Technology – Client Services 600 Avenue de la Montagne, Shawinigan, Quebec Canada G9N 7N5 Technical Report Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn- Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public André Laperrière February 2011
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Technology – Client Services 600 Avenue de la Montagne, Shawinigan, Quebec Canada G9N 7N5
Technical Report
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda
LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
André Laperrière
February 2011
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda
LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public Copy No. _______
Author: André Laperrière
Collaborators: Chrisnel Blot, Spectralux Noel Lanouette, Rouyn-Noranda Pierrette Leblanc, Natural Resources Canada Patrick Martineau, Hydro-Québec Project Manager: André Laperrière Under Project: Advanced Lighting Technologies J-4024
Requestor: Client Platform Business Unit Project Manager: Patrick Martineau
Approved by:
My Dung Handfield
Chief of Technology, Client Services
Hydro-Québec Research Institute
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda iii LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Downward house side lumens Downward street side lumens
1592 lumens 3754 lumens
Figure S-2: Lumens distribution from luminaire with 100 W HPS lamp
(130 W total)
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Total lumens: 3084
Downward house side lumens Downward street side lumens
1018 lumens 2066 lumens
Figure S-3: Lumens distribution from LED luminaire (55 W total)
In conclusion, it is hoped that this report will enable readers to make an informed decision regarding
the new advanced technologies for street lighting.
_________________________________
André Laperrière, Researcher, Technology, Client Services, Energy Technology Laboratory (LTE)
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda xi LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Acknowledgements
The principal author wishes to thank all those who were involved in the preparation of this report.
He wishes also to acknowledge the excellent collaboration of the municipality of Rouyn-Noranda
for, in a sense, "lending" the city to serve as a science laboratory. This pilot project (Rouyn-
Noranda: LED Urban Lighting Project) was also made possible through the financial support of
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). On March 2, 2011, the Union des municipalités du Québec
was pleased to announce that 17 innovative projects were recognized in the seventh edition of the
Ovation municipale awards. The Rouyn-Noranda project was a winner in the Environment and
Sustainable Development category. To be nominated, projects must represent an outstanding
benefit to the community and must make an original and innovative contribution to the life and
development of the community or its regional municipality. Nominations are evaluated on four
criteria: originality (counting for 35% of the total score), potential for application in other
municipalities (25%), local benefits (25%) and resource optimization (15%).
Finalists made a presentation on their projects at the 2011 UMQ congress, held in the Municipal
Innovation Pavillion, allowing judges to complete their evaluation to determine the winning
municipalities. Since the UMQ Ovation municipale awards program was launched in 2005, over 300
projects from across Quebec have been nominated.
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda xiii LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Table of Contents
Pages
1. STREET LIGHTING AND PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................3 1.1 Illuminance and luminance.....................................................................................................4
1.2 Recommended luminance values ..........................................................................................8 2. CIE STANDARD 115:2010 – LIGHTING OF ROADS FOR MOTOR AND PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC ..........11
EVALUATION OF LED TECHNOLOGY
3. LABORATORY TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRE IN INTEGRATING SPHERE.........................................13
4. GONIOPHOTOMETER TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRES ..................................................................15
5. MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR LED.............................................................................................21
6. ASSIST AND MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR LED ........................................................................27
7. SIMULATIONS FOR LED LUMINAIRE ON LEMIRE STREET (35 FT WIDE) .......................................28
EVALUATION OF HPS TECHNOLOGY
8. SPHERE TESTS OF USED HPS LAMPS AND BALLASTS ...............................................................31
9. SPHERE TESTS OF NEW HPS LAMPS WITH NEW BALLASTS........................................................33
10. GONIOPHOTOMETRY TESTING OF USED HPS LAMPS AND LUMINAIRES .......................................35
11. GONIOPHOTOMETER TESTS OF USED LUMINAIRES AND NEW HPS LAMPS WITH REFERENCE BALLAST ................................................................................................................................39
12. SIMULATIONS FOR HPS LUMINAIRE ON LEMIRE STREET (35 FT WIDE) .......................................43
13. MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR HPS ............................................................................................47
14. ASSIST AND MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR HPS ........................................................................51
COMPARISON OF LED AND HPS
15. ASSIST AND LED VERSUS HPS.............................................................................................53
16. FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF LED LIGHTING ................................................................................55
APPENDIX A: SPHERE TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRES ............................................................................71
APPENDIX B: MIRROR PHOTOMETER TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRES .......................................................87
APPENDIX C: KEY DATES IN PILOT PROJECT .........................................................................................99
APPENDIX D: PHOTOS FROM LED LIGHTING PROJECT IN ROUYN-NORANDA........................................ 103
APPENDIX E: LEVELS REQUIRED FOR URBAN AREAS OF OTTAWA ....................................................... 107
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List of Figures
Pages Figure 1: How illuminance (in lux) is measured .................................................................................. 5 Figure 2: Observer angles for calculating illuminance and luminance................................................ 6
Figure 4: Calculation grid for area between 2 luminaires.................................................................... 8 Figure 5: LED luminaire mounted in integrating sphere.................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Spectral distribution of LED luminaire................................................................................ 14 Figure 7: Chromaticity diagram for LED luminaire ............................................................................ 14 Figure 8: Luminaire angles for full cutoff classification ..................................................................... 16 Figure 9: BUG rating zones............................................................................................................... 18 Figure 10: Coefficients of utilization, test S1010131-R1 ................................................................... 20 Figure 11: Spectral power distribution of LED lighting ...................................................................... 22 Figure 12: LED luminous flux distribution by vision type................................................................... 24 Figure 13: Configuration of Lemire Street ......................................................................................... 28 Figure 14: Results of LED simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height,
6 ft setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1010131-R1.ies......................................................................... 30 Figure 15: Overall efficacy of existing HPS system, used and dirty.................................................. 37 Figure 16: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast (BF
of 1) ................................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 17: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and BF of 0.9............... 41 Figure 18: Overall efficacy of new LED luminaire ............................................................................. 42 Figure 19: Results of simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height, 6 ft
setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1011052-R1.ies ............................................................................... 45 Figure 20: HPS luminaire mounted in sphere ................................................................................... 47 Figure 21: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire .................................................................. 48 Figure 22: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire in test L1011045-C1................................. 49 Figure 23: HPS luminous flux distribution by vision type .................................................................. 50 Figure 24: Effect of mesopic correction by luminance level.............................................................. 54 Figure 25: Illuminance levels measured on Lemire Street................................................................ 56 Figure 26: Comparison of HPS and LED (mounting height 30 ft, street width 24 ft, with and without
mesopic correction) ........................................................................................................................... 67 Figure 27: Effect of source spectral distribution on (mesopic) visual effect ...................................... 67 Figure 28: Luminance: mounting height 30 ft, standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft ............ 68
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List of Tables
Pages Table 1: Illuminance levels prescribed in IES standard RP-8 ............................................................. 3 Table 2: Recommended luminance and luminance ratio values ........................................................ 9 Table 3: CIE 115-2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, and category P........... 11 Table 4: Flux with LED luminaire in integrating sphere..................................................................... 15 Table 5: Positions of maximum intensity by luminaire type .............................................................. 15 Table 6: Quantity of light measured with mirror photometer ............................................................. 16 Table 7: Lumens distribution by zone ............................................................................................... 17 Table 8: Maximum lumens for criterion B.......................................................................................... 18 Table 9: Maximum lumens for criterion U ......................................................................................... 19 Table 10: Maximum lumens for criterion G ....................................................................................... 19 Table 11: Lumens measured with LED in integrating sphere ........................................................... 23 Table 12: Photopic and scotopic lumens from LED luminaire, by wavelength ................................. 24 Table 13: Measurements in the integrating sphere........................................................................... 25 Table 14: S/P ratio for 0.3 cd/m2, according to ASSIST.................................................................... 27 Table 15: S/P ratio for 0.24 and 0.26 cd/m2, according to ASSIST .................................................. 27 Table 16: Results of LED luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street, ........................................ 29 with standards 140 ft apart ................................................................................................................ 29 Table 17: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street..... 30 Table 18: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts.................................................................. 31 Table 19: Colorimetry of used HPS lamps and ballasts.................................................................... 31 Table 20: Power of used HPS lamps with reference ballast ............................................................. 32 Table 21: Sphere tests of new HPS lamps with new ballasts ........................................................... 33 Table 22: Tests with new ballasts and new HPS lamps ................................................................... 34 Table 23: Effect of voltage on lamp luminous flux............................................................................. 34 Table 24: Luminous flux of HPS luminaire (dirty and clean) with used lamps .................................. 35 Table 25: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts.................................................................. 35 Table 26: Luminaire performance ..................................................................................................... 36 Table 27: Clean used luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast.............................................. 39 Table 28: New lamp with reference ballast ....................................................................................... 39 Table 29: Data used for simulations on Lemire Street...................................................................... 43 Table 30: Results of HPS luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street,........................................ 44 with standards 140 ft apart and street width 35 ft ............................................................................. 44
xviii Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Table 31: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street..... 45 Table 32: Lumens measured in sphere with HPS luminaire and reference ballast .......................... 49 Table 33: Photopic lumens and scotopic lumens from HPS luminaire, by wavelength .................... 49 Table 34: S/P ratio according to ASSIST for HPS at 0.3 cd/m2 ........................................................ 51 Table 35: LED/HPS ratio by luminance level .................................................................................... 53 Table 36: Summary of experimental measurements from Lemire Street ......................................... 55 Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue .................................................................................... 57 Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area............................................................................................... 60 Table 39: Comparison of illuminance measurements and illuminance simulations.......................... 63 Table 40: Comparison of HPS and LED in Lemire Street simulation................................................ 64 Table 41: Scotopic lumens and photopic lumens by technology ...................................................... 65 Table 42: Results of simulations based on modified Lemire Street, ................................................. 66 with standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft ............................................................................. 66
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Introduction
In street lighting, new LED technology is slowly gaining ground and creating increasing interest.
Consumers are increasingly looking for technologies that will reduce energy costs while providing
acceptable visual performance. It was in this context that a trial was conducted in the municipality
of Rouyn-Noranda using LED luminaires supplied by Genex Vision Inc.
An experiment procedure was developed in order to evaluate this new technology in the field. The
luminaires were first evaluated in the lab by Spectralux Industries Inc. of Montreal. In the lab test
phase, both the integrating sphere and goniophotometer methods were used to test LED
technology and the current high pressure sodium (HPS) technology. Next, simulation tests were
conducted using Visual Roadway Lighting Tool software.
The methodical investigation continued over time, and field trials were conducted to validate the
illuminance levels determined in the simulations. In this report, the objective is to examine this new
technology in a specific application: street lighting. The practical aim is to determine the potential
for energy savings without sacrificing lighting quality.
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1. Street lighting and principles
IES standard RP-8 applies to roadway lighting, and it is important to understand how the relevant
calculations are done. The "local" roadway category consists of residential streets.
Table 1: Illuminance levels prescribed in IES standard RP-8
Road and Pedestrian Conflict Area
Route Pedestrian Conflict Area
R2 & R3 lux
Uniformity ratio
Eavg / Emin
(Max allowed)
Veiling luminance
ratio LVmax / Lavg
(Max allowed)
Freeway Class A
9.0 3.0 0.3
Freeway Class B
6.0 3.0 0.3
High 14.0 3.0 0.3
Medium 12.0 3.0 0.3
Expressway
Low 9.0 3.0 0.3
High 17.0 3.0 0.3
Medium 13.0 3.0 0.3
Major
Low 9.0 3.0 0.3
High 12.0 4.0 0.4
Medium 9.0 4.0 0.4
Collector
Low 6.0 4.0 0.4
High 9.0 6.0 0.4
Medium 7.0 6.0 0.4
Local
Low 4.0 6.0 0.4
IES RP-8 prescribes illuminance levels in lux1 for different types of paved surfaces, routes and
pedestrian conflict areas. The term "pedestrian conflict area" refers to pedestrian activity and the
number of pedestrians per hour:
1 Source: Internet
4 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
High: 100 or more pedestrians per hour
Medium: 11 to 99 per hour
Low: 10 or less per hour
Asphalt pavement is generally classified as type R3 due to its reflectance properties. Under IES
RP-8 criteria, the method based on recommended values according to the luminance method is
described later. To clarify the difference between these two methods – illuminance and luminance –
we start with the following definition:
The density of luminous flux at a given point on a surface is defined as the luminous flux per unit of
area.
1.1 Illuminance and luminance
1.1.1 Illuminance
The density of luminous flux is also referred to as the illuminance level. The SI unit used to
quantify illuminance is the lux (lx); 1 lx = 1 lumen per square metre. A photometer is used to
measure illuminance (as shown in Figure 1). Note: the illuminance level on a surface is
independent of the reflectance of that surface.
dAdEhϕ
=
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2
Figure 1: How illuminance (in lux) is measured
Where hE represents horizontal illuminance and I represents luminous intensity in cd/m2, the
inverse square law can be used to calculate illuminance using the angles φ and γ shown in
Figure 2.
2
)(),(D
LLFCosIEh××
=γγφ
Or, )(γCos
HD = and last:
2
3 )(),(H
LLFCosIEh××
=γγφ
Light loss factor (LLF) is defined as the factor used to determine luminosity degradation over time
due to aging of the source, soiling and other elements.
6 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 2: Observer angles for calculating illuminance and luminance
1.1.2 Luminance
Luminance is defined as the quantity of light that is reflected by a surface and reaches the eye of an
observer. In other words, it is the quantity of light that reaches the observer's eye. IES standards
traditionally have been based on the illuminance method, but now the luminance method has been
adopted because it provides a more accurate depiction of reality and takes into consideration the
type of surface involved. The observer is located 83.07 m from the point and the observer's eyes
are 1.45 m above the surface of the street, and the observer looks at the surface at an angle of 1°
from the horizontal.3
3 ROADWAY LIGHTING DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND EVALUATION; Olkan Cuvalci
(Western Kentucky University Engineering Technology Department Kentucky); Bugra Ertas (A&M University Mechanical Engineering Department Turbomachinery Laboratory College Station, Texas), 2000 Society for Design and Process Science
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Figure 3: Observer angles for calculating veiling luminance vL
Luminance is calculated as follows, r being roadway reflectance:
∑=
=n
i
iiiip H
IrL
12
,
10000),()( γφγβ
And last, 22 )()( obeHD −+−=
The luminaire projects light directly at the observer's eye, causing discomfort and a reduction in
visual performance. The discomfort is such that the luminance can exceed that produced by light
reflected from the roadway surface. This "veiling luminance" is calculated empirically as shown
below.
θθ 5,1102 +
= vv
EL
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vE being the vertical level on the plane of the observer's pupil
θ being the angle contained by the observer's line of sight and the line from eye to luminaire in
degrees.
In the IES method, the veiling luminance ratio is calculated by dividing the maximum veiling
luminance by the average luminance on the road surface, yielding an indicator of the discomfort
caused by glare or disability glare.
1.2 Recommended luminance values
Between two luminaires A and B, the 20 values shown below can be calculated for each. The
concept is that one can determine an average value and a uniformity indicator for a grid. One can
imagine a situation in which the average value would be high but distribution would be very poor.
As a result, some spots would be unlit or too brightly lit, meaning the lighting system is not
sufficiently optimized.
Figure 4: Calculation grid for area between 2 luminaires
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avgL average luminance between 2 luminaires
minL minimum luminance between 2 luminaires
maxL maximum luminance between 2 luminaires
vL veiling luminance, maxvL being the maximum veiling luminance
Luminance is hard to measure on the ground, while measuring illuminance is quite a simple matter.
For that reason, field surveys are often done by measuring illuminance with a luxmeter. Table 2
shows the required average luminance and the uniformity ratios for different types of route and
traffic levels. One of the points of interest in this project is lighting for local roadways, i.e., residential
streets with low pedestrian conflict, for which an average luminance of 0.3 cd/m2 is required.
Table 2: Recommended luminance and luminance ratio values4
Road and Pedestrian Conflict Area
Route Pedestrian Conflict Area
Average luminance Lavg (cd/m2)
Uniformity ratio Lavg /
Lmin (Maximum allowed)
Uniformity ratio Lmax /
Lmin (Maximum allowed)
Veiling luminance ratio Lvmax /
Lavg (Maximum allowed)
Freeway Class A 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3
Freeway Class B 0.4 3.5 6.0 0.3
High 1.0 3.0 5.0 0.3 Medium 0.8 3.0 5.0 0.3 Expressway
Low 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3 High 1.2 3.0 5.0 0.3
Medium 0.9 3.0 5.0 0.3 Major Low 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3 High 0.8 3.0 5.0 0.4
Medium 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.4 Collector Low 0.4 4.0 8.0 0.4 High 0.6 6.0 10.0 0.4
Medium 0.5 6.0 10.0 0.4 Local Low 0.3 6.0 10.0 0.4
4 Source: Internet.
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As shown in the table above, the luminance characteristics set out below are required on local
routes with low pedestrian conflict. In North America, illuminance values (lux) were traditionally
used, but luminance values (cd/m2) will be used in future, based on the following criteria.
1. CRITERION 1: avgL greater than 0.3 cd/m2
This ensures that luminance on the pavement is sufficient. If spacing is too great, the required
luminance will not achieved. Note that the luminance level increases as traffic carrying capacity
and pedestrian conflict rise.
2. CRITERION 2: ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
minLLavg < 6.0
This criterion is intended to maximize luminance uniformity. If minimum luminance is very low, the
ratio will tend to infinity. In such a case, the result will be
∞=⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡0min
avgavg LLL
3. CRITERION 3: ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
min
max
LL
< 10.0
This criterion is intended to ensure uniformity of luminance and maximize the ratio of maximum
luminance to minimum luminance.
4. CRITERION 4: ⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡
avg
v
LL max < 0.4
vL being veiling luminance, maxvL being maximum veiling luminance. If maximum veiling
luminance exceeds 40% of the average luminance, glare is created, causing discomfort and
impairing vision. Veiling luminance adds to the effect of luminance from light reflected off the
surface.
These are the four criteria to consider when evaluating street lighting. Any evaluation must
therefore consider not only luminance but also uniformity and glare.
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2. CIE standard 115:2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic
Technical report CIE 115:2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, issued by the
International Commission on Illumination (CIE), is a 2010 update of the report released in 1995, and
is intended to consider such additional factors as energy efficiency and control systems with a view
to decreasing lighting levels during periods of reduced activity. Systems are categorized as M, C or
P. Calculations are based on the following:5
• Motorized traffic, M, (for drivers of motorized vehicles – luminance)
• Conflict areas, C, (where traffic streams intersect, or run into areas with pedestrians and
cyclists, or there is a change in geometry or parking areas – luminance or illuminance)
• Pedestrian and low speed areas, P, ( for needs of pedestrians – illuminance, H and V)
In this pilot project, the residential area under study is categorized as type P, a pedestrian and low
speed area.
Table 3: CIE 115-2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, and category P
Additional criteria if face recognition is necessary
Cat.
Average horizontal
illuminance
avhE , (lux)
Minimum horizontal illuminance
min,hE (lux)
Minimum vertical illuminance
min,vE (lux)
Minimum semi-
cylindrical vertical illuminance
min,scE (lux)
P1 15 3.0 5.0 3.0
P2 10 2.0 3.0 2.0
P3 7.5 1.5 2.5 1.5
P4 5.0 1.0 1.5 1.0
P5 3.0 0.6 1.0 0.6
P6 2.0 0.4 0.6 0.4
5 CIE and Roadlighting, Steve Jenkins, Division 4 Representative
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3. Laboratory testing of LED luminaire in integrating sphere
The results of the lab tests with a 2 m integrating sphere are provided in Appendix A. In this test the
luminous flux of the source was evaluated by means of spectroradiometry measurements.
Figure 5: LED luminaire mounted in integrating sphere
For test L1010112-C1, total flux was measured at 3118 lumens and luminaire input power was
54.19 W, revealing an overall efficacy of 57.5 lumens/W.
Colour temperature was 5204°K, with a colour rendering index (CRI) of 69. Samples of the
measured values are presented in the figures below. It is interesting to note that, at 69, the CRI is
high compared to conventional HPS technology, at 20.
14 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 6: Spectral distribution of LED luminaire
Figure 7: Chromaticity diagram for LED luminaire
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4. Goniophotometer testing of LED luminaires
LED luminaires were tested for absolute photometry with a mirror photometer by Spectralux
Industries Inc. It is interesting to compare the luminous flux values integrated on the mirror
photometer with those obtained with the integrating sphere. The average electrical values observed
are provided in Table 4. Note the high power factor and average lumens value of 3142 for an
average power of 54.6 W. In the sphere, luminous efficacy in lumens per watt was 57.6 lm/W.
Table 4: Flux with LED luminaire in integrating sphere
Positions of maximum intensity by IES class are provided in Table 5. Max cd represents maximum
readings in candelas and the position of maximum intensity. Also, at vertical angle 90°, maximum
intensity is 0 cd, while at 80° it is 63 cd.
Table 5: Positions of maximum intensity by luminaire type
TEST MAX CD. MAX LOC. MAX 90V MAX 80V IES CLASS. S1010131-R1 1799 70.0 H, 45.0 V 0 63 Type III, Short, Full Cutoff S1010132-R1 1865 75.0 H, 50.0 V 0 63 Type II, Short, Full Cutoff S1010141-R1 1838 75.0 H, 50.0 V 0 64 Type II, Short, Full Cutoff
Full cutoff means that at an angle greater than 90°, luminous intensity is nil; at an angle of 80° or
more above nadir, luminous intensity in cd does not exceed 10% of the luminous flux of the
luminaire. Average luminous flux of the luminaire was 3142 lumens. Ten per cent of that value is
314.2. At 80°, maximum intensity was 63 cd, which, being less than 314.2, is consistent with the
full cutoff classification. Figure 8 shows the luminaire angles for full cutoff classification. Clearly, a
good luminaire should be designed to minimize the light projected at angles of 80° and 90° above
nadir.
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Figure 8: Luminaire angles for full cutoff classification6
Table 6 shows the quantity of light emitted by the luminaire on the house side, street side and at
90° above nadir, an area of interest with regard to night sky pollution.
Table 6: Quantity of light measured with mirror photometer
IES standard TM-15-07, issued in 2007, classifies luminaires according to backlight, uplight and
glare (BUG) at different angles. The backlight (B) factor aims to minimize light trespass, i.e., light
falling where it is not wanted, such as property adjacent to the area that needs to be illuminated.
The uplight (U) factor aims to minimize sky glow. The glare (G) factor aims to reduce light projected
at the observer's eyes. The angles used to establish the BUG rating are shown in Figure 9.
18 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 9: BUG rating zones
The object is to limit the quantity of lumens emitted in these zones.
Table 8: Maximum lumens for criterion B
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Table 9: Maximum lumens for criterion U
Table 10: Maximum lumens for criterion G
In the three tests, the LED luminaire was rated B1 U1 G1. Note, however, that these ratings are
based only on the quantity of lumens emitted in each zone, and not on the percentage of the total
lumens emitted by the luminaire.
Test S1010141-R1: Rating B1 U1 G1 Test S1010132-R1: Rating B1 U1 G1 Test S1010131-R1: Rating B1 U1 G1
20 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 10: Coefficients of utilization, test S1010131-R1
The maximum coefficient of utilization that a luminaire could achieve is approximately 68% on the
street side and 32% on the house side.
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5. Mesopic correction for LED
Photometry is the measurement of emitted radiant energy corrected for the sensitivity of the human
eye. At photopic levels, luminous efficacy values are corrected using the function V(λ). But for
nighttime vision, a photopic correction V'(λ) is used. The mesopic region is a region for which
illuminance levels range from 0.001 to 10 cd/m2, i.e., between nighttime vision and daytime vision.
According to Helsinki University, the correction factor V(λ) currently used to determine the quantity
of lumens is not applicable to conditions for which function V(λ) was obtained:
It is acknowledged in CIE publication N° 41 (Light as a true visual quantity: principles of measurement, 1978) that: “Since the luminous efficiency function of the human eye is known to vary with a wide variety of viewing conditions, the assessment of radiant power can give accurate values only when the measured light corresponds to conditions under which V(λ) was obtained.”
Where do we need mesopic photometry?
The most relevant mesopic lighting applications are street and road lighting and other outdoor lighting.
CIE set up technical committee 1-58 – Visual Performance in the Mesopic Range, involved in
MOVE – Mesopic Optimization of Visual Efficiency. Based on this committee's work, CIE in
September 2010 published a photometry system based on mesopic photometry.7
In North America, the ASSIST model is based on mesopic correction. LED luminaires were
evaluated based on both scotopic correction and photopic correction for three samples.
7 Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry Based on Visual Performance, Commission Internationale
de L'Eclairage (CIE) / 01-Sep-2010 / 81 pages ISBN: 9783901906886
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Table 12: Photopic and scotopic lumens from LED luminaire, by wavelength
Daytime vision Nighttime vision Photopic Scotopic Violet Lumens (380–430 nm) 1 44 Blue Lumens (430–480 nm) 61 1584 Green Lumens (480–560 nm) 1528 3538 Yellow Lumens (560–590 nm) 943 457 Orange Lumens (590–620 nm) 471 59 Red Lumens (620–700 nm) 139 4 Dark Red Lumens (700–780 nm) 0 0 TOTAL lumens 3143 5686
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
Violet Lumens(380-430 nm)
Blue Lumens(430 - 480 nm)
Green Lumens(480-560 nm)
Yellow Lumens(560 - 590 nm)
Orange Lumens(590 - 620 nm)
Red Lumens(620 - 700 nm)
Dark RedLumens (700 -
780 nm)
Longueur d'onde en nm
Lum
inou
s flu
x (lu
men
s)
PhotopicScotopic
Figure 12: LED luminous flux distribution by vision type
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The data show that the benefits of LED lighting for low illuminance levels (typically roadway and
other outdoor lighting) are based on the spectral distribution of the source. A 2008 study entitled
LED Street Lighting8 indicates:
However, a lumen for lumen replacement scenario for LED outdoor retrofits does not account for improvements in colour rendering, lighting distribution, and enhanced night time lighting conditions (scotopic or mesopic vision advantages) that might allow for a reduction in total output from LED light sources relative to HPS. Recognizing the increasing interest in nighttime performance of LEDs, the DOE study notes that more energy savings would be possible if these factors were taken into account. Because this is increasingly a part of the lighting design and energy planning discussion, evaluation of photopic and scotopic illuminance to characterize nighttime lighting performance of LED street light is included in this assessment.
Traditional methods using the quantity of light emitted for daytime vision do not take into account
the spectral distribution of LEDs for nighttime vision. For that reason, conventional HPS technology
must not be compared on a lumen-for-lumen basis. With this scientific premise established, the
detailed results of colorimetry measurements in the sphere are reported in Appendix A.
Table 13: Measurements in the integrating sphere
Test No. L1010132-C1 L1010122-C1 L1010112-C1 Light source type 50W LED 50W LED 50W LED Correlated colour temperature (CCT) in °K 5194 5229 5204 Colour rendering index (CRI) 68 69 69 Chromaticity (x) 0.3409 0.3398 0.3406 Chromaticity (y) 0.3658 0.3626 0.3655 Lamp power (watts) 54.6 54.3 54.19 Photopic lumens 3152 3158 3118 Scotopic lumens 5686 5734 5639 Photopic lumens per watt 58 58 58 Scotopic lumens per watt 104 106 104 Ratio of scotopic lm to photopic lm 1.80 1.82 1.81
8 LED Street Lighting; Host Site: City of San Francisco, California; Final Report prepared in support of the US
DOE Solid-State Lighting Technology Demonstration Gateway Program and PG&E Emerging Technologies Program, December 2008; page 3
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6. ASSIST and mesopic correction for LED
Table 2 shows that, based on the standard method and photopic correction, the luminance level
required for local routes with low traffic volume is 0.3 cd/m2. For calculation purposes, the S/P ratio
from the previous section and Table 13 is 1.8. The values below are taken from ASSIST Table 3.
Table 14: S/P ratio for 0.3 cd/m2, according to ASSIST
S/P Photopic luminance of 0.3 cd/m2
1.75 0.3514 1.85 0.3566
For an S/P ratio of 1.8, the luminance value is 0.354 cd/m2. Consequently, changing to a white light
source increases luminance. Conventional streetlights use yellowish HPS lamps.
Table 15: S/P ratio for 0.24 and 0.26 cd/m2, according to ASSIST
Luminance on right side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12
Maximum (cd/m2) 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 6 Average / minimum 3.00 3.00 2.75 2.92
10 Maximum / minimum 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.25 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.28
Luminance on left side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.33
Maximum (cd/m2) 0.72 0.71 0.74 0.72 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 6 Average / minimum 3.30 3.20 3.30 3.27
10 Maximum / minimum 7.20 7.10 7.40 7.23 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
Total average street luminance Average (cd/m2) 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 S1010141-R1.ies S1010131-R1.ies S1010132-R1.ies
IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet 140 feet Illuminance on right side
4 Average (lux) 2.46 2.47 2.4 2.44 Maximum (lux) 6.34 6.35 5.91 6.20 Minimum (lux) 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 6 Average / minimum 4.24 4.33 4.21 4.26
10 Maximum / minimum 10.93 11.14 10.37 10.81 Illuminance on left side
4 Average (lux) 5.41 5.31 5.48 5.40 Maximum (lux) 11.61 11.21 11.83 11.55 Minimum (lux) 0.95 0.93 0.95 0.94 6 Average / minimum 5.69 5.71 5.77 5.72
10 Maximum / minimum 12.22 12.05 12.45 12.24 Total average street illuminance Average (lux) 3.94 3.89 3.94 3.92
As the right side of the street is farther from the luminaire, it is normal for that side to be less
illuminated than the left side.
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Table 17 shows the average luminance values on the right and left sides. It is interesting to note
that the right-side value of 2.44 lux is lower than the 4 lux prescribed by IES RP-8 but higher than
the 2 lux prescribed by CIE 115:2010 – Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic and
Class P, specified for class P6.
Table 17: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street
Average luminance
(cd/m2) Average illuminance
(lux) Right side 0.12 2.44 Left side 0.33 5.4 Street average 0.22 3.92
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Espacement des luminaires (pieds)
Rat
io
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
Lum
inan
ce (c
d/m
2 )
Moyenne / minimumMaximum / minimumIES Moyenne/minimumIES Maximum / minimumMoyenne (cd/m2)
IES Moyenne / Minimum
IES Maximum / Minimum
165 pieds
Figure 14: Results of LED simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height, 6 ft setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1010131-R1.ies
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8. Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts
To characterize the existing HPS system, three used luminaires were obtained from the municipality
of Rouyn-Noranda. The tests were done also with the reference ballast.
Table 18: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts
Test Lamp Ballast Voltage Current Power Lumens Ballast (Vac) (A) (watts) factor
It is noted that for a photopic luminance of 0.3 cd/m2, the ratio is 0.36, i.e., a 36% increase in the
luminance visible to the eye, due to the spectral distribution of the two sources.
Mesopic correction factor = y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748
where x is the level of photopic luminance
R2 = 0.9995
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y = 3,0622x2 - 3,9611x + 2,2748R2 = 0,9995
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
Luminance (cd/m2)
Rat
io D
EL /
HPS
de
la lu
min
ance
uni
fiée
selo
n A
SSIS
T
Figure 24: Effect of mesopic correction by luminance level
The lower the luminance level. the greater the benefit of LED technology in terms of nighttime
vision. It is noted that, at a luminance value of 0.6, the ratio is 1 (unity) and there is no benefit in
terms of lamp spectral distribution. This is important, since mesopic correction is often wrongly
used for high luminance levels.
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16. Field measurements of LED lighting
On October 2010, field measurements were made on Lemire Street in Rouyn-Noranda, between
two LED luminaires standing 140 ft apart, with a street width of 35 ft.
The table below contains the values measured between the two luminaires, and individual values
are provided in the figure following the table.
Table 36: Summary of experimental measurements from Lemire Street
Left side
Right side
Average
Average illuminance in lux 4.8 2.1 3.5
Maximum illuminance in lux 11.3 5.4 11.3
Minimum illuminance in lux 0.8 0.6 0.6
Ratio: average illuminance divided by minimum illuminance
6.0 3.6 5.8
Ratio: maximum illuminance divided by minimum illuminance
14.1 9.0 18.8
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Luminaire side
7.6 5.7 3.8 1.9 0.9 0.9 2.1 5.1 7.7 8.6
9.0 6.9 4.3 2.0 0.9 0.9 2.0 5.2 9.8 11.3
9.1 7.6 4.2 1.8 0.9 0.8 1.8 4.4 7.6 9.8
5.2 4.5 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.7 1.5 3.4 3.7 5.4
2.6 2.2 2.1 1.4 0.7 0.6 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.3
1.9 1.5 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.5
Figure 25: Illuminance levels measured on Lemire Street
Right side
Left side
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17. Survey results
Residents were surveyed by the municipality of Rouyn-Noranda. The residents were satisfied
overall, but the luminosity on Taschereau Boulevard was considered inadequate. Taschereau is a
collector route, and it had to be expected that the luminaire selected would be unsuitable for this
type of street.
Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue9
.
9 TRANSLATOR’S NOTE: The French text incorrectly cites Guertin Street, which does not exist in this
municipality.
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Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue (cont'd)
The survey showed that 86% of residents are in favour of concentrating lighting on the street and
sidewalk. It indicated that 68% of residents are satisfied, whereas 14% feel the lighting is roughly
the same as with conventional HPS luminaires. Only 18% are not satisfied with the new system.
As regards illuminance, 5% find the street is too brightly lit, and 29% feel it is too dark. As for colour
discrimination, 47% feel it has improved and 29% feel it is about the same.
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Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue (cont'd)
Comments provided by 129 respondents include remarks to the effect that the lighting causes less
glare and that it is better for homes with bedrooms at the front.
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Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area
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Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area (cont'd)
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Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area (cont'd)
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Findings
This study provided an opportunity to validate the performance of LED technology in comparison
with conventional technology. The analysis led to the following findings.
1) The illuminance levels calculated for and measured on Lemire Street are relatively
consistent, and it must be borne in mind that the simulated values were based on new
luminaires and the measured values were based on slightly degraded luminaires.
Table 39: Comparison of illuminance measurements and illuminance simulations
Right side Left side Average
Average illuminance measured in the
field (lux) 2.1 4.8 3.5
Average illuminance simulated from lab
measurements (lux) 2.44 5.4 3.9
2) The measured illuminance levels for the LED luminaire were 2.1 lux on the right side
and 4.8 on the left side. The right-side value (2.1 lux) is below the 4 lux prescribed by
IES RP-8.
3) Laboratory testing indicates that the street side value output from the LED luminaire
was 2066 lumens versus 3754 lumens for the HPS luminaire with a ballast factor of 0.9.
The tests showed that the HPS luminaire produced more lumens, i.e., 3754 / 2066, for
a ratio of 1.82. It is therefore normal that the illuminance level be higher with the HPS
luminaire compared to the LED luminaire. It should be borne in mind that the
illuminance level in lux represents the quantity of lumens per unit of area.
4) As to the comparison of the illuminance performance of the two technologies, the data
in the table below were derived from the Lemire Street simulation.
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Table 40: Comparison of HPS and LED in Lemire Street simulation
LED technology HPS technology
Right
side
Left
side
Right
side Left side
Average illuminance in simulation based on lab measurements (lux )
2.44 5.4 5.35 8.79
Maximum illuminance in simulation based on lab measurements (lux )
6.20 11.55 10.34 19.77
Average luminance in simulation based on lab measurements
(cd/m2) 0.12 0.33
0.38
0.76
Veiling luminance ratio in simulation based on lab measurements 0.28 0.17 0.47 0.25
NOTES: 1) Objective of 4 lux according to IES RP-8 (low speed, low traffic) 2) Objective of 0.3 cd/m2 average luminance according to IES RP-8 (low speed, low traffic) 3) Objective of 0.4 or less veiling luminance ratio .
5) The HPS luminaire produces a great deal of veiling luminance (glare). Although IES
RP-8 indicates that veiling luminance ratio should not exceed 0.4, the observed value
with HPS was almost double the value observed with LED (0.47 with HPS, 0.28 with
LED).
6) It is interesting to note that CIE standard 115:2010 – Lighting of Roads for Motor and
Pedestrian Traffic and P Class specified for class P6 an average horizontal illuminance
of 2 lux, and 3 lux for class P5. As can be seen, there are lower classes in terms of
illuminance levels than the minimum required under RP-8.
7) The tests indicate that the HPS luminaire outputs 6603 photopic lumens and 4043
scotopic lumens. Tests with the LED luminaire showed 3143 photopic lumens and
5686 scotopic lumens. In tabular form:
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Table 41: Scotopic lumens and photopic lumens by technology
Photopic
(daytime vision)
(lumens)
Scotopic
(nighttime vision)
(lumens)
Ratio S/P
LED luminaire 3143 5686 1.81
HPS luminaire (ballast factor 1)
6603 4043 0.61
8) For a luminance value of 0.3 cd/m2, the observed values indicate a 33% increase due
to the spectral distribution of the source.
9) A street width of 35 ft was used for the simulations. For a street width of 24 ft, i.e., two
lanes, which is more common for local routes, the results are shown in the table below.
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Table 42: Results of simulations based on modified Lemire Street,
with standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft
LED
S1010131-R1.ies
HPS S101052-R1.ies
Ballast factor 0.9 IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet
Luminance on right side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.21 0.67
Maximum (cd/m2) 0.53 1.04 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.06 0.35 6 Average / minimum 3.50 1.91 10 Maximum / minimum 8.83 2.97 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.23 0.30
Luminance on left side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.35 0.82
Maximum (cd/m2) 0.71 1.16 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.14 0.57 6 Average / minimum 2.50 1.44 10 Maximum / minimum 5.07 2.04 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.16 0.22
Total average street luminance Average (cd/m2) 0.28 0.75
LED
S1010131-R1.ies
HPS S101052-R1.ies
Ballast factor 0.9 IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet
Illuminance on right side 4 Average (lux) 4.10 9.20 Maximum (lux) 10.56 20.61 Minimum (lux) 0.77 4.63 6 Average / minimum 5.32 1.99 10 Maximum / minimum 13.71 4.45
Illuminance on left side 4 Average (lux) 5.39 9.33 Maximum (lux) 11.20 23.76 Minimum (lux) 1.02 2.16 6 Average / minimum 5.28 4.32 10 Maximum / minimum 10.98 11.00
Total average street illuminance Average (lux) 4.75 9.27
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0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
DEL HPS DEL corrected mesopic
Type de source
Lum
inan
ce (c
d/m
2 )
Côté droitCôté gauche
Note : Minimum de 0,3 cd/m2
selon l'IES RP-8
Figure 26: Comparison of HPS and LED (mounting height 30 ft, street width 24 ft, with and without mesopic correction)
y = 3,0622x2 - 3,9611x + 2,2748R2 = 0,9995
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
Luminance (cd/m2)
Rat
io D
EL /
HPS
de
la lu
min
ance
uni
fiée
selo
n AS
SIST
Figure 27: Effect of source spectral distribution on (mesopic) visual effect
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0.82 cd/m2 left side
0.67 cd/m2 right side 0.35 cd/m2 left side 0.21 cd/m2 right side
0.44 cd/m2 left side 0.33 cd/m2 right side
Figure 28: Luminance: mounting height 30 ft, standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft
Mesopic correction
y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748
x the photopic luminance
MULTIPLICATION FACTOR = 1.58
Mesopic correction
y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748
x the photopic luminance
MULTIPLICATION FACTOR = 1.27
HPS LED
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10) The pilot project shows that for local residential routes, LED lighting can reduce energy
consumption from 130 watts to 55 watts. Although the levels of illuminance are lower than
before, they are still satisfactory.
11) The tests showed that the performance of LED technology can be satisfactory for local route
lighting. However, some products performed poorly. One case in point is the product supplied
by LeDel International, which was purchased by the municipality concurrent with this pilot
project. The pilot project with Hydro-Québec and Natural Resources Canada used only the 90
luminaires supplied by Genex Vision Inc.
12) IES is currently drafting standards for product performance. The aim is to avoid the problems
that arose when compact fluorescents were introduced in the early 1990s.
13) It is interesting to note that municipalities such as Ottawa (Appendix E) have defined average
levels and performance criteria which are lower than those prescribed in IES RP-8. Their
required average luminance value is 0.15 cd/m2, compared with the 0.3 cd/m2 required under
IES RP-8. Therefore, it seems that LED streetlight technology can now be adopted for local
residential routes, and that the roadblocks have thus been lifted.
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Appendix A: Sphere testing of LED luminaires
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Appendix B: Mirror photometer testing of LED luminaires
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Appendix C: Key dates in pilot project
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Appendix D: Photos from LED lighting project in Rouyn-Noranda
Figure D-1: LED lighting with products from Genex Vision Inc.
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Figure D-2: LED lighting with products from Genex Vision Inc.
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Figure D-3: LED lighting with products from Genex Vision Inc.
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Figure D-4: Yellowish cast of conventional HPS lighting
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Appendix E: Levels required for urban areas of Ottawa10