;jph pf ;F

nfhz;LNghfpwNjh vz;Lnfhz;LNghfpwNjh vz;Lnfhz;LNghfpwNjh vz;Lnfhz;LNghfpwNjh vz;Lnfhz;LNghfpwNjh vz;L

njhpahky; epz;ld;.njhpahky; epz;ld;.njhpahky; epz;ld;.njhpahky; epz;ld;.njhpahky; epz;ld;.

\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \,g;gb ,Uf;f vd;u,g;gb ,Uf;f vd;u,g;gb ,Uf;f vd;u,g;gb ,Uf;f vd;u,g;gb ,Uf;f vd;u

filrp kfs; (2taJ)filrp kfs; (2taJ)filrp kfs; (2taJ)filrp kfs; (2taJ)filrp kfs; (2taJ)

Njtee;jpdp vOk;GtJk; fPoNjtee;jpdp vOk;GtJk; fPoNjtee;jpdp vOk;GtJk; fPoNjtee;jpdp vOk;GtJk; fPoNjtee;jpdp vOk;GtJk; fPo

tpOtJkhf ,Ue;jhs; .tpOtJkhf ,Ue;jhs; .tpOtJkhf ,Ue;jhs; .tpOtJkhf ,Ue;jhs; .tpOtJkhf ,Ue;jhs; .

Xbg;Ngha; filf;Fl;biaj;Xbg;Ngha; filf;Fl;biaj;Xbg;Ngha; filf;Fl;biaj;Xbg;Ngha; filf;Fl;biaj;Xbg;Ngha; filf;Fl;biaj;

J}f;fpg; ghh;j;jd;> gps;isapd;J}f;fpg; ghh;j;jd;> gps;isapd;J}f;fpg; ghh;j;jd;> gps;isapd;J}f;fpg; ghh;j;jd;> gps;isapd;J}f;fpg; ghh;j;jd;> gps;isapd;

jiyapy xU fhaKk;jiyapy xU fhaKk;jiyapy xU fhaKk;jiyapy xU fhaKk;jiyapy xU fhaKk;

clk;ngy;yhk; ry;yilclk;ngy;yhk; ry;yilclk;ngy;yhk; ry;yilclk;ngy;yhk; ry;yilclk;ngy;yhk; ry;yil

Nghl;lkhjphp fhaq;fs;Nghl;lkhjphp fhaq;fs;Nghl;lkhjphp fhaq;fs;Nghl;lkhjphp fhaq;fs;Nghl;lkhjphp fhaq;fs;

,Ue;jJ.,Ue;jJ.,Ue;jJ.,Ue;jJ.,Ue;jJ.

\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \,g;gb ,Uf;f> jha; ;,g;gb ,Uf;f> jha; ;,g;gb ,Uf;f> jha; ;,g;gb ,Uf;f> jha; ;,g;gb ,Uf;f> jha; ;

fjwpagb tsTf;Fs; Xbte;Jfjwpagb tsTf;Fs; Xbte;Jfjwpagb tsTf;Fs; Xbte;Jfjwpagb tsTf;Fs; Xbte;Jfjwpagb tsTf;Fs; Xbte;J

,uj;j nts;sj;jpy; rpjWz;L,uj;j nts;sj;jpy; rpjWz;L,uj;j nts;sj;jpy; rpjWz;L,uj;j nts;sj;jpy; rpjWz;L,uj;j nts;sj;jpy; rpjWz;L

fple;j gps;isais fl;bfple;j gps;isais fl;bfple;j gps;isais fl;bfple;j gps;isais fl;bfple;j gps;isais fl;b

mizj;Jf; fjwp mOjh.mizj;Jf; fjwp mOjh.mizj;Jf; fjwp mOjh.mizj;Jf; fjwp mOjh.mizj;Jf; fjwp mOjh.

%d;whtJ gps;isiaf;%d;whtJ gps;isiaf;%d;whtJ gps;isiaf;%d;whtJ gps;isiaf;%d;whtJ gps;isiaf;

fhzNt ,y;iy. rj;jparPyidfhzNt ,y;iy. rj;jparPyidfhzNt ,y;iy. rj;jparPyidfhzNt ,y;iy. rj;jparPyidfhzNt ,y;iy. rj;jparPyid

Njbg;ghh;j;Njd; tPL ,Ue;jNjbg;ghh;j;Njd; tPL ,Ue;jNjbg;ghh;j;Njd; tPL ,Ue;jNjbg;ghh;j;Njd; tPL ,Ue;jNjbg;ghh;j;Njd; tPL ,Ue;j

,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kg;gJ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kg;gJ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kg;gJ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kg;gJ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kg;gJ

kPw;wh; J}uj;Jf;fg;ghy;kPw;wh; J}uj;Jf;fg;ghy;kPw;wh; J}uj;Jf;fg;ghy;kPw;wh; J}uj;Jf;fg;ghy;kPw;wh; J}uj;Jf;fg;ghy;

,Lg;Gf;Ff; fPNo rpije;jgb,Lg;Gf;Ff; fPNo rpije;jgb,Lg;Gf;Ff; fPNo rpije;jgb,Lg;Gf;Ff; fPNo rpije;jgb,Lg;Gf;Ff; fPNo rpije;jgb

caphpoe;JNgha; ; f ple;jhd;.caphpoe;JNgha; ; f ple;jhd;.caphpoe;JNgha; ; f ple;jhd;.caphpoe;JNgha; ; f ple;jhd;.caphpoe;JNgha; ; f ple;jhd;.

\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \,e;epiyapy;,e;epiyapy;,e;epiyapy;,e;epiyapy;,e;epiyapy;

caphpoe;j ,uz;Lcaphpoe;j ,uz;Lcaphpoe;j ,uz;Lcaphpoe;j ,uz;Lcaphpoe;j ,uz;L

gps;isfisAk; tpl;Ll;Lgps;isfisAk; tpl;Ll;Lgps;isfisAk; tpl;Ll;Lgps;isfisAk; tpl;Ll;Lgps;isfisAk; tpl;Ll;L

fhag;gl;Lj;fhag;gl;Lj;fhag;gl;Lj;fhag;gl;Lj;fhag;gl;Lj;

jtpr;Rf;nfhz;bUe;j %j;jjtpr;Rf;nfhz;bUe;j %j;jjtpr;Rf;nfhz;bUe;j %j;jjtpr;Rf;nfhz;bUe;j %j;jjtpr;Rf;nfhz;bUe;j %j;j

gps;isiaAk;> filrpg ;g ps ;isiaAk;> filrpg ;g ps ;isiaAk;> filrpg ;g ps ;isiaAk;> filrpg ;g ps ;isiaAk;> filrpg ;

g ps ;isiaAk; kDrpiaAk;gps ;isiaAk; kDrpiaAk;gps ;isiaAk; kDrpiaAk;gps ;isiaAk; kDrpiaAk;gps ;isiaAk; kDrpiaAk;

Vj;jp M];gj;jphpf ;FVj;jp M];gj;jphpf ;FVj;jp M];gj;jphpf ;FVj;jp M];gj;jphpf ;FVj;jp M];gj;jphpf ;F

mDg;gptpl;Nld;.mDg;gptpl;Nld;.mDg;gptpl;Nld;.mDg;gptpl;Nld;.mDg;gptpl;Nld;. | || || || || |

rk;gtj;jpy; ehd;F

gps;isfis ,oe;j

je;ij.

,e;j neQ;ir

nefpoitf;Fk; Jaur;

rk;gtj;jpy; jd; ifapy;

gphpe;JNghd jdJ filrp

kfs; Njtee;jpdpapd;

filrpf;fzk; gw;wpj;

jhahh; ,g;gbf;

$Wfpd;whh;.

\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \fhag;gl;L ,uj;jfhag;gl;L ,uj;jfhag;gl;L ,uj;jfhag;gl;L ,uj;jfhag;gl;L ,uj;j

nts;sj;jpy; fple;j vd;unts;sj;jpy; fple;j vd;unts;sj;jpy; fple;j vd;unts;sj;jpy; fple;j vd;unts;sj;jpy; fple;j vd;u

filrpg; gps;isiaj; J}f;fpfilrpg; gps;isiaj; J}f;fpfilrpg; gps;isiaj; J}f;fpfilrpg; gps;isiaj; J}f;fpfilrpg; gps;isiaj; J}f;fp

kbapy; itj;jgbkbapy; itj;jgbkbapy; itj;jgbkbapy; itj;jgbkbapy; itj;jgb

M];gj;jph pf ;FM];gj;jph pf ;FM];gj;jph pf ;FM];gj;jph pf ;FM];gj;jph pf ;F

nfhz;LNghNdd; .nfhz;LNghNdd; .nfhz;LNghNdd; .nfhz;LNghNdd; .nfhz;LNghNdd; .

kaf;fkile;J nfhz;bUe;jkaf;fkile;J nfhz;bUe;jkaf;fkile;J nfhz;bUe;jkaf;fkile;J nfhz;bUe;jkaf;fkile;J nfhz;bUe;j

~~fhag;gl;L ,uj;j nts;sj;jpy; fple;j vd;u filrpg;gps;isiaj; J}f;fp kbapy; itj;jgb M];gj;jphpf;Fnfhz;LNghNdd;. kaf;fkile;J nfhz;bUe;j vd;u FQ;RM];gj;jphpf;F nfhz;LNgha;f; nfhQ;r Neuj;jpy nrj;Jg;Nghr;RJ. fhag;gl;Lf; nfhz;LNghNff;f vd;u gps;isf;Ffilrpah ghy; FLj;jdhd;. mJjhd; vd;u gps;is Fbf;fpwfilrpg; ghy; vz;L ehd; epidf;fNt ,y;iy||

~~vd;u gps;isas; ehiyAk; gs;spf;$lj;jpy trjpf;fl;lzf; fhR fl;lapy;y vz;lJf;fhf Kjy; ehs; tPl;l jpUg;gp

tpl;bdk;. mitf;F FLj;jDg;gpwJf;F vd;dl;lfhrpUf;Nfy;y. mjhy ehDk; kDrpAk; tpba Neuj;Njhl vOk;gp$yp Ntiyf;Fg; Nghl;lk;. Njhl;lj;jpy Ntiynra;J Ntz;Lwrk;gsj;ij kpr;rk; gpbr;Rg; gps;isas mLj;j ehs; gs;spf;FmDg;gNtZk; vd;L epidr;R Ntiy nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jk;....

vd;u FQ;R M];gj;jphpf ;Fvd;u FQ;R M];gj;jphpf ;Fvd;u FQ;R M];gj;jphpf ;Fvd;u FQ;R M];gj;jphpf ;Fvd;u FQ;R M];gj;jphpf ;F

nfhz;LNgha;f ; nfhQ;rnfhz;LNgha;f ; nfhQ;rnfhz;LNgha;f ; nfhQ;rnfhz;LNgha;f ; nfhQ;rnfhz;LNgha;f ; nfhQ;r

Neuj;jpy nrj;Jg;Nghr;RJ.Neuj;jpy nrj;Jg;Nghr;RJ.Neuj;jpy nrj;Jg;Nghr;RJ.Neuj;jpy nrj;Jg;Nghr;RJ.Neuj;jpy nrj;Jg;Nghr;RJ.

fhag;gl;Lf; nfhz;LNghNff;ffhag;gl;Lf; nfhz;LNghNff;ffhag;gl;Lf; nfhz;LNghNff;ffhag;gl;Lf; nfhz;LNghNff;ffhag;gl;Lf; nfhz;LNghNff;f

vd;u gps;isf;F filrpah ghy;vd;u gps;isf;F filrpah ghy;vd;u gps;isf;F filrpah ghy;vd;u gps;isf;F filrpah ghy;vd;u gps;isf;F filrpah ghy;

FLj;jdhd;. mJjhd; vd;uFLj;jdhd;. mJjhd; vd;uFLj;jdhd;. mJjhd; vd;uFLj;jdhd;. mJjhd; vd;uFLj;jdhd;. mJjhd; vd;u

gps;is Fbf;fpw filrpg; ghy;gps;is Fbf;fpw filrpg; ghy;gps;is Fbf;fpw filrpg; ghy;gps;is Fbf;fpw filrpg; ghy;gps;is Fbf;fpw filrpg; ghy;

vz;L ehd; epidf;fNtvz;L ehd; epidf;fNtvz;L ehd; epidf;fNtvz;L ehd; epidf;fNtvz;L ehd; epidf;fNt

,y;iy,y;iy,y;iy,y;iy,y;iy|||||||||| vd;W

nrhy;;;ypagb fz;zPh;tpl;L

mOjhh; me;jj; jha;.

mth;fisg;

nghWj;jtiu> epidTfs;

epue;jukhditNa.

rhTf;Fs; tho;e;j

md;iwa mth;fs; tho;T>

gpd;ndhUehspy; tPrpabj;j

ngUk; miyapy;

kPl;fg;gl;ljhapw;W.

vd;whYk; mth;fs; ,d;Wk;

nrhy;ypf;nfhs;fpd;whh;fs;>

\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \vq;fSf;nfz;nlhU ehLvq;fSf;nfz;nlhU ehLvq;fSf;nfz;nlhU ehLvq;fSf;nfz;nlhU ehLvq;fSf;nfz;nlhU ehL

fpilf;Fk; kl;Lk; ,dpAk;fpilf;Fk; kl;Lk; ,dpAk;fpilf;Fk; kl;Lk; ,dpAk;fpilf;Fk; kl;Lk; ,dpAk;fpilf;Fk; kl;Lk; ,dpAk;

rpq;fstd; Fz;L Nghlhkyhrpq;fstd; Fz;L Nghlhkyhrpq;fstd; Fz;L Nghlhkyhrpq;fstd; Fz;L Nghlhkyhrpq;fstd; Fz;L Nghlhkyh

tpLthd;tpLthd;tpLthd;tpLthd;tpLthd;|||||||||| vd;W.

jkpo;kf;fs; vd;w

xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhf

ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs;>

Kjpath;fs; vd;w

NtWghby;yhky;

gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd

kf;fs; rpq;fs ,dthj

murpdhYk; mjd;

$ypg;gilfshYk; nfhd;W

Ftpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

,g;Ngutyk; jkpoPoj;jpd;

midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk;

jl;bapUe;jJ.

,j;jifa

gLnfhiyr; rk;gtq;fspd;

jhf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J kf;fs;

,d;Dk; tpLgltpy;iy.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU

kf;fSk; ghjpg;gpd;

Rikfisj; jq;fs;

kdq;fspy;

Rke;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;.

jkpo;kf;fis

ntw;wpnfhs;s Kbahj

re;jh;g;gq;fspy; vy;yhk;

Njhy;tpapd; ntspg;ghl;il

mg;ghtp kf;fisg;

gLnfhiy nra;tjd;

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