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Melchidizedek???elchidizedek???

Priest & KingPriest & King

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Howow andan whyw y does the authoroes e au orof Hebrews use Melchizedekf Hebrews use Melchizedekto support his/hero support his/herChristologyhristology?? Melchidizek is mentioned 8 times inMelchidizek is mentioned 8 times in

Hebrews: 5:6, 5:10, 6:20, 7:1,10,11,Hebrews: 5:6, 5:10, 6:20, 7:1,10,11,

15, 1715, 17

Once in Genesis (14:18)Once in Genesis (14:18) Once in Ps 110:4Once in Ps 110:4

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Hebrews 5:ebrews 5: 4 And no one takes the honor to himself, but

receives itwhen he is called by God, even as

Aaron was.

5 So also Christ did not glorify Himself so as to

become a high priest, but He who said to Him,"YOU ARE MY SON, TODAY I HAVE

BEGOTTEN YOU";

6 just as He says also in anotherpassage,

"YOU ARE A PRIEST FOREVERACCORDING TO THE ORDER OF

MELCHIZEDEK."

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Hebrews 5 8 Although He was a Son, He learned

obedience from the things which He suffered.

9 And having been made perfect, He becameto all those who obey Him the source of eternal

salvation,

10 being designated by God as a highpriest according to the order of

Melchizedek.

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Hebrews 6ebrews 620 where Jesus has entered as a

forerunner for us, having become a

high priest forever according to theorder of Melchizedek.

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Hebrews 7:Hebrews 7:

1 For this Melchizedek, king of Salem,

priest of the Most High God, who met

Abraham as he was returning from the

slaughter of the kings and blessed him,2 to whom also Abraham apportioned a

tenth part of all the spoils, was first of all,

by the translation of his name, king ofrighteousness, and then also king of

Salem, which is king of peace.

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3 Without father, without mother, withoutgenealogy, having neither beginning of

days nor end of life, but made like theSon of God, he remains a priestperpetually.

4 Now observe how great this man was

to whom Abraham, the patriarch, gave atenth of the choicest spoils.

5 And those indeed of the sons of Levi

who receive the priest's office havecommandment in the Law to collect atenth from the people, that is, from theirbrethren, although these are descended

from Abraham.

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6 But the one whose genealogy is nottraced from them collected a tenthfrom Abraham and blessed the onewho had the promises.

7 But without any dispute the lesseris blessed by the greater.

8 In this case mortal men receivetithes, but in that case one receivesthem, of whom it is witnessed that helives on.

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9 And, so to speak, through Abraham

even Levi, who received tithes, paid

tithes, 10 for he was still in the loins of his

father when Melchizedek met him.

11 Now if perfection was through theLevitical priesthood (for on the basis of

it the people received the Law), what

further need was there for anotherpriest to arise according to the order of

Melchizedek, and not be designated

according to the order of Aaron?

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12 For when the priesthood is changed,of necessity there takes place a change

of law also. 13 For the one concerning whom these

things are spoken belongs to another

tribe, from which no one has officiated atthe altar.

14 For it is evident that our Lord wasdescended from Judah, a tribe with

reference to which Moses spoke nothingconcerning priests.

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15 And this is clearer still, if another

priest arises according to the likeness of

Melchizedek,

16 who has become such not on the

basis of a law of physical requirement,

but according to the power of an

indestructible life.

17 For it is attested of Him, "YOU ARE A

PRIEST FOREVER ACCORDING TOTHE ORDER OF MELCHIZEDEK."

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Genesis: 14: 17-20enesis: 14: 17-20

17 Then after his return from the defeat ofChedorlaomer and the kings who were withhim, the king of Sodom went out to meet him atthe valley of Shaveh (that is, the King's Valley).18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought out

bread and wine; now he was a priest of GodMost High.

19 He blessed him and said, "Blessed beAbram of God Most High, Possessor of heavenand earth; 20 And blessed be God Most High,Who has delivered your enemies into yourhand." He gave him a tenth of all.

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Ps 110:4 Psalm 110:4 4 The LORD has sworn

and will not change His mind, "You are a

priest forever According to the orderof Melchizedek."

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Where to begin?here to begin? Who was the author of Hebrews?Who was the author of Hebrews?

Date?Date?

Who was author of Gen 18:14Who was author of Gen 18:14 When?When?

Who was the author of Ps 110Who was the author of Ps 110

WhenWhen

How does the author of Hebrews come to hisHow does the author of Hebrews come to hisdescriptions about Melchizidekdescriptions about Melchizidek

Why?Why?

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Check the translations heck the translations Genesisenesis

BGT Genesis14:18 kai.Melcisedekbasileu.j Salhmevxh,negken

a;rtouj kai. oi=nonh=n de. i`ereu.jtou/ qeou/ tou/u`yi,stou

LXE Genesis 14:18

And Melchisedecking of Salembrought forth loavesand wine, and hewas the priest of themost high God.

NET Genesis 14:18Melchizedek king of

Salem brought outbread and wine.(Now he was thepriest of the MostHigh God.)

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14:18 46 sn Salem is traditionally identified as the

Jebusite stronghold of old Jerusalem.

Accordingly, there has been much speculationabout its king. Though some have identified

him with the preincarnate Christ or with Noah's

son Shem, it is far more likely that Melchizedek

was a Canaanite royal priest whom God used

to renew the promise of the blessing to Abram,

perhaps because Abram considered

Melchizedek his spiritual superior.

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But Melchizedek remains an enigma. In a

book filled with genealogical records he

appears on the scene without a genealogy and

then disappears from the narrative. In

Psalm 110 the LORD declares that the Davidic

king is a royal priest after the pattern of

Melchizedek.

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47 tn The parenthetical disjunctive clausesignificantly identifies Melchizedek as a priestas well as a king.

sn It is his royal priestly status that makesMelchizedek a type of Christ: He was identifiedwith Jerusalem, superior to the ancestor ofIsrael, and both a king and a priest. Unlike thenormal Canaanites, this man served "God MostHigh" (!Ayl.[, lae, 'el'elyon) one sovereignGod, who was the creator of all the universe.

Abram had in him a spiritual brother.

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Ps 110:4s 110:4 `qd

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Net Bible Notes on PS 110:4

16 sn You are an eternal priest. The Davidicking exercised a non-Levitical priestly role. The

king superintended Judah's cultic ritual, had

authority over the Levites, and sometimes led

in formal worship. David himself instructed theLevites to bring the ark of the covenant to

Jerusalem (1Chr15:1115), joined the

procession, offered sacrifices, wore a priestly

ephod, and blessed the people (

2 Sam 6:1219). At the dedication of the

temple Solomon led the ceremony, offering

sacrifices and praying on behalf of the people (1K s8 .

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18 sn The Davidic king's priestly role isanalogous to that ofMelchizedek, who was

both "king of Salem" (i.e., Jerusalem) and a"priest of God Most High" in the time ofAbraham (Gen 14:1820). Like Melchizedek,the Davidic king was a royal priest, distinctfrom the Aaronic line (see Heb 7). The analogyfocuses on the king's priestly role; the languageneed not imply that Melchizedek himself was"an eternal priest."

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Early conjecturesabout the why Non Levitical

Priest

King

Jesus is from line of Judah/David

Appointed to priestly role didntinherit it

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As many scholars have noted, the poetsAs many scholars have noted, the poetsattempt to present the king as both monarchattempt to present the king as both monarchand priest suggests that this particular psalmand priest suggests that this particular psalm

was composed not for a Davidic king, but forwas composed not for a Davidic king, but forone of the Hasmoneans, non-Davidicone of the Hasmoneans, non-DavidicMaccabean rulers who reigned in Judah fromMaccabean rulers who reigned in Judah fromabout 142-63 BCE. Although they were notabout 142-63 BCE. Although they were notdescended from the Aaronic line of priests, thedescended from the Aaronic line of priests, the

Hasmoneans appropriated the office of HighHasmoneans appropriated the office of HighPriest as well as that of king. They may havePriest as well as that of king. They may havetried to legitimize their holding both offices bytried to legitimize their holding both offices byclaiming descent from the king-priestclaiming descent from the king-priest

Melchizedek. (psalms that eventually becameMelchizedek. (psalms that eventually becamepart of the canon then were still beingpart of the canon then were still beingcomposed in the late second or early 1st Ccomposed in the late second or early 1st CBCEBCE (Harris,(Harris, Understanding the BIble)Understanding the BIble)

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Who were theauthors?

Hebrews (more a sermon than epistle) Hebrews (more a sermon than epistle) Paul Paul BarnabasBarnabas,, ApollosApollos, Clement,, Clement,

LukeLuke Genesis 14:18 JGenesis 14:18 J

Ps 110- (2 brief oracles, v 1 & 4) David 9Ps 110- (2 brief oracles, v 1 & 4) David 9C BCE or someone in the MaccabeanC BCE or someone in the Maccabeanperiod 2 BCEperiod 2 BCE

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When? Hebrews - 62 or 63 CEHebrews - 62 or 63 CE

Genesis 14:18 Proponents of the DocumentaryGenesis 14:18 Proponents of the Documentary

Hypothesis view the Melchizedek narrative as aHypothesis view the Melchizedek narrative as afragment from a once independent tradition concerningfragment from a once independent tradition concerningJerusalem that the Yahwist inserted awkwardly into theJerusalem that the Yahwist inserted awkwardly into thesurrounding narrative concerning the battle.surrounding narrative concerning the battle.

J was composedJ was composed cc850 BC and later incorporated into the Torah850 BC and later incorporated into the Torah((cc400 BC).400 BC).[[

Ps 110:4 Final form of Psalter around 3BCE, DavidsPs 110:4 Final form of Psalter around 3BCE, Davidsreign , late 10reign , late 10thth C BCEC BCE

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Which came first? Thehich came first? ThePsalm or Genesis?salm or Genesis? Was the passage inserted in GenesisWas the passage inserted in Genesis

based on Ps 110, or Ps 110 on Genesisbased on Ps 110, or Ps 110 on Genesis

or are they independent of each other?or are they independent of each other?

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Background info:ackground info: Melchizedeks name = Zedek is my kingMelchizedeks name = Zedek is my king

or My king is righteous. (Theres aor My king is righteous. (Theres a

Canaanite deity with that name, too)Canaanite deity with that name, too) King of Salem (aka Jerusalem) peaceKing of Salem (aka Jerusalem) peace

Priest of El Elyon - most high God,Priest of El Elyon - most high God,

interpreted as Yahwehinterpreted as Yahweh Some scholars think it refers to ZedekSome scholars think it refers to Zedek

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Where else to look?here else to look?TorahTorah

TargumTargum

MidrashMidrash

Extra canonicalExtra canonical

JosephusJosephus

PhiloPhilo

JubileesJubilees

2 Enoch2 Enoch

Genesis ApocryphaGenesis Apocrypha

Pseudo-EupolemosPseudo-Eupolemos

MacabeesMacabees

QumranQumran

Nag HammadiNag Hammadi GnosticGnostic

Pistis SophiaPistis Sophia

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Qumran -umran - Genesis Apocryphon: amounts to aGenesis Apocryphon: amounts to a

translation of Genesis 14:18-20 withtranslation of Genesis 14:18-20 with

additions (latter part of 1additions (latter part of 1stst

C latter partC latter partof 1of 1stst C CE) Melchizedek brings out foodC CE) Melchizedek brings out food

and drink and all the men who were withand drink and all the men who were with

him; confirms Abraham gave tithe tohim; confirms Abraham gave tithe toMelchizedek and not the other wayMelchizedek and not the other way

aroundaround

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Qumran 11Qumran 11Q Eschatological figureEschatological figure

Badly preserved fragmented text, lacunae Badly preserved fragmented text, lacunae difficult to translatedifficult to translate

Date around middle of 1Date around middle of 1stst C CEC CE Superior being of some sort who will appear atSuperior being of some sort who will appear at

the end of days to bring atonement for the sonsthe end of days to bring atonement for the sonsof light and who is the direct opponent of Belial.of light and who is the direct opponent of Belial.

Melchizedek as Elohim expresses theMelchizedek as Elohim expresses thejudgments of El in the heavenly assembly andjudgments of El in the heavenly assembly and

is also the one who will exact the penalties,is also the one who will exact the penalties,aided by the angelsaided by the angels The anointed one is a prophet who announcesThe anointed one is a prophet who announces

the reign of Melchizedekthe reign of Melchizedek

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Philohilo Mentions Melchizedek in (Legum AllegoriaeMentions Melchizedek in (Legum Allegoriae

3.79-82; De Congressu 89; De Abrahamo 235).3.79-82; De Congressu 89; De Abrahamo 235).

Philo interprets the text of Genesis in aPhilo interprets the text of Genesis in aPlatonic-allegorical fashion,Platonic-allegorical fashion,

Sees in Melchizedek a reference to the divineSees in Melchizedek a reference to the divineLogos,Logos, the thought of God in which the patternthe thought of God in which the patternof all existing things is conceived and theof all existing things is conceived and the"image" of God according to which man was"image" of God according to which man wascreated.created.

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2 ENOCHENOCH 2 Enoch, attests to early Jewish interest2 Enoch, attests to early Jewish interest

in the figure of Melchizedek. The datein the figure of Melchizedek. The dateand place of this document areand place of this document are

controversial, but recent scholarshipcontroversial, but recent scholarship

places its original Greek version in theplaces its original Greek version in thefirst century A.D. in Alexandriafirst century A.D. in Alexandria

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In this text (chaps. 71-72), a child is born miraculously toIn this text (chaps. 71-72), a child is born miraculously toNoah's recently deceased sister-in-law, and the child,Noah's recently deceased sister-in-law, and the child,marked on his chest with a priestly seal, speaks andmarked on his chest with a priestly seal, speaks andpraises God. The boy is named Melchizedek by Noahpraises God. The boy is named Melchizedek by Noahand his brother Nir, whose wife had been posthumouslyand his brother Nir, whose wife had been posthumouslydelivered. In a night vision Nir is told of the impendingdelivered. In a night vision Nir is told of the impendingflood; he is also informed that the archangel Michael willflood; he is also informed that the archangel Michael will

bring Melchizedek to paradise, thus enabling him tobring Melchizedek to paradise, thus enabling him toescape the flood waters. Melchizedek will eventuallyescape the flood waters. Melchizedek will eventuallybecome the chief of priests among the people, and inbecome the chief of priests among the people, and inthe end of days he will be revealed yet another time asthe end of days he will be revealed yet another time asthe chief priest. In this text, Melchizedek has threethe chief priest. In this text, Melchizedek has threedifferent earthly manifestations: born before the Flood,different earthly manifestations: born before the Flood,serving in the postdiluvian age as a great priest, andserving in the postdiluvian age as a great priest, andfunctioning in the end-time as a messianic priest (cf.functioning in the end-time as a messianic priest (cf.Gruenewald, pp. 90-92; Delcor, pp. 127-30).Gruenewald, pp. 90-92; Delcor, pp. 127-30).

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Nag Hammadiag Hammadi A fragmentary text from Nag Hammadi (IX.1:A fragmentary text from Nag Hammadi (IX.1:

Melchizedek; cf. Pearson, 1981, pp. 19-85)Melchizedek; cf. Pearson, 1981, pp. 19-85)contains an apocalypse given by angels tocontains an apocalypse given by angels to

Melchizedek, "priest of God Most High." It isMelchizedek, "priest of God Most High." It isrevealed to Melchizedek that he will ultimatelyrevealed to Melchizedek that he will ultimatelyreappear as Jesus Christ, Son of God, to doreappear as Jesus Christ, Son of God, to dobattle with the cosmic forces of darkness. Herebattle with the cosmic forces of darkness. Here

one can see influence not only from the Epistleone can see influence not only from the Epistleto the Hebrews but also from non-Christianto the Hebrews but also from non-Christianlore.lore.

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Pistis Sophia, Book 4istis Sophia, Book 4 The most developed levels of speculation onThe most developed levels of speculation on

Melchizedek, also lacking any influence fromMelchizedek, also lacking any influence fromHebrews, are found in Pistis Sophia, Book 4, inHebrews, are found in Pistis Sophia, Book 4, in

which Melchizedek plays a key role in thewhich Melchizedek plays a key role in theprocess of purifying human souls for entry intoprocess of purifying human souls for entry intothe "Treasury of Light" and transferring themthe "Treasury of Light" and transferring themfrom the domain of the archons, or earthlyfrom the domain of the archons, or earthlyrulers, to that heavenly region. The youngerrulers, to that heavenly region. The younger

material in books 1-3 of Pistis Sophia developsmaterial in books 1-3 of Pistis Sophia developsthese ideas further: Melchizedek is a heavenlythese ideas further: Melchizedek is a heavenlybeing who seals the saved souls upon theirbeing who seals the saved souls upon theirentry into the realm of light.entry into the realm of light.

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Jubileesubilees Jubilees 1322-27 tells Genesis story Jubilees 1322-27 tells Genesis story

missing verses/blank space Is it themissing verses/blank space Is it the

narrative on Melchizidek that would be innarrative on Melchizidek that would be inthe missing verses???the missing verses???

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Josephus & othersosephus & othersMELCHIZEDEK AS A QUASI-MELCHIZEDEK AS A QUASI-HISTORICAL FIGURE. He is mentionedHISTORICAL FIGURE. He is mentioned

fairly frequently in Second Templefairly frequently in Second Temple

literature, but often in what could beliterature, but often in what could becalled "historical" rather than mediatorialcalled "historical" rather than mediatorial

contexts. Josephus (Ant. 1.10.2) and thecontexts. Josephus (Ant. 1.10.2) and the

Genesis Apocryphon (col. 22)Genesis Apocryphon (col. 22)

paraphrase the passage in Genesis andparaphrase the passage in Genesis and

explictly identify Salem with Jerusalem.explictly identify Salem with Jerusalem.

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Pseudo-Eupolemos (Praep. Evan. 9.17.6)Pseudo-Eupolemos (Praep. Evan. 9.17.6)refers to him briefly as the ruler of a cityrefers to him briefly as the ruler of a city(which one is not clear) and a priest of(which one is not clear) and a priest ofGod who gave gifts to Abraham. He isGod who gave gifts to Abraham. He isalso mentioned in the Hellenisticalso mentioned in the Hellenistic

Synagogal Prayers (from books 7-8 ofSynagogal Prayers (from books 7-8 ofthe Apostolic Constitutions), prayers thatthe Apostolic Constitutions), prayers thatare Christian in their current form, butare Christian in their current form, butthat seem to draw on Jewish Greekthat seem to draw on Jewish Greek

material from the early centuries C.E. Butmaterial from the early centuries C.E. Buthe doesn't function as a divine mediatorhe doesn't function as a divine mediatorin any of these texts.in any of these texts.

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Church fathershurch fathers

The church fathers attest to several heterodoxThe church fathers attest to several heterodoxideas associated with Melchizedek.ideas associated with Melchizedek.

Hippolytus of Rome (Refutatio 7.35-36) andHippolytus of Rome (Refutatio 7.35-36) and

Epiphanius of Salamis (Panarion 55) are theEpiphanius of Salamis (Panarion 55) are the

most important witnesses to a group of hereticsmost important witnesses to a group of hereticscalled Melchizedekians. They had a lowcalled Melchizedekians. They had a low

Christology and exalted Melchizedek as aChristology and exalted Melchizedek as a

heavenly power superior to Christ. Othersheavenly power superior to Christ. Others

equated Melchizedek with the Holy Spiritequated Melchizedek with the Holy Spirit(Panarion 67),(Panarion 67),

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and some "even in the true church" (i.e., notand some "even in the true church" (i.e., not

"heretics") naively regarded Melchizedek as"heretics") naively regarded Melchizedek as

the Son of God (Panarion 55.7.3). The laterthe Son of God (Panarion 55.7.3). The later

view seems also to have been present amongview seems also to have been present among

the monasteries of Egypt (Apophthegmatathe monasteries of Egypt (Apophthegmata

Patrum, in Patrologia Graeca 65.160) and wasPatrum, in Patrologia Graeca 65.160) and waseven defended in a treatise on Melchizedek byeven defended in a treatise on Melchizedek by

a fifth-century resident of the Judean desert,a fifth-century resident of the Judean desert,

Mark the Hermit (PG 65.1117-40). Such viewsMark the Hermit (PG 65.1117-40). Such views

were eventually overcome by teacher-bishopswere eventually overcome by teacher-bishopssuch as Cyril of Alexandria (PG 65.160).such as Cyril of Alexandria (PG 65.160).

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Rabinicalabinical

On the Jewish side, while early rabbisOn the Jewish side, while early rabbiscontinued to speculate on Melchizedek's role incontinued to speculate on Melchizedek's role in

scripture (e.g., equating him with Shem, son ofscripture (e.g., equating him with Shem, son of

Noah; cf. b. Nedarim 32b; Midrash Gen. R.Noah; cf. b. Nedarim 32b; Midrash Gen. R.

44.7; Targum Ps.-J. Gen. 14:18), a major44.7; Targum Ps.-J. Gen. 14:18), a majorstream of rabbinic tradition viewed Melchizedekstream of rabbinic tradition viewed Melchizedek

negatively, a fact that indicates some Jewishnegatively, a fact that indicates some Jewish

sensitivity to the use of Melchizedek traditionssensitivity to the use of Melchizedek traditions

by Christians (Gianotto, pp. 172-85).by Christians (Gianotto, pp. 172-85).

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SoSome possibilitiesoSome possibilitiesIs Melchizedek historical figure priestIs Melchizedek historical figure priest

king of Salem who turned his role over toking of Salem who turned his role over toAbraham? -Abraham? -

11stst Priest of GodPriest of God

Son of Shem, the son of Noah?Son of Shem, the son of Noah?

The chief heavenly eternal priest?The chief heavenly eternal priest?

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Is Melchizedek a warrier angel?Is Melchizedek a warrier angel?

Is Melchizedek Jesus/LogosIs Melchizedek Jesus/Logos Oris Jesus really Melchizidek?Oris Jesus really Melchizidek?

Or the Holy Spirit?Or the Holy Spirit?

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Next steps?ext steps? Try to get to primary vs. secondaryTry to get to primary vs. secondary

sourcessources The Melchizedek TraditionThe Melchizedek Tradition by Frankby Frank

Horton seemsHorton seems

authoritative/reliable/thoroughauthoritative/reliable/thorough Any suggestions?Any suggestions?

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Referenceseferences Dead Sea Scrolls, A New TranslationDead Sea Scrolls, A New Translation. Michael Wise, Martin Abegg, Jr., & Edward Cook.. Michael Wise, Martin Abegg, Jr., & Edward Cook.

NY:HarperSanFrancisco,1996 p.83NY:HarperSanFrancisco,1996 p.83

Harris, Stephen L.Harris, Stephen L. Understanding the Bible.Understanding the Bible. Mountain View, CA:Mayfield Publishing, 2000Mountain View, CA:Mayfield Publishing, 2000 Horton, Fred L. Jr.Horton, Fred L. Jr. The Melchizedek TraditionThe Melchizedek Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1976.1976. Juel, Donald.Juel, Donald. Messianic ExegesisMessianic Exegesis. Philadelphia:Fortress, 1988.. Philadelphia:Fortress, 1988. Kaiser, Walter C.Kaiser, Walter C. The Messiah in the Old TestamentThe Messiah in the Old Testament. Grand Rapids:Zondervan, 1984. Grand Rapids:Zondervan, 1984 Kugel, James L.Kugel, James L.The Bible as It Was.The Bible as It Was. Cambridge, Mass:Belknap Press, 1997.Cambridge, Mass:Belknap Press, 1997. New English translation New Testament 27New English translation New Testament 27thth Ed. Dallas:Net Bible Press, 2004.Ed. Dallas:Net Bible Press, 2004.

The ScripturesThe Scriptures. Northriding, South Africa:Institute for Scripture Research, 2002. Northriding, South Africa:Institute for Scripture Research, 2002 http://http://www.abu.nb.ca/courses/NewTestament/Hebrews/Melch.ht mwww.abu.nb.ca/courses/NewTestament/Hebrews/Melch.htm http://http://users.aristotle.net/~bhuie/melchiz.htmusers.aristotle.net/~bhuie/melchiz.htm http://assets.cambridge.org/97805210/18715/toc/9780521018715_toc.pdfhttp://assets.cambridge.org/97805210/18715/toc/9780521018715_toc.pdf http://http://www.biblestudy.org/basicart/whomelcz.htmlwww.biblestudy.org/basicart/whomelcz.html http://http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/melchizedek.htm lwww.earlychristianwritings.com/melchizedek.html http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/melchiz.htmlhttp://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/melchiz.html

http://http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artidwww.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=383&letter=M=383&letter=M

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